T H A M E S V A L L E Y ARCHAEOLOGICAL S E R V I C E S S O U T H W E S T

Land at Moons Hill Quarry, ,

An archaeological desk-based assessment

by Tim Dawson

Site Code MHQ12/56

(ST 6550 4630, ST 6570 4540, ST 6611 4540 and ST 6657 4547) Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset

Archaeological Desk-based Assessment for John Wainwright and Company Limited

by Tim Dawson

Thames Valley Archaeological

Services Ltd

Site Code MHQ 12/56

April 2014 Summary

Site name: Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset

Grid reference: ST 6550 4630, ST 6570 4540, ST 6611 4540 and ST 6657 4547

Site activity: An archaeological desk-based assessment

Project manager: Andrew Weale

Site supervisor: Tim Dawson

Site code: MHQ 12/56

Area of site: c.40.28ha

Summary of results: This report assesses the archaeological potential of four proposal sites for the development of a quarry tip. The northern and eastern sites, (Areas A, D and parts of C), have lower potential as there are very few sites of archaeological interest in their immediate neighbourhood. It is suggested that mitigation of the development on any archaeological deposits present could be suitably achieved by a recording action implemented by an appropriately worded condition to any consent gained. The south western area (Area B and part of C), however, have higher potential due to the projected line of a Roman road crossing their location and the presence nearby of a possible round barrow cemetery. It is likely that these sites would attract a requirement for further information to be provided about the archaeological potential from field evaluation.

This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. All TVAS unpublished fieldwork reports are available on our website: www.tvas.co.uk/reports/reports.asp.

Report edited/checked by: Steve Ford9 17.04.14 Steve Preston9 04.04.14 i

TVAS (South West), Unit 21 Apple Business Centre, Frobisher Way, Taunton TA2 6BB Tel. (01823) 288 284; Fax. (01823) 272 462; email: [email protected]; website: www.tvas.co.uk Reference plan (not to scale):

ii

TVAS (South West), Unit 21 Apple Business Centre, Frobisher Way, Taunton TA2 6BB Tel. (01823) 288 284; Fax. (01823) 272 462; email: [email protected]; website: www.tvas.co.uk Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset An Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

by Tim Dawson

Report 12/56 Introduction

This report is an assessment of the archaeological potential of four areas of land located at Moons Hill Quarry,

Stoke St Michael, Somerset (Fig. 1). The project was commissioned by Mr Nick Dunn of Land & Mineral

Management Ltd, The Roundhouse Cottages, Bridge Street, , Somerset on behalf of John Wainwright and

Company Limited, Moons Hill Quarry, Mendip Road, Stoke St Michael, Bath, Somerset, BA3 5JU and comprises the first stage of a process to determine the presence/absence, extent, character, quality and date of any archaeological remains which may be affected by redevelopment of the area.

Site description, location and geology

Site visits were made on 18th May 2012 (Pls. 1-4) and 19th March 2014 (Pls. 5-8). Area A, the northern proposal site, currently consists of four fields under pasture all aligned approximately north-south with their highest points at the southern end and sloping down to the north. Area B comprises two main fields both containing scrub and pasture with their high points in the north and sloping down to the south. The western field has boggy patches across its area and a fenced-off enclosure for a covered reservoir in the north, with a trackway and several pipes connecting this to the main road in the south. This field also contains earthworks which correspond to the projected line of a Roman road which crosses the southern proposal site. There are, however, no signs of such earthworks in the eastern field although there are signs of a hedgerow which once divided the field in two (west–east). The projected line of the Roman road also crosses the south-western corner of Area C where there appears to be a slight earthwork to reflect this. This area slopes steeply uphill from a stream in the centre of the northern field towards Long Cross Farm to the east. All of the fields that make up this area are pasture with the majority of the area also containing dense patches of rushes, suggesting waterlogged ground conditions. Possibly as a result of this a bank has been built along the southern and western boundary of the area along with a causeway leading down the hillside from Long Cross Farm. Area D consists of three fields used for pasture with the easternmost including several small wooden sheds around its perimeter. The majority of the fields that make up all four areas are enclosed by hedgerows, some of which incorporate mature trees. Proposal sites A to D have areas of 12.96ha, 12.76ha, 9.86ha and 4.70ha respectively, giving a total area of c.40.28ha. The

