2013-14
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• The DDA (District Developed Assessment) • Questions will come from the following areas § Computer or Paper based exam • News Organization • Production Phases • News Elements • Storyboarding § 40 questions (Over 300 possible questions in Test Bank) • News Story Types • Editing Concepts • Multiple Choice • Camera Movements • Equipment § Will be Given during YOUR Exam Week • Camera Shots • Safety • Given during your class time, in the Media Center • Will have 90 minutes to complete • Camera Angles • Lighting • IF you have multiple TV Classes, you WILL take • Shot Set Up • Microphones multiple tests. Each test will be different. (TV2 – TV6) 2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Jobs In A News § Organization Are Usually Reporting & Divided Into Two Categories § Newsroom Jobs News § Production Jobs Organization
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Anchor / Talent: • News Director: § The face of the newscast, figurehead for the § Head of the newsroom station § Has final say in what the newsroom covers § Reads the newscast copy, and makes changes before going live • Assistant News Director: • Reporter: § Second in command § Covers a single story each day § Stands in for News Director when needed § Researches, sets up and records interviews, writes/voices PKGs, presents them on-air
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Assignment Editor: • Executive Producer § Oversees several show producers and their newscasts § Covers assignment desk § Approves reporter scripts § Works with news directors, producers, reporters § Help producers out and photographers to get news stories § Or, in big markets, runs the ‘big picture’ of an entire § Monitors press releases, viewer and source newscast phone calls • News Producer § In charge of one newscast § Stacks, writes, and manages the show from start to finish § Directs talent, relays information, supervises control
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Associate Producer • Sports Anchor § Assists show producers § Usually heads up the sports department § Usually acts as a writer for the producer § Responsible for choosing the day’s stories § Acts as the face of the station’s sports department • Production Assistant § Entry-level job on a production or news team • Meteorologist • News Photographer § The station’s weathercaster § Keeps up with the latest weather, creates graphics, and § Drives the live truck, tapes video and interviews, and delivers the forecasts on-air, in front of a green-screen generally edits the PKG together with the reporter’s script 2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Editor • Can also be referred § Responsible for assembling raw footage into to as “technical crew,” the final video for broadcast on-air work is centered in the control room or studio
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Director • Floor Manager (Floor Director) § In charge of production crew § Gives anchors camera directions and § Before the show, reviews scripts regarding shots countdowns during newscast, relays information and camera assignments from the control room to the studio § During the show, follows the scripts, keeps an eye Camera Operator on the time • § Runs a studio camera during a newscast • Technical Director (T.D.) / Switcher § Sets up the shots and makes sure they’re § Operates the switcher during the show visually pleasing § Cues and takes shots as directed
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Assistant Director (A.D.) • Audio Technician / Engineer § Runs computer programs that control the on- § Runs the audio board air video, and complex graphics § Responsible for the technical quality of the audio • Teleprompter Operator • Graphics Operator (C.G. or Chyron Operator) § Responsible for scrolling the script for the § Types up and airs name supers and stills that anchors run during the newscast
2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review • Lighting Director § Designs the lighting plot § Determines which types of lights to use and their locations News Elements • Craft Services § Provides food for the talent and crew
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Newscast Terms • PKG – Package § Package (PKG) § B-Roll § Foundation of a newscast § Voice Over (VO) § Tease § Usually 1-to-3 minute edited report / story § Generally introduced and tagged by a reporter § Sound On Tape (SOT) § Cold Open / Close § Sound Bite § Editorial § VOSOT § Breaking News • VO – Voice Over § Natural Sound (NATSOT) § Current News § Narration done by a broadcast reporter, usually § Lead Story § Staged News reading from a script § § When you hear someone talking, but see video of § Secondary Story Feature Story something else § Kicker Story
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• SOT – Sound On Tape • VOSOT § Video AND Audio of a person talking § B-Roll with a written VO script for the anchors, followed by relevant SOT • Sound Bite • B-Roll is VIDEO § A short audio or video clip taken, possibly from a speech or press conference, and • NATSOT broadcast during a news report § Natural, or environmental, sound on tape
