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UNDP GH SUSDEV AAP Climate Change Policy Briefs.Pdf This is the Overview document for EPA’s series of 12 Policy Advice. They have been de- veloped with the aim of enhancing understanding and appreciation of Climate Change and Disaster Risk issues by the policy makers and senior technocrats, and to support them in taking the urgently needed decisions. Its development has been coordinated by Environ- PAS mental Protection Agency (EPA), supported by National Development Planning Commis- sion (NDPC) and National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO), in collaboration with the Ministries, Departments and Agencies, and through the financial support of Unit- ed Nations Development Programme (UNDP) - Ghana. We would like to thank all the peo- 0 ple and instituitions who have contributed to the development of all the Policy Advice Se- ries. Climate Change impacts: Why must Ghana worry? 1 Human activities, particularly, the burning of fuels , cutting down Box 1: UNFCCC Definition of Climate of forests and other agricultural activities (such as the application Change of fertilizer in addition to natural processes), release gases includ- The United Nations Framework Conversion ing Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines Cli- into the atmosphere. These gases, have the ability to trap the in- mate Change as a change of climate frared radiation (sun’s energy), which reflects in the form of tem- which is attributed directly or indirectly to perature. Continuation and exacerbation of the human activities human activity that alters the composition has added to these gases resulting in an increase of the earth’s of the global atmosphere and which is in surface temperature, sea level, precipitation, droughts and floods. addition to natural climate variability ob- served over comparable time periods. Climatic happenings in Ghana Evidence abounds in Ghana that temperatures in all the ecological zones are rising, whereas rainfall levels have been generally reducing and patterns have increasingly becoming erratic. Ghana’s economy is heavi- ly dependent on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, tourism, forest sector, etc.. Some of the expected impacts are: Agriculture: Based on a 20-year baseline climate observation, it is projected that yields of maize and other cereal crop will reduce by 7% by 2050. Despite limited irrigation facilities “agriculture is currently the big- gest contributor to Ghana's GDP. But over the last decade its contribution has declined from 51% to 36% of GDP. As a result, the rural poor now account for almost three quarters of Ghanaians who live below the poverty line”(ABN, 07th Sept 2010). Increase in temperature, decrease in rainfall and its unpredictability is likely to jeopardize the employment of about 60% of the active population, the majority of whom are small scale rural farmers, resulting in unsustainable livelihoods with negative consequences for food inse- curity, poverty, health, education, gender equality and environmental degradation. Coastal Zone3 and resources: A sea-level rise of 2.1 mm per year over the last 30 years, is currently re- sulting in estimated erosion up to 3 metres every year. The data also indicates a rise of 5.8 cm, 16.5 cm and 34.5 cm by 2020, 2050 and 2080 respectively. It is not difficult to infer that by 2020 Ghana would be loosing up to 81.3 m every year and the coastline would have receded by 465 m of seaside land to ero- sion, resulting in a loss of 1,110 sq. km land, placing about 132,200 people at risk4. The east coast is par- ticularly vulnerable to flooding and shoreline recession. 1. Fuels include coal, oil, gas and biomass (such as the plant and animal material as fuel) 2. The gases also have the ability to stay in the atmosphere for a long period of time hence compounding the heat trapping potential and causing global warming. 3. The land area up to the 3 metres contour line. It covers 7% of total land mass of Ghana (1984 National Census) and is home to 25% population. 4. This is based on the assumption that per centigrade sea level rise remains at the same ratio. EPA Policy Advice Series Overview International Conventions: If all this isn’t adequate reason to act, Ghana ratified the United Nations —- Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1995 and ac- ceded to the Kyoto Protocol in 2003, thus bringing both into full force for Ghana. By these international agreements, Ghana bound itself to meeting the obligations under the Convention and the Protocol. It is not all doom and gloom. Our neighbour, Burkina Faso, has harsher geographical conditions and less water resources as compared to North- ern Ghana, and yet it tends to be comparatively greener, has higher quali- tative and quantitative vegetable farming/produce, and a surplus of wa- ter. Other countries have also shown, that with a realistic assessment of potential impacts, which are then factored into national response strate- gies and plans, can lead not only to mitigating the full negative impact but Photo Courtesy: Ghana Business News also to unlocking new opportunities for growth as well as the sourcing of funding. Coastal