1 areas are centred on NGRs ST 6550 4630, ST 6570 4540, ST 6611 4540 and ST 6657 4547. The site is located primarily on Portishead Formation sandstone with an area of mixed andesite and tuff/agglomerates in the land between the two proposal areas (BGS 2000). Both areas are on steeply sloping ground at heights of between approximately 245m and 275m above Ordnance Datum. The parish boundary between Stoke St Michael in the north and Doutling in the south passes between Areas A and B and the hedge that marks the division between

Areas C and D is also the parish boundary between Doulting to the west and Cranmore to the east.

Planning background and development proposals

Planning permission is to be sought for the development of a new landscaped storage area for indigenous quarry wastes either in the north-west or south-west of the present quarry workings.

The Department for Communities and Local Government’s National Planning Policy Framework (DCLG

2012) sets out the framework within which local planning authorities should consider the importance of conserving, or enhancing, aspects of the historic environment, within the planning process. It requires an applicant for planning consent to provide, as part of any application, sufficient information to enable the local planning authority to assess the significance of any heritage assets that may be affected by the proposal. The

Historic Environment is defined (DCLG 2012, 52) as:

‘All aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora.’ Paragraphs 128 and 129 state that

‘128. In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation. ‘129. Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal.’ A ‘heritage asset’ is defined (DCLG 2012, 52) as

‘A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage asset includes designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing).’

2 ‘Designated heritage asset’ includes (DCLG 2012, 51) any

‘World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument, Listed Building, Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield or Conservation Area designated under the relevant legislation.’

‘Archaeological interest’ is glossed (DCLG 2012, 50) as follows:

‘There will be archaeological interest in a heritage asset if it holds, or potentially may hold, evidence of past human activity worthy of expert investigation at some point. Heritage assets with archaeological interest are the primary source of evidence about the substance and evolution of places, and of the people and cultures that made them.’ Specific guidance on assessing significance and the impact of the proposal is contained in paragraphs 131 to 135:

‘131. In determining planning applications, local planning authorities should take account of: x the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation; x the positive contribution that conservation of heritage assets can make to sustainable communities including their economic vitality; and x the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness. ‘132. When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation. The more important the asset, the greater the weight should be. Significance can be harmed or lost through alteration or destruction of the heritage asset or development within its setting. As heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of a grade II listed building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, notably scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* registered parks and gardens, and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional. ‘133. Where a proposed development will lead to substantial harm to or total loss of significance of a designated heritage asset, local planning authorities should refuse consent, unless it can be demonstrated that the substantial harm or loss is necessary to achieve substantial public benefits that outweigh that harm or loss, or all of the following apply: x the nature of the heritage asset prevents all reasonable uses of the site; and x no viable use of the heritage asset itself can be found in the medium term through appropriate marketing that will enable its conservation; and x conservation by grant-funding or some form of charitable or public ownership is demonstrably not possible; and x the harm or loss is outweighed by the benefit of bringing the site back into use. ‘134. Where a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal, including securing its optimum viable use. ‘135. The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that affect directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset.

Paragraph 139 recognizes that new archaeological discoveries may reveal hitherto unsuspected and hence non- designated heritage assets

‘139. Non-designated heritage assets of archaeological interest that are demonstrably of equivalent significance to scheduled monuments, should be considered subject to the policies for designated heritage assets.’

3 Paragraph 140 requires local planning authorities to ensure that any loss of heritage assets advances understanding, but stresses that advancing understanding is not by itself sufficient reason to permit the loss of significance:

‘141. Local planning authorities should make information about the significance of the historic environment gathered as part of plan-making or development management publicly accessible. They should also require developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible. However, the ability to record evidence of our past should not be a factor in deciding whether such loss should be permitted.’

Mineral extraction in Somerset is addressed in the Somerset Minerals Local Plan (SCC 2004) which contains four policies regarding proposals for mineral development and their impact on archaeology and the setting of listed buildings.