2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review • STAND UP • Cold Open § A standup is when a television reporter § A pre-recorded segment of VO, or VOSOT, that appears in front of the camera to narrate part airs before a newscast begins of a story – most often at the beginning to set up the story, or at the very end • Lead Story § The most important story of the day • LEAD-IN/INTRO § Anchor/Reporter introduces a story or PKG • Secondary Story § Any Story that is after the Lead Story • TAG § Anchor/Reporter adds information about a • Kicker Story story AFTER the PKG airs § A feature story that’s the last story in a newscast 2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review • B-ROLL • GOODBYES/CLOSE § Any video that you use in a story. Usually § anchors wrap up the newscast, say goodbye used to cover your V.O. § The video that does not include the talent • EDITORIAL § On-air sharing of SUBJECTIVE views on a • TEASE story covered on the newscast, or on an § Anchor gives viewers sneak peek of event in the community upcoming stories to keep viewers watching § Usually right before a commercial break
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• There are 4 categories of News § Breaking § Current News Story § Staged § Feature Types • Under the main 4, there are 2 other sub categories § Dated or Non-Dated News § Hard or Soft News
2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review Current News • Breaking News • • An ongoing event or continuous event • This is an unplanned or unexpected event that has an impact on society § Often may be as a result of breaking news § Examples of this § Examples of this • Clean up efforts after natural disasters • Weather Events • The Stock Market • Terrorism • Gas Prices • Accidents • Elections (Campaigning) • Assassinations
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review • Staged News • Feature Story • A Preplanned event • Stories that could be of human interest or entertainment related pieces. § Know when and where an event will take § This news is interesting but not necessary place § Sports sometimes fall under this (based upon the audience) § Examples of this: § Examples of this: • A Speech • Movie Reviews or Openings • A Debate • Awards Shows • People recovering from health issues • Ribbon Cutting • Good Samaritans • Sporting Event 2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review • Example of how each of the 4 basic stories • Dated or Non-Dated News can relate to each: • Dated News § Tornado sets down in Oklahoma; destroys town § Information that must be presented at that § Breaking moment to have any relevance § Clean up of town the week following the tornado § Current • Non-Dated § Press Conference about where the displace town will § A story that could be played at anytime and move still have the same importance § Staged § Return to the town for the opening of the rebuilt library 2014 - 2015 § Feature 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review • Hard or Soft News • Hard News § This is news that MUST be known Camera • Soft News § News that is Nice to know, but is not as important Movements • may be interesting, but not necessarily vital: feature stories, sometimes staged news
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• 5 Types of Advanced Shots/Camera
Moves: Truck • Pan • Tilt • Dolly • Truck • Zoom
2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review • Pan • A good Pan has a distinct beginning and end § A smooth, right-to-left or left-to- • A rapid, blurry pan is called a Whip Pan or a right camera movement Swish Pan § The camera stays in one place, but turns from side to side • You can “Pan left” or “Pan right”
§ Should only be used when there is a REASON to pan: • Examples: Following the action / Showing the audience something new in the scene
2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review • Tilt • Zoom § An upward or downward § Looks like a camera move…but camera movement it is NOT a real camera move!!! § The camera tilts up and § A zoom occurs when you down, while remaining manipulate the focal length lens stationary § Zooming IN makes your subject § You can use a tilt to appear closer change the dynamics of the shot, or to reveal a § Zooming OUT makes your different perspective subject appear farther away
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review • Truck • Dolly § Trucking is a lateral, or side-to- § When you move the entire side movement of the entire camera forward and camera (you move with the backwards to change camera) perspective (you move with § Trucking lets the camera follow the camera) lateral action (follows along § Dollies should be with characters as they walk) performed with the camera § Cameras can “truck right” or lens zoomed all the way out “truck left”
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
1 – Dolly 2 – Crane 3 – Truck 4 – Pan 5 – Tilt 6 – Roll
2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review • There are Three Basic Shots Camera • Wide • Medium • Close-up Shots / Angles • Extreme Close-Up
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• WIDE SHOT • Definition: § Lacks Detail, Gives § aka Long Shot Perspective • Often used as an • Cut-Offs establishing shot § Upper Cut off • Includes a lot of • None visual information § Lower Cut Off • None
§ There are No Cut offs for a Wide Shot
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• MEDIUM SHOT • Definition: § In between a Wide • Transitional Shot Shot and a Close up • Most COMMON shot you • Cut-Offs will see on TV § Upper Cut off • Gives a closer look but • 6 to 12 inches above still provides background, head generally a shot from § Lower Cut Off around the waist to right • Waist above the head • Knees