zones in some of the south-eastern countries have converted the risks and challenges posed by sea level rise to irrigation intensive, traditional flood-plain cash crops (such as rice) into new op- portunities (aquaculture, including for export). Impacts of Climate Change in Ghana EPA, supported by UNDP Ghana, felt it of critical importance to explore the challenges and opportunities inherent in the inevitable Climate Change process. Supported by the National Development Planning Commission (NDPC) and NADMO, and in collaboration with a host of ministries, departments and agen- cies, it has commissioned a set of 12 Policy Advice Series on the impact of Climate Change based on the following themes (to begin with): 1. Climate Change and National Development Planning 2. Agriculture and Food Security 3. Disaster Risk Management 4. Coastal Zones and Resources 5. Education 6. Energy 7. Forestry and Bio-diversity 8. Health 9. Human settlement 10. Tourism 11. Transport 12. Water resources These Policy Advice Series cover some of the key issues in each sector or theme and are not meant to be an exhaustive analysis for over-arching Climate Change-proofing. They are meant to be the start of advo- cacy. Inclusion of these issues for policy review, policy amendment results in new directions for actions in Ghana, thereby strengthening the on-going work in this direction in the country and providing an impetus to it. For further information, contact: Executive Director Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) P. O. Box M 326, Accra Ghana Email : [email protected] 2 This EPA Policy Advice Series This Policy Advice Series is part of a series of 12. They have been developed with the aim of enhancing understanding and No: 1 covers the crucial aspects appreciation of Climate Change and Disaster Risk issues by the of relationship between National policy makers and senior technocrats, and to support them in Development Planning and Cli- taking the urgently needed decisions. Its development has PAS mate Change in Ghana. been coordinated by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), supported by National Development Planning Commission The EPA Policy Advice Series Over- (NDPC) and National Disaster Management Organisation view PAS 0 gives the context and (NADMO), in collaboration with the Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and through the financial support of United 1 the background of Climate Change Nations Development Programme (UNDP) - Ghana. We would and disaster risks for Ghana and like to thank all the people and instituitions who have contribut- should be read first. ed to the development of this Policy Advice Series. GHANA’S NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, CLIMATE CHANGE AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION There is no doubt that the impacts of Climate Change are beginning to manifest on the entire globe and are particularly visible on developing countries, that are relatively vulnerable. Viewed to be far away from the immediate concerns of development, adaptation to Climate Change, which is fundamental for sustainable development, has until recently been considered a secondary issue in Ghana. Unless mecha- nisms are carefully and systematically put in place to ensure resilience in development and reduce vul- nerability, Climate Change and climate variability may pose serious challenges to national development and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as well as the binding commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. Current efforts that are geared towards the minimisation of the impacts of Climate Change and disaster risks appear to be ad-hoc as they are mainly driven by emergency. They hardly consider the long-term rippling implications. Accordingly, there is a need to properly plan and carefully adopt a development path that ensures cli- mate resilience and integrates Climate Change (adaptation and mitigation) measures into all facets of national development planning and budgeting, particularly at the local level. POVERTY INCIDENCE BY DISTRICTS KASSENA NAN KAN I BON GO BAW KU EAST BAW KU Developmental context of Ghana W EST LAW R A BOLGATAN GA JIRAPA LAM BUSSIE SISSALA BU ILSA Studies reveal that the harsher the climate (in other words, EAST MAM PRUSI NADOW LI the higher the temperature and the lower the rainfall), the WEST MAM PRUSI WA GU SHIEGU -KARAGA SABOBA- CHER EPON I SAVELUGU - higher the incidence of poverty. In Ghana, the poverty level N ANT ON TOLON- KU MBUN GU W EST increases as one moves from the Southern to Northern re- WEST GONJA DAGOMBA YEN DI BOLE ZABZU GU - gion (refer poverty incidence mapping as per administrative T ATALE NANU MBA regions on the right). There has been a remarkable decrease EAST GONJA NKW ANTA in poverty, from 39.5 % in 1998/99 to 18.2 % in 2005/6, yet KINT AMPO WEN CH I Northern Regions and parts of Volta Region have substantial KR ACH I KAD JEBI JAMAN AT EBUBU SEN E NKORANZ A TECH IMAN numbers of their population moving to the wetter south and BER EKUM EJUR A- SU NYANI SEKYEDU MASI JASIKAN DORM AA SEKYERE EAST TANO SEKYERE W EST OF FINSO urban areas.
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