Policy M8 states: ‘Proposals for mineral development which will cause significant harm to nationally important archaeological remains or their setting will not be permitted.’ Policy M9: ‘Proposals for mineral development which will cause significant harm to regionally or locally important archaeological remains will only be permitted where their physical preservation in situ is not justified and where appropriate provision for the investigation and recording of the archaeological remains and the publication of the results can be ensured through planning conditions and/or legal agreements.’ Policy M10: ‘Where proposals for mineral development are within Areas of High Archaeological Potential or where there is reason to believe that archaeological remains exist, an appropriate evaluation will be required prior to the determination of the application to assess the significance, character and extent of any remains.’ Policy M11: ‘When considering mineral proposals that are likely to have an impact on any listed building or conservation area, the MPA will give special regard to the desirability of preserving the listed building or its setting, or any features it may have of special architectural or historic interest, and special attention to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of such conservation area. Proposals for mineral development which will cause significant harm to the setting, character or appearance of any building or structure of architectural or historic interest, or to the character and appearance of a conservation area will not be permitted.’

Methodology

The assessment of the site was carried out by the examination of pre-existing information from a number of sources recommended by the Institute for Archaeologists paper ‘Standards in British Archaeology’ covering desk-based studies. These sources include historic and modern maps, the Somerset Historic Environment

Record, geological maps and any relevant publications or reports.

4 Archaeological background

General background

Stoke St Michael lies on the southern edge of the , an area from which Lower Palaeolithic flint artefacts and fossilized mammal bones carrying associated cut marks have been found, which may represent some of the earliest evidence for a human presence in Britain (Webster 2007, 34; Webster and Mayberry 2007,

18). Similar finds of tools and butchery marks in animal bones with dates throughout the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods have been identified in many cave sites across Mendip (Webster 2007, 34, 50). The

Bronze Age is represented by a concentration of round barrows in the region (Adkins 1992, 15), many of which were investigated in a very rudimentary manner by Rev John Skinner and his team of Mendip coal miners in the early 19th century (Webster and Mayberry 2007, 8). The Iron Age and Roman archaeology of the area is dominated by Maesbury Castle, an Iron Age to the north of , the Iron Age and Roman settlements and pottery industry at Shepton Mallet (Gathercole 2003, 3; Webster and Mayberry 2007, 49; 53) and the Roman roads of the and Margary’s route 45b (Margary 1955, 74, 93). The two roads, the

Fosse Way connecting Lincoln to Axmouth and route 45b connecting the lead mines at Charterhouse on the

Mendips to Old Sarum, cross c.2km to the west of the proposal site. The extensive lead extraction industry began under military control in the AD 40s and continued until the 3rd century AD, producing a highly characteristic series of ingots, after which it passed to private interests and continued as a sizable industry well into the medieval period (Webster 2007, 154–5; 289). Mendip lead has been found on sites in Gaul and beyond, suggesting that the Mendip-Old Sarum road was an important link in the transport network (Webster 2007, 155).

Somerset Historic Environment Record

A search was made on the Somerset Historic Environment Record (HER) on 9th May 2012 and 25tht March

2014 for a radius of 1km around the proposal site. This revealed 37 entries within the search radius. These are summarized as Appendix 1 and their locations are plotted on Figure 1.

Prehistoric The HER contained two entries for the prehistoric period within the search radius. The first of these, a watching brief on the Doulting to Cranmore pipeline [Fig. 1: 1] which crosses the middle of the southern proposal site, records the discovery of a very small quantity of prehistoric, either late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age, non- diagnostic worked flint during the archaeological investigations. A second watching brief on the overburden

5 stripping of an earlier phase of Moons Hill Quarry, c.700m east of the proposal sites, [2] recovered further flint flakes and tools at the far eastern end of the strip.

Roman Five Roman coins were discovered in 1865 although the location of the find was only recorded as Stoke St

Michael and no more precise position is known [3]. A Roman road [4, 5] crosses the study area running WNW-

ESE between the Mendip Hills and Old Sarum. The line of the road, visible along much of its length on aerial photographs, cuts across the southern proposal site, almost parallel with the site’s southern boundary. Well- preserved physical remains of the road are still present c.4.4km to the west-north-west of the southern proposal site with a stretch of agger and drainage ditches still visible where the road crosses The Mendip Golf Course.