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• CLOSE-UP • Definition: § Lacks Perspective, • Provides more detail But gives HIGH detail • MOST IMPORTANT • Cut-Offs SHOT IN TV! § Upper Cut off • 3 to 6 inches above head § Lower Cut Off • Arm Pits
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• EXTREME • Definition: CLOSE-UP § An over focus on a particular object • Provides the most detail
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Gives a sense of lack of power High Angle • Is used to make someone Low Angle to a person more powerful than they § Makes the subject appear are weak • Used to show size • May also show size difference • Shooting from below the • Shooting from above the subject, camera facing subject, camera facing upwards downwards • If shooting bully/victim, • If shooting bully/victim, this this would be angle used would be angle used for the victim for the bully
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• LEAD ROOM • When following action Shot or a subject’s direction, allow space in front of the subject Set Up
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• HEAD ROOM • RULE OF THIRDS • The amount of space in • Divides the screen the shot between the into 9 equal parts top of the subject and • Center your image or the top of the screen action at an • Too little intersection § subject looks cramped • Too much § subject looks small, too low 2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• 180 Degree Rule • Guideline regarding the on- screen spatial relationship between two characters or within a scene • An imaginary line called the axis connects the characters, and following the rule means keeping the camera on one side of the axis.
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Production Phases
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• There are 3 Phases of Production § Pre Production • The Planning Phase § Production Pre Production • The Phase where the video or movie is created
§ Post Production • When Editing and finalization of the video are done
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• Pre Production • Log Line § The process of preparing all the elements § One or two sentence description of the story involved in the movie or video. Pre Production • Treatment ends when the planning ends and the content starts being produced § Treatments read like a short story, but are told in the present tense and describe events • Tasks included in this phase: as they happen § Creating a Treatment § Storyboarding § Serves as a blue print of the story § Location Scouting § Done prior to the creation of Storyboards § Casting
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Group: Project:
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Time
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• Storyboarding Location / Set:
§ 5 Things that every Storyboard will show Visual Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes
Sequence • Human / Character Movement
• Camera Movements Time
• Time Music / SFX
• Audio
Location / Set:
• Sequence Visual Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes
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Television ProductionTime DDA Television Production DDA Music / SFX
Review Music / SFX Review Location / Set:
• Human Movement and Location / Set: Strait Arrows •
Camera Movements are Visual Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes § Used to show the Human Movement Sequence drawn in the Visual box • Jagged Arrows
Time
• The movements are § Used to show Rapid Human Movement
represented by 3 Music / SFX
different types of arrows
Location / Set: § Strait (Skinny) Arrow
Visual Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes § Jagged Arrow Sequence § Broad Arrow
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Review Review Location / Set:
Visual Script / Narration • Broad Graphics/ ArrowsFX/Shot Notes
Sequence § Used to show the basic Camera Movements § Drawn on the outside of the Visual Box
Time
Group: Project: Music / SFX
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Location / Set: Soccer Field 2014 - 2015 Visual Script / Narration 2014 - 2015 Graphics/FX/Shot Notes
Group: Project: Sequence Visual Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes
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Time Television Time Production DDA Television Music / SFX Production DDA
Review Review Location / Set: Music / SFX
Music / SFX Location / Set :Visual Script / Narration • In additionGraphics/ toFX using/Shot Notes
Location / Set: the Visual box, the
Sequence Visual Script / Narration Shot Graphics/ Note boxFX /isShot used Notes Location / Set: Visual Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes
Sequence to describe the order Sequence 1. Kick Ball 2. Run After Ball Visual Scriptof events / Narration that take Graphics/FX/Shot Notes Time place in the visual 1. Tilt Up
Sequence Time 2. Zoom Out Time 3. Pan Right
Music / SFX Music / SFX
Time Music / SFX
Location / Set: Soccer Field Location / Set: 2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Music / SFX Location / Set: Visual Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes Visual Script / Narration Graphics/ FX /Shot Notes Sequence Sequence Location / Set : Group: Group: Project: Project: Time
