Université D'oran 2 Faculté Des Langues Étrangères THESE Pour L'obtention Du Diplôme De Doctorat En Sciences En Langue

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Université D'oran 2 Faculté Des Langues Étrangères THESE Pour L'obtention Du Diplôme De Doctorat En Sciences En Langue Université d’Oran 2 Faculté des Langues étrangères THESE Pour l’obtention du diplôme de Doctorat en Sciences En Langue Anglaise Native American and Targui Women: Similar Aspects of Life Présentée et soutenue publiquement par : M Douar Aicha Devant le jury composé de : Bouguedra Abdelmajid MCA Université d’Oran 2 Président Larbi Youcef Abdeljalil MCA Université de Mostaganem Rapporteur Bahous Abbes Pr. Em Université de Mostaganem Examinateur Chami Nidhal MCA Université d’Oran 2 Examinateur Djaafri Yasmina MCA Université de Mostaganem Examinateur Année 2017/2018 Dedication To my son Mohamed El Amine To the memory of my father Douar El Hadj Acknowledgments Most of the resources used to write this thesis were found in national and foreign countries’ libraries. I must thank the staff of Oran Cathedral Library, the staff of CEMA and its agents’ help mainly with JSTOR articles. I must add a special word of gratitude to Dr. Rachel Hutchins for her support and advice. Special thanks to Pr. Aydemir Okay from Turkey, Pr. Mc Neill from U.S.A., Pr. Fuat Sezgin from Germany, Pr. Robert Bauval from Spain, Pr. Peter Knight, and Dr. Rupert Cox from Manchester University. I should not forget to thank all my colleagues and friends, my family members, mainly my mother and my son Mohamed el Amine for their moral and psychological support. Much recognition to my supervisor Dr. Larbi Youcef AbdelDjalil for his support, patience and guidance Abstract A worldwide social phenomenon that prevails itself as a worth studying topic is the fact that tribal people partake affinities. Myriad scholars have pointed to this, arguing their observation with evidence. But since the reasons behind this likeness have not been answered exhaustively, they are still subject to ongoing research. Some scholars like Leo Weiner and Barry Fell have pointed to the resemblance between tribal Native Americans and Saharans of Africa. Limiting this research paper to the affinities which the Native Americans of the Navajo and the Tuaregs of Ahaggar in the Algerian Sahara share could enhance some reasons and illustrate some examples that explain this likeness. This thesis involves discovering more on Native Americans and Algerian Targuis. At first glance, visible traits prevail themselves as parallels between the two peoples such as their costumes, tattoo, life under tents, handmade jewels and crafts. The goal is to show that despite the fact that both live far from each other, the resemblance is striking. This has been done by examining writings on this topic and interviews. This visible commonness is noticed more on women than men, for the reader would see no resemblance between a veiled Targui and a Native American with a feather’s headdress. While dealing with similar cultural traits between the two peoples, another geographic resemblance imposes itself as an arguable subject; the Monument Valley Mountains look like the ones of Ahaggar as if they were Twin Mountains. But these affinities need to be supported with stronger evidence. Upon examination these two communities seem to share much: socially, linguistically, archeologically etc. The aim of this paper is to argue the reasons behind this resemblance with hypotheses and theories. The most prominent ones are the single ancestry and climate theories. Though they seem to be still a debatable issue, they strengthen the idea that the specificity of each culture is in itself contributive evidence for the universal relationship between peoples. This research highlights the importance of digging even more on the topic and the necessity to save a world heritage. Résumé Un phénomène social mondial qui s'impose comme un sujet d'étude intéressant est le fait que les populations tribales semblent avoir des affinités. Une myriade de chercheurs a souligné cela, arguant leur observation avec des preuves. Mais comme les raisons de cette ressemblance n'ont pas reçu de réponse exhaustive, elles font toujours l'objet de recherches en cours. Certains chercheurs comme Leo Weiner et Barry Fell ont souligné la ressemblance entre les Amérindiens tribaux et les Sahraouis d'Afrique. Limiter ce document de recherche aux affinités que partagent les Amérindiens des Navajos et les Touaregs d'Ahaggar dans le Sahara Algérien pourrait renforcer certaines raisons et illustrer quelques exemples qui expliquent cette ressemblance. Cette thèse consiste à en découvrir plus sur les Touaregs et les Amérindiens. À première