Medieval The first of the two HER entries relating to the medieval period concerns a double-ditched holloway that follows the line of the Roman road c.800m west of the proposal sites [5]. The second record is for a complex series of holloways at Lodge and Windmill Farms which were visible on aerial photographs from 1942 but have since been destroyed by ploughing [6].

Post-medieval A large proportion of the HER entries for the study area are those of post-medieval listed structures. The village of Stoke St Michael, c.600m north-east of Area A, includes the Grade II listed 1650s Tooses Farm House [7];

Saddler House and Spice Cottage, a late 17th-century house split into two dwellings [7] and the Knatchbull

Arms, another late 17th century house which has since been converted into an inn [8]. The southern end of the village contains a group of three 18th-century Grade II listed houses and cottages [8, 10]. The early 18th-century

Lower Three Ashes Farmhouse and neighbouring Boxtree Cottage, both Grade II listed, lie c.250m west of the northern proposal site [9]. A map of 1817 records the presence of brickworks on the road between Stoke St

Michael and Withybrook [17], c.60m north of the proposal sites.

Post-medieval finds were recovered during the watching briefs on the Doulting to Cranmore pipeline [1] and at Moons Hill Quarry [2]. The remainder of the post-medieval HER entries are related to the local network of turnpike roads. The road connecting The Beacon to Frome [12] was turnpiked in 1757, that between Doulting and Long Cross Bottom [13] in 1765 and the Long Cross - Batcombe road [15] in 1791. Accompanying the roads were a Grade II listed stone turnpike gate pier [11] and milestone which recorded the distances to Wells and Frome [16], as well as a house marked as ‘Turnpike House of 1790’ on a 1961 map [14] and the Wagon and

Horses Inn, a Grade II listed late 18th-century coaching inn [18]. All three roads ran in close proximity to the

6 southern proposal sites with The Beacon to Frome road forming its southern boundary. The listed milestone lies just outside the site’s southern border and the Wagon and Horses c.500m to the west.

Modern The majority of the HER entries for the modern period are for features that were marked on 20th-century maps but no longer exist in the landscape. These include a pound from 1903 [19], a windpump from 1904 [20] and a possible windmill site from 1962 [23]. The original workings at Moons Hill Quarry, which are recorded on the

1904 map are also given an HER entry [21]. Two of the buildings in southern Stoke St Michael, the memorial hall [8] and the Methodist chapel [10], are recorded in the HER, as are the modern finds of three separate watching briefs carried out at various time during overburden stripping at the quarry [2, 22, 24].

Unknown The HER lists six sites in the research area that are of unknown date. These consist of a complex of earthworks which form holloways, channels and an enclosure c.450m west of Area A [25], a group of three almost completely ploughed-out barrows [26], a possible round barrow which may have alternatively been a trial lead mining shaft [27] and a tree circle [28]. The possible round barrow lies on the western boundary of Area B with the group of three barrows immediately to its west.

There are no Scheduled Ancient Monuments within 1km of the proposal sites.

Cartographic and documentary sources

Very few documentary sources exist which detail the history of Stoke St Michael and its surrounding area. The placename of Stoke is common, being derived from the Old English stoc meaning ‘outlying farmstead, hamlet or secondary settlement’ with a dedication to the local church, St Michael’s, being added in this case (Mills 1998,

328; Cameron 1996, 23). However, the suffix St Michael only appears to have been added in the 20th century with older maps labelling the village and parish as Stoke Lane. The southern proposal site lies within the parish of Doulting, a village c.2.5km south of Moons Hill Quarry. Doulting is first mentioned in AD 725 as Dulting, a name thought to be of Celtic origin, possibly the old name for the , which rises to the west of the village (Mills 1998, 116).