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Time Visual Script / Narration Graphics/ FX/ShotVisual Notes Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes Music / SFX Sequence Sequence Sequence
Television Production DDA Television Music / SFX Production DDA Time Time Location / Set:
ReviewTime Review Visual Music / SFX Script / Narration Graphics/ FX /Shot Music Notes / SFX
• Time Location / Set: Sequence • Audio Location / Set: Location / Set:
Music / SFX § The approximant Visual Script / Narration §Graphics/ Audio FX/ ShotisVisual managed Notes Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes Visual Script / Narration Graphics/ FX /Shot Notes Sequence Sequence in 2 boxes on the amount of time that Time
Sequence storyboard a shot will take
Time Location / Set Time : § Dialog is under Music / SFX
script Music / SFX Music / SFX Visual Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes § Music and Sound Time Location / Set: Sequence Location / Set: LocationEffects / Set : are done
Visual Script / Narration Graphics/ in the FX /Shot MusicVisual Not es / SFX Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes
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• Sequence Location / Set:
§ The Number of shot in Visual Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes
the order of the Video Sequence
§ A single shot may
Time have multiple Post Production drawings Music / SFX • They would use a
number and a letter to Location / Set: tell its position
§ 1B or 7A Visual Script / Narration Graphics/FX/Shot Notes
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Television Production DDA Music Television/ SFX Production DDA
Review Review Location / Set: • Post Production Phase • Terms used in the Post Production Phase § During Post, the video is assembled or Edited • Importing into the final form for broadcast • Exporting Clip § Music and graphics will be added to support • • Transition the visuals • Cutting On Action § Voice overs would be added during this • Jump Cut phase • Continuity • Split Screen • Freeze Frame • Sub Titles 2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
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• Editing • Importing § The process of selecting the good portions of § The process of adding video, pictures, or raw footage and putting it in order of the other media to a computer and editing production plan software • Exporting § The process of removing a complete / edited video from editing software
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• Clip • Transition § The smallest piece of a video project § A transition is a technique used in editing by which § Multiple clips are used and combined to scenes or shots are create a video overlapped or combined • A clip is defined as having both an in-time and an when moving from one to the out-time within a larger video element next § Transitions are used to make a fluid move from one clip to another § Common transitions are dissolves, fades (usually to 2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015black) and wipes
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Cutting on Action • Jump Cut § Cutting on action or matching on action refers to § A jump cut is a cut in film editing in which two film editing and video editing techniques where sequential shots of the same subject are taken the editor cuts from one shot to another view that from camera positions that vary only slightly matches the first shot's action § This type of edit gives the effect of jumping • If an actor is walking, when the camera angle forwards in time changes he should still be walking
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Continuity Continuity Errors § The state of continuing for a period of time, without problems, interruptions, or changes
§ The organization of a film or television program to make it seem that the action happens without pauses or interruptions
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Continuity Errors Continuity Errors
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• B-Roll • Split Screen § Video that is used in a news package. Usually § Multiple pictures or videos playing on screen used to cover a voice over at the same time § In interviews and documentary films, it is used to describe secondary footage that adds meaning to a sequence or disguised the elimination of unwanted content • An example would be, a retired athlete talking about their career, and highlights would be playing from their career while your hear them speaking
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Freeze Frame • Sub Titles § Also called stop motion. An optical effect or § Words that appear on the screen during a technique in which a single frame of film is movie, video or television show and that are repeated to give the effect of a still photograph translations of what the actors are saying
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• Tripod § A three legged camera support
Equipment § The part that connects the camera to the tripod is called the Shoe
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Camera Parts • Camera Parts § Light enters the Lens § Light is Split into the different colors § The colors hit the Charge-Couple Device • There could be 1 CCD or 3 CCDs in the Camera § CCDs convert the light to an electrical current § The processor interprets the electrical charges • Then Saves the information to the SD Card • The processor also sends a image to the view finder