vue, les traits visibles s'imposent comme des parallèles entre les deux peuples tels que leurs costumes, tatouages, la vie sous les tentes, les bijoux faits à la main et l'artisanat. L'objectif est de montrer que malgré le fait que les deux vivent loin les uns des autres, la ressemblance est frappante. Cela a été fait en examinant les écrits sur ce sujet et les entrevues. Cette ressemblance se remarque davantage chez les femmes que chez les hommes, car le lecteur ne verrait aucune ressemblance entre un Targui voilé et un Amérindien coiffé d'une coiffe de plumes. Tout en traitant les traits culturels similaires entre les deux peuples, une autre ressemblance géographique s'impose comme un sujet discutable; Les montagnes de Monument Valley ressemblent à celles d'Ahaggar comme si elles étaient des montagnes jumelles. Mais ces affinités doivent être soutenues par des preuves plus solides. Après examen, ces deux communautés semblent partager beaucoup: socialement, linguistiquement, archéologiquement etc. Le but de cette thèse est d'argumenter les raisons de cette ressemblance avec les hypothèses et les théories. Les plus importantes sont les théories de l'ascendance et du climat. Bien qu'ils semblent être encore une question discutable, ils renforcent l'idée que la spécificité de chaque culture est en soi une preuve contributive de la relation universelle entre les peuples. Cette recherche souligne l'importance de creuser encore plus sur le sujet et la nécessité de sauvegarder un patrimoine mondial. نبذة مختصرة إن الظاهرة اﻻجتماعية التي تسود جميع أنحاء العالم تفرض نفسها كموضوع يستحق الدراسة. قد أشار العديد من العلماء إليها مدعمين مﻻحظتهم باﻷدلة. ولكن بما أن اﻷسباب الكامنة وراء هذا الشبه لم يتم الرد عليها بعد، فإن الموضوع ﻻ يزال يخضع للبحث المستمر. قد أشار بعض الباحثين مثل ليو وينر وباري فيل إلى وجود اوجه تشابه بين اﻷمريكيين القبليين اﻷصليين والصحراويين في أفريقيا. يحدد هذا البحث نطاق اوجه الشبه إلى منطقتي اﻷمريكيين اﻷصليين من نافاجو والطوارق من أهغار في الصحراء الجزائرية. .يمكن لهذه الدراسة أن تعزز بعض اﻷسباب وتوضح بعض اﻷمثلة التي تفسر هذا الشبه. تتضمن هذه الرسالة اكتشاف المزيد عن اﻷمريكيين اﻻصليين و طوارق الجزائر. للوهلة اﻷولى، تفرض الصفات المرئية نفسها على أنها تشابه بين الشعبين مثل مﻻبسهم، وشمهم، حياتهم تحت الخيام، المجوهرات اليدوية والحرف اليدوية. ولكن هذه الصفات تحتاج إلى دعم و أدلة أقوى . الهدف من هذه اﻻطروحة هو إظهار أنه على الرغم من أن كﻻهما يعيشان بعيدا عن بعضهما البعض ، اﻻ ان الشبه بينهما مدهش. وقد تم ذلك من خﻻل دراسة الكتابات حول هذا الموضوع والمقابﻻت. يﻻحظ هذا التواجد المرئي بشكل أكبر على النساء أكثر من الرجال ، ﻷن القارئ لن يرى أي تشابه بين التارقي الملثم وبين اﻷمريكيي اﻷصليي بغطاء رأسه المزخرف بالريش. عند التعامل مع السمات الثقافية المماثلة بين الشعبين ، فإن تشاب ًها آخر ي يفرض نفسه كموضوع قابل للنقاش جغرافيًا. تتشابه جبال واد النصب بأمريكا تشابه التوأم مع جبال اﻷهقار بالجزائر. عند الفحص ، يبدو أن هاتين الطائفتين تتشابهان اجتماعيًا ، لغويًا ، أثريًا ، إلخ إن الهدف من هذه اﻻطروحة هو تجادل بعض اﻷسباب التي تكمن وراء هذا التشابه و المستنبطة من بعض الفرضيات والنظريات. وأبرزها نظريات اﻷصل الواحد للبشرية و تأثر اﻹنسان بالمناخ و البيئة . وعلى الرغم من أنها ﻻ تزال تبدو قضية قابلة للنقاش، فإنها تعزز الفكرة القائلة بأن خصوصية كل ثقافة هي في حد ذاتها دليل مساهم في العﻻقة العالمية بين الشعوب. Table of Contents Dedication………………………………………………………………………………. Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………………….. Abstract …………………………………………………..…………………………….. Summary in English………………………………………………………….…………. Summary in French ………………………………………………..………….………... Summary in Arabic……….…………………………………………………………...... Table of Contents…………………………………………………………….……......... Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter One: Tuareg’s Historical Background ………………………………….....8 I.1.The Targui Language …………………………………………………………...….16 I.2.Belief in the Spirits of the Dead………………………………….………………...19 I.3.The Distinctive Veil of Men …………………………………………………..……22 I.4.The Targui Female Position ……………………………………………………..…26 I.5.Wedding in Tuareg Society …………………………...………………………..…..28 Chapter Two: Historical Background of Native Americans……………………….40 II.1.The Belief in Spirits ……………………………………………………………….49 II.2.Feathers Headdress ………………………………………………………………..52 II.3.The Discovery of America ……………………………………….………………..53 II.4.The Native American Female Position …………………………………………63 II.5.Wedding in Native America ……………………………………………………65 Chapter Three: Evidence of Mutually Shared Cultural Traits……………….....77 III.1.Linguistic Evidence…………………………………………………………….78 III.2.Socio Cultural Resemblances…………………………………………………...81 III.3.Eating Habits of both Nations……………………….………………………....95 III.4.Geographic Similarities ……………………………………………………..…104 III.4.1.Monument Valley…………………………………………………………....106 III.4.2.Ahaggar Region……………………………………