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Physics at the B Factories: Progress and Prospects

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Physics at the B Factories: Progress and Prospects Physics at the B Factories: Progress and Prospects Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat November 13, 2003 Stanford University Two new “Asymmetric-energy B Factories” started accumulating data ~June 1999 with the goal of studying CP violation in B decays as a tool to search for new physics. at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center at the KEK Laboratory in Japan A B meson is a particle made up of a heavy quark called the “bottom” quark and an ordinary light quark (“up” or “down”). Asymmetric-energy e+e- storage rings ⇒ B mesons are moving in the laboratory frame of reference. Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 2 11/13/03 John Seeman (SLAC) and Katsunobu Oide (KEK) are the recipients of the 2004 Wilson Pier Oddone (LBNL) and Jonathan Dorfan Prize for outstanding (SLAC) beside PEP-II rings. achievement in the physics of particle accelerators. Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 3 11/13/03 The B Factory Experiments Peak luminosity: ~7 BB / second ~12 BB / second Total recorded integrated ~140 fb-1 ~160 fb-1 luminosity: c.f. integrated luminosity for pioneers in B physics: •Argus (1983-1987): ~ 0.1 fb-1 •CLEO (1981-2000): ~ 16 fb-1 Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 4 11/13/03 What is CP violation and why are we trying to study it? Start with the “mirror” transformations C, P, and T: C = charge conjugation C2 = 1 P = parity inversion P2 = 1 T = time reversal T2 = 1 Any symmetry has an associated nonobservable quantity: C⇒ no absolute sign of electric charge P ⇒ no absolute right-handed coordinate system T ⇒ no absolute direction of time C, P, and T were assumed to be symmetries of nature until… Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 5 11/13/03 Parity Violation In 1956, Lee and Yang proposed, and in 1957, Wu and others showed experimentally, that nature is not invariant under the PARITY transformation. In the Standard Model, C and P are maximally violated in charged weak interactions… C + − e R e R NO YES W+ W− νL νL P + − e L e L W+ W− NO YES ν νR R …but CP appears to be OK. Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 6 11/13/03 CP Violation In 1964, Cronin, Fitch and others found that even CP symmetry is violated in the weak decays of neutral Kaons. In the Standard Model, CP violation can be accommodated in (again) the charged weak interaction, in the quark sector. NO YES C q L q L W+ W− Vqq´ q´R q´R P q R q R W+ W− V*qq´ NO q´ YES L q´L Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 7 11/13/03 NO YES Significance of CP Violation • If C, P and CP are violated, does nature respect any mirror symmetries? • CPT: combined action of C, P, and T is a symmetry of any local relativistic field theory. • If CPT is a good symmetry, CP violation ⇒ T violation. • Sakharov’s three conditions for a net excess of matter over antimatter in the universe include CP violation. However, the Standard Model mechanism can accommodate no more than 10-10 of the observed amount of matter. • CP-violating processes provide an absolute distinction between matter and antimatter. • Example: CP-violating asymmetry in KL →πeν. The KL decays slightly more often (0.33%) into the final state containing an e+ than into that containing an e-. Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 8 11/13/03 How does the fundamental CP violation shown below show up as a difference in the behavior of particles and antiparticles? NO YES C q L q L W+ W− Vqq´ q´R q´R P q R q R W+ W− V*qq´ NO q´ YES L q´L Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 9 11/13/03 δi = a phase that does not change sign under CP φi = a phase that does change sign under CP A1 = |A1| exp(iδ1) exp(iφ1) |A1| exp(iδ1) exp( - iφ1) i f CP i f A2 = |A2| exp(iδ2) exp(iφ2) |A2| exp(iδ2) exp( - iφ2) Choose a phase convention such that δ = φ = 0. P(i→f) - P(i→f) α 2 |A1 A2| sin(1δ1 - 1δ2) sin(φ1 - φ2) A1 + A2 φ2 −φ CP 2 δ2 δ2 A1 A1 + A2 exp(-2iφ2) ⇒ Need to know δ1 - δ2 in order to extract φ1 - φ2. CP-Violating Phases in the Standard Model: Elements of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (or CKM) “quark mixing matrix” d s b Vqq’ q q’ u c W t Important V V * Example: tb t td b d B0 B0 mixing B W W B d t b * Vtd Vtb Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 11 11/13/03 The Quark Mixing Matrix and the Unitarity Triangle d s b u * V *V c Vub Vud α tb td t γ β * Vcb Vcd apply unitarity constraint to these two columns Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 12 11/13/03 So, the phase in the CKM quark mixing matrix can provide a relative “CP-violating” phase. What about the relative “non-CP-violating” phase? A. Relative phase due to the non-CP-violating strong interaction. B. Relative phase due to “mixing”. Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 13 11/13/03 DK A. Strong interactions can lead to relative “non-CP- violating” phase. ⇒ Interference between two decay diagrams (e.g., tree and loop diagrams with different CKM phases) can lead to CP-violating asymmetries … W u b t d π- π- W d u 0 b u B u 0 + B d d π + d d π … but relative strong phase cannot be calculated! Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 14 11/13/03 DK B. Meson mixing provides a source of error-free “non-CP- violating” phase. b t d m Δm/2 0 0 B W W B H = d t b Δm/2 m |B0 (t)〉 ∝ cos(Δm t/2) |B0〉 – i sin(Δm t/2) |B0〉 exp(2iφ) Meson mixing provides a source of error-free non-CKM phase shift by -90o (from the factor of - i ). The weak phase φ is associated with the mixing diagram. Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 15 11/13/03 DK No mixing: cos(Δm t/2) 0 B fCP B0 Mixing followed by decay: – i sin(Δm t/2) exp(2iφ) relative relative non-CP-violating CP-violating phase phase Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 16 11/13/03 CP violation in decays of B mesons is expected to exhibit itself as oscillations in the decay rate. Ratio of oscillation frequency to decay B0 rate: very large B0 Decay Rate ~ few In B decays, the oscillation frequency is small ~ 0.1 compared to the decay rate! time (ps) Graphics provided by David Kirkby (UCI) Decay Time (picoseconds) The Asymmetric-Energy B Factories π+ ϒ(4S) B0 / B0 e - e + B0 / B0 π— e ±, µ ±, K± tag Δz 〈 | Δz | 〉 ~ 250 µm 18 The Asymmetric-Energy B Factory at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 19 11/13/03 Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 20 11/13/03 From the ideal world to “reality”… Now add effect of imperfect measurement of Δt. B = B0 B = B0 tag tag 0 0 Btag= B Btag= B Δt (ps) Δt (ps) First add effect of imperfect tagging. Time-dependent CP asymmetry is diluted. Finally add background contribution. 0 B = B0 0 B = B0 Btag= B tag Btag= B tag Δt (ps) Δt (ps) Graphics provided by David Kirkby (UCI) 21 Since we have a “Factory”, we must have a lot of signal events, right? Wrong… ~200 million B pairs have been recorded and analysed by BABAR and Belle. ~100 million of these are neutral B pairs. ~one B in a thousand decays to the CP final states we need. Of these, ~10% decay into final states we can reconstruct. Of these, ~50% pass all the selection criteria. We are left with about 5000 signal events (for the most copious useful decay mode). Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 22 11/13/03 sin2β * Vtb Vtd β * Vcb Vcd Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 23 11/13/03 Charmonium modes used for measuring sin2β “The Golden Modes” b c One dominant decay c J/ψ, χc, ηc W B0 s amplitude ⇒ d d KS,L theoretically clean! “Large” branching fraction: ~4 x 10-4 ccKs modes “Distinctive” final state ⇒ experimentally clean! 24 Blind Analysis Techniques BABAR uses “blind” analysis strategies for the extraction of the time-dependent and time- integrated asymmetries in order to minimize possible experimenters bias. In time-dependent asymmetries, we use a technique that hides not only the result of the fit, but also the visual CP asymmetry in the time distribution. The statistical error on the asymmetry is not hidden. Caltech Colloquium Patricia Burchat, Stanford 25 11/13/03 K modes K modes BABAR s L 0 0 Red Curve (B ) minus Blue Curve (B ) sin2β is the amplitude of Red Curve (B0) plus Blue Curve (B0) this asymmetry. sin2β = 0.74 ± 0.07 ± 0.03 (BABAR) = 0.73 ± 0.06 ± 0.03 (Belle) 26 sin2β measurement history a) “Osaka 2000” measurement (compiled by Owen Long) (hep-ex/0008048) • Only J/ψ Ks and ψ(2s) Ks. d e b) 1st Paper (PRL 86 2515, 2001) c • Added J/ψ KL. • Simultaneous sin2β and mixing b fit. a c) 2nd Paper (PRL 87 201803, 2001) *0 • Added J/ψ K and χc Ks. • Better vertex reconstruction. • Better SVT alignment and higher Ks efficiency for new data. d) Winter 2002 (hep-ex/0203007) • Improved event selection.
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