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Common Camera Issues • Green Screen (Chroma Key) § Will not record § A background in front of which moving subjects • No Battery are filmed and are able to be removed or • No media or SD card replaced during the editing process, with a § Can not see an image image or other video • Camera not turned on § No Battery • Lens Cap on or not open
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• Green Screen (Chroma Key)
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• There are 4 types of Microphones • Handheld • Picks up audio from where it’s held. Best • Handheld for “man on the street” interviews • Lavaliere • Boom • Lavaliere • Shotgun • Clipped onto a newscaster, actor. Good for sit-down interviews
2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review • Boom • Microphone Pick-Up Patterns: • Gets audio from a small area, held § Cardioid overhead. Used in films, TV shows • Most common pattern • Picks up sound to the front of the microphone, and slightly from the sides • Shotgun § Hyper cardioid • Picks up audio from far away. Often used • Records from the front, rejects almost for sports, to pick up sounds on the field everything else during a game § Omnidirectional • Picks up sound equally 360 degrees around
2014 – 2015 2014-15 the microphone capsule
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• Microphone Pick-Up • Microphone Pick-Up Patterns: Patterns: § Cardioid § Hyper cardioid • Most common pattern • Records from the front, • Picks up sound to the rejects almost front of the microphone, everything else and slightly from the sides
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Microphone Pick-Up Patterns: § Omnidirectional • Picks up sound equally 360 degrees around the Safety microphone capsule
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Safety issues in Television • Safety issues in Television § Moving heavy objects § Moving heavy objects • Do not attempt to lift by bending forward. Bend your hips and knees to squat down to your load, keep it close to your body, and straighten your legs to lift • Never lift a heavy object above shoulder level • Avoid turning or twisting your body while lifting or holding a heavy object
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• Safety issues in Television § Working with Lights • Wear Gloves when working with • Unplug any lights when moving • Wait for the lights to cool, if they were in use Lighting Types recently • Never touch the bulb with bare hands § Leaves oils on the bulb that may cause it to shatter § Bulb may be hot from previous use
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Ellipsoidal • Fluorescent § Type of spotlight § Provides extremely § Reflects light off a soft, broad lighting surface shaped like § Aren’t as hot, great an ellipsoid in the for lighting actors back up close or in small § Creates a small to spaces mid-sized circular light pattern
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Scoop • Fresnel § Provide a broad, § Uses a larger lens to soft light that boosts focus light overall light levels § Creates soft circular § Cannot be focused light pattern
§ Does NOT have a § Broader than an Lens ellipsoidal, but narrower than a scoop
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• LED • Ambient Light § Operates at low § The natural light already available in a space. It temperatures like can be the lights in the ceiling indoors, or the sun fluorescent lights outdoors § Can be controlled to change colors on cue • Lighting helps make a 2-D TV image more 3-D § This feature is useful for matching indoor or • The Lights are positioned above on a lighting outdoor light conditions grid …but they are expensive § Connected to the pipes by the C-clamp
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Scrim • Barn Doors: § Goes in front of a § Adjustable metal light to help diffuse, casing around a light, Lighting or soften, the light used to redirect light on your subject Accessories
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Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review
• Cookie • Gel • C-Clamp § attaches to a light to project a pattern § Placed in front of a § Used to attach a light light to change the to a lighting grid color of the light
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Lighting Set Up
2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
Television Production DDA Television Production DDA Review Review • 3 Point Lighting § Key Light: • Main, strongest light. Defines the subject • Place at a 45 degree angle from a line between your subject and the camera • Leaves one side of your subject well lit, other side has shadows (Ellipsoidal) § Fill Light • Secondary light • On opposite side of the key light, 45 degree angle from camera • Light output much less intense than key • Used to fill the shadows created by the key light (Fresnel) § Back Light • Placed behind the subject • Does not provide direct lighting, helps to separate the subject from the background • Intensity slightly less than the key light (Fresnel) 2014 - 2015 2014 - 2015
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3 Point Lighting Simulator
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