The origin of Stoke St Michael is unknown although it does not appear in Domesday Book of AD 1086 and the tower of St Michael’s church dates to c.1400 (National Heritage List for ). Doulting, however, with

7 its first mention in AD 725 was assessed by the Domesday Survey in 1086 as Doltin (Williams and Martin 2002,

244). At this time the village and its land belonged to Abbey and was assessed at 20 hides with land for 20 ploughs as well as 30 acres of meadow, 60 of pasture and 60 of scrubland. The population is listed as 5 slaves, 10 villans, 6 bordars and 4 cottars with 8 plough teams all assessed at a total value of £14. This compares with Shepton Mallet, today a town c.2km west of Doulting, which at the time of Domesday only consisted of 6½ hides, 50 acres of meadow, 42 acres of scrubland, 2 mills rendering 6s3d, a population of 27 and a total worth of

£9 (Williams and Martin 2002).

The area has not yet been covered by the Victoria County History and has received only limited attention from local historians (Gathercole 2003).

A range of Ordnance Survey and other historical maps of the area were consulted at Somerset Record

Office in order to ascertain what activity had been taking place throughout the site’s later history and whether this may have affected any possible archaeological deposits within the proposal area (see Appendix 2).

The earliest map available of the area is Saxton’s 1575 map of Somerset (Fig. 2) which shows the location of Stokelane and Doultyng with the end of a range of hills between the two. The site is first shown in detail on maps of Stoke Lane and Doulting parishes of 1760 and 1766 which depict a field layout very similar to the current one. For the north site, the proposal sites occupy the same fields as it does today. This continues to be the case in the 1776 enclosure map for Stoke Lane and Doulting (Fig. 3) although this shows Area C as consisting of only two fields with a stream running across the centre of the westernmost. Area D is not shown in detail on this map, being in the parish of Cranmore although an alternative version of the enclosure map does plot it as one large field with a smaller one at the eastern end. Area B does not change until 1800 when a map of Stoke Lane parish of this date shows the easternmost field divided in two by an east-west line across its centre. Area C also appears to have changed with the western field now divided into six much smaller irregularly-shaped plots.

Similarly, the 1841 tithe map for Stoke Lane (Fig. 4) shows internal subdivisions of the fields of Area A which are now no longer present. The division in Area B is still present on the 1843 Doulting tithe map (Fig. 5) and the

First Edition Ordnance Survey of 1886 (Fig. 7) although the divisions in the northern site are gone by the later map. Areas C and D are shown in an altered state on the tithe maps for Cranmore (1841) and Doulting (1843)

(Fig. 6) with Area C being much simplified into five large fields and a small patch of woodland and Area D is divided into four fields along its length. The First Edition Ordnance Survey also plots the listed milestone which lies outside the southern border of Area B and the projected line of the Roman road that crosses it running

8 southeast-northwest. This map shows Areas A, C and D as open fields while the western field of Area B as rough pasture and scrub. By this point the south-western fields of Area C have been merged into one with just a small pool and stream running north from it remaining of the old internal division.

The covered reservoirs which stand on the northern side of Area B first appear on the 1904 map (Fig. 8), as does a “stone” in the south-western corner of Area A and two footpaths which run north-south, one across each site. The reservoirs in Area B are expanded to their present number by 1973. The Ordnance Survey maps between 1886 and 1973 show the field in which the reservoirs lie as scrubland with the 1958 map (Fig. 9) appearing to show a linear bank running east-west across the centre of the field. This does not appear on any of the other maps of the site.

The landscape surrounding the proposal sites changes very little with the main developments being the expansion of Moons Hill Quarry and Stoke Lane, which changes its name to Stoke St Michael by 1958 (Fig. 10).

Listed buildings

There are no listed buildings on either of the proposal sites with the nearest being the Grade II listed early 18th- century Lower Three Ashes Farmhouse and Boxtree Cottage which both stand c.250m to the west of Area A.

Due to the topography of the area it is unlikely that the proposed development would have any impact on the settings of the listed buildings. A Grade II listed milestone stands just outside the southern boundary of Area B.

Registered Parks and Gardens; Registered Battlefields

There are no registered parks and gardens or registered battlefields within close proximity of the site.

Historic Hedgerows

Schedule 1 of the Hedgerows Regulations 1997 defines an ‘important’ hedgerow as one that incorporates or is adjacent to an archaeological feature that is recorded in the HER or that forms a historic boundary, i.e. one that predates enclosure. This describes the hedgerow which forms the western boundary of Area B which incorporates a possible barrow and crosses the projected line of a Roman road. Many of the hedgerows in all four Areas predated enclosure, particularly those in Areas A, C and D, and the hedge between Areas C and D demarks the historic boundary between Doulton and Cranmore parishes.

9 Aerial Photographs

The aerial photograph collections of the NMR were consulted in November 1999 during research for a desk- based assessment in advance of previous works at Moons Hill Quarry (Laidlaw 2000). This study concluded that the aerial photographs showed only that the site had not undergone any changes since 1946 with nothing of archaeological interest being noted. The NMR collections database was consulted again in April 2012 and March

2014 revealing that no additional photographs had been taken since the previous study.

Discussion

There are no known heritage assets on the northern proposal site (A) or in a position to be affected by its development. However, there are several known heritage assets on the southern site (B) comprising a Roman road, and a possible barrow cemetery and a listed milestone on its borders. The projected line of the Roman road also traverses a small part of the third site (C). It remains therefore to establish if there may be potential for previously unknown heritage assets, that is, below-ground archaeological remains.

In considering the archaeological potential of the study area, various factors must be taken into account, including previously recorded archaeological sites, previous land-use and disturbance and future land-use including the proposed development.

Of the four proposal areas the southern ones have the most archaeological potential with their close proximity to a possible barrow group and the projected line of a Roman road crossing the area. Area A to the north is not near any known archaeological sites although previous archaeological work to the east and south identified prehistoric worked flint. Cartographic evidence demonstrates that all four sites have undergone very little change since 1760 therefore suggesting that any buried archaeological deposits are likely to have been preserved.

If development were to take place for Area A, it is suggested that on the basis of the limited range of evidence revealed here, mitigation of the development on any archaeological deposits present could be suitably achieved by a recording action during the initial overburden removal for the quarry operation but prior to extraction. It is also suggested that this approach be extended to Area D which lies adjacent to zones previously subject to archaeological monitoring but finding nothing of interest. This work could be implemented by an appropriately worded condition to any consent gained.

If development were to take place in Areas B and C then the county’s mineral policies state that, as ‘there is reason to believe that archaeological remains exist’, then a pre-determination evaluation would be required.

10 However, for Area C, it is suggested that this approach can be further qualified as it is considered that most of this area has the same lower potential as Areas A and D; it is only the zone at the south west corner of Area C in the vicinity of the projected course of the Roman road that has higher potential.

It is proposed therefore that this pre-determination fieldwork would initially be in the form of geophysical survey for Areas B and the southern part of C. This would be followed by evaluation trenching of Area B and selective evaluation trenching of Area C. The area of the modern reservoirs in Area B can probably be safely excluded from this archaeological work. In the event that the results of this work are largely negative, it is anticipated that a recording action would also be required during any overburden removal prior to extraction or spoil storage, again implemented by an appropriately worded condition to any consent gained as above.

The details of these schemes of archaeological work will need to be drawn up and approved by the archaeological advisers to the Council and implemented by a competent archaeological contractor.

References

Adkins, L and R, 1992, A Field Guide to Somerset Archaeology, Wimborne BGS, 2000, British Geological Survey, 1:50 000 Sheet 281, Solid and Drift Edition, Nottingham Gathercole, C, 2003, English Heritage Extensive Urban Survey: An archaeological assessment of Shepton Mallet, , Taunton Laidlaw, M, 2000, ‘Moons Hill and Stoke Quarries, Stoke St Michael, Somerset: desk-based assessment report’, Archaeology unpublished report Ref: 47394.1, Salisbury Margary, I D, 1955, Roman Roads in Britain: Vol. 1. South of the Foss Way-Bristol Channel, London Mills, A D, 1998, Dictionary of English Place-Names, Oxford DCLG, 2012, National Planning Policy Framework, Dept Communities and Local Government, London SCC, 2004, Somerset Minerals Local Plan, Somerset County Council, Taunton Webster, C (ed), 2007, The Archaeology of : South West Archaeological Research Framework, Somerset County Council, Taunton Webster, C and Mayberry, T (eds), 2007, The Archaeology of Somerset, Wellington Williams, A and Martin, G H, 2002, Domesday Book, A complete Translation, London

11 APPENDIX 1: Historic Environment Records within a 1km search radius of the development site

No HER Ref Grid Ref (ST) Type Period Comment 1 18760 657 455 Watching brief Prehistoric, Doulting to Cranmore pipeline watching brief. No archaeological 646 417 post-medieval features and mainly post-medieval finds were found although a 680 438 quantity of prehistoric, either Neolithic or Early Bronze Age, non- 684 423 diagnostic flint was also recovered. 2 29268 6683 4566 Watching brief Prehistoric, Stripping monitored at Moons Hill Quarry. Flint flakes and tools post-medieval, recovered from eastern end of the field and post-medieval and modern modern finds from the remainder of the site. 3 24958 66 46 Findspot Roman Five Roman coins found in Stoke St Michael in 1865. 4 25357 6600 4525 Road Roman Roman road running from the Mendip Hills to Old Sarum. 5 12242 649 457 Holloway Roman Double-ditched holloway, likely the remains of a medieval 630 465 Medieval trackway following the line of the Roman road along the hilltop. 6 15486 649 452 Holloway Medieval Complex series of hollow ways seen on 1942 aerial photographs. 7 20216 6634 4685 Listed building Post-medieval Tooses Farm House - farmhouse, c.1650. 17154 6636 4688 Listed building Post-medieval Saddler House and Spice Cottage 17th-century house split in two. 8 20202 6641 4689 Listed building Post-medieval Knatchbull Arms - late 17th-century house, now inn. 20207 6644 4686 Listed building Post-medieval Crosslynds - c.1800 house. 17582 6637 4690 Memorial Hall Modern Memorial hall to those who died in WWI and WWII. 9 20194 6512 4642 Listed building Post-medieval Lower Three Ashes Farmhouse - farmhouse c.1700. 20191 6517 4645 Listed building Post-medieval Boxtree Cottage - early 18th century cottage. 10 20189 6643 4683 Listed building Post-medieval Bourne House - 18th-century house. 20190 6644 4680 Listed building Post-medieval Ark House - 18th-century house. 18432 6644 4679 Chapel Modern Methodist Chapel noted on 1904 map, now private dwelling. 11 22160 6494 4551 Listed gate pier Post-medieval 18th-century stone turnpike gate pier. 12 29120 6590 4517 Road Post-medieval The Beacon to Frome road, turnpiked in 1757. 13 29154 6589 4515 Road Post-medieval Doulting to Long Cross Bottom road, turnpiked in 1765. 14 23411 6589 4514 Turnpike house Post-medieval “Turnpike House of 1790” marked on 1961 map. 15 29155 6589 4512 Road Post-medieval Long Cross to Batcombe road, turnpiked in 1791. 16 22159 6548 4539 Listed milestone Post-medieval Stone and cast iron milestone - “Frome 8. Wells 7”. One listing 17284 for the stone itself, one for its appearance on historic map. 17 24969 658 469 Brickworks Post-medieval Brickyard shown on 1817 map. 18 22162 6495 4563 Listed building Post-medieval Wagon and Horses Inn - late 18th-century coaching inn. 19 24966 6642 4665 Pound Modern “Pound” marked on 1903 map. 20 18435 6585 4591 Windpump Modern Windpump noted on 1904 map but removed by 1946. 21 18436 6621 4615 Quarry Modern “Moon’s Hill Quarry” marked on 1904 map. 22 22452 664 456 Watching brief Modern Stripping monitored at Moons Hill Quarry. Modern finds. 23 23408 649 452 Windmill site Modern “Windmill Farm” plotted on 1962 map. 24 28262 6669 4567 Watching brief Modern Stripping monitored at Moons Hill Quarry. Modern finds. 25 12241 6495 4612 Earthworks Unknown Complex of earthworks including hollow ways, stream channels and an enclosure. 26 18763 6540 4550 Barrow Unknown Remains of barrow, c.0.3m high. Part of group of three barrows. 18764 6534 4550 Barrow Unknown Remains of barrow, c.0.2m high. Part of group of three barrows. 18765 6535 4550 Barrow Unknown Remains of barrow, c.0.2m high. Part of group of three barrows. 27 23425 6544 4550 Barrow Unknown Round barrow or possible trial lead mining shaft. 28 24960 6575 4592 Tree circle Unknown Tree circle on a steep slope.

NB: All listed buildings Grade II unless otherwise stated.

12 APPENDIX 2: Historic and modern maps consulted

1575 Saxton’s map of Somerset (Fig. 2) 1760 Map of Stoke Lane and Doulting 1766 Map of Stoke Lane 1776 Enclosure map for Stoke Lane and Doulting parishes (Fig. 3) 1800 Map of Stoke Lane 1817 Ordnance Survey 1 inch to 1 mile 1841 Stoke Lane parish tithe map (Fig. 4) 1841 Cranmore parish tithe map (Fig. 6) 1843 Doulting parish tithe map (Figs. 5 and 6) 1886 Ordnance Survey First Edition (Fig. 7) 1904 Ordnance Survey Second Edition (Fig. 8) 1958 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 9) 1973 Ordnance Survey 2002 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 10)

13 APPENDIX 3: Aerial Photographs previously consulted

No Year taken Sortie number Frame number Grid ref (ST) Comment 1 1942 RAF/16B/BR425/2 20, 21, 27 663 454 2 1946 RAF/3G/TUD/UK/24 5269-71 658 459 3 1947 RAF/CPE/UK/1944 1246-8 658 461 4 1947 RAF/CPE/UK/1992 3374-6, 3430-2 669 460 5 1955 RAF/58/1715 55-7 669 463 6 1964 RAF/543/2821 74, 75 665 467 7 1966 OS/66044 106-8 670 457 8 1969 OS/69289 77-8, 87-9 669 455 9 1985 OS/85028 105, 126, 127 664 463 10 1991 OS/91177 30, 31, 81, 82 656 461 11 1996 OS/96152 133-4, 215-6 655 460

NB: Grid reference given is for start of run; multiple frames may offer wide coverage.

14 SITE

Weston-super Bath -Mare

Frome

Minehead Glastonbury Shepton Bridgwater Mallet

Wincanton Taunton

Yeovil

Chard

47000 17 8 7 10

19

9

A

25 21

46000 3

28 20 Proposal 5 sites 2 12 22 18 24

11 26 27 D B C 16 4 12

6

23 14 1 45000 13 15

ST 65000 66000 MHQ 12/56 Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 1. Location of site within Stoke St Michael and Somerset showing positions of HER entries. Reproduced from Ordnance Survey Explorer 142 at 1:12500 Ordnance Survey Licence 100025880 Approximate location of site

MHQ 12/56 N Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 2. Saxton's map of Somerset, 1575. Approximate location of sites

MHQ 12/56

N Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 3. Doulting and Stoke Lane enclosure map, 1776. Proposal site A

MHQ 12/56 N Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 4. Stoke Lane tithe map, 1841. Proposal site B

MHQ 12/56 N Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 5. Doulting tithe map, 1842. Proposal sites C and D

MHQ 12/56 N Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 6. Cranmore (right) and Doulting (left) tithe maps, 1841 and 1843 respectively. Sites

MHQ 12/56 N Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 7. Ordnance Survey First Edition, 1886. Sites

MHQ 12/56 N Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 8. Ordnance Survey, 1904. Sites

MHQ 12/56 N Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 9. Ordnance Survey, 1958. Sites

MHQ 12/56 N Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 10. Ordnance Survey, 2002. Plate 1. Area B, eastern field showing old field division, Plate 2. Area B, western field, looking west along project- looking east. ed line of Roman road.

Plate 3. Area A, western field, looking north. Plate 4. Area A, eastern field, looking south.

MHQ 12/56 Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Plates 1-4. Plate 5. Area C, south-western field, looking southeast Plate 6. Area C, eastern field, looking north towards north- towards Long Cross Farm. ern site boundary.

Plate 7. Area C, central field, looking southwest. Plate 8. Area D, eastern field, looking northeast.

MHQ 12/56 Land at Moons Hill Quarry, Stoke St Michael, Somerset, 2014 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Plates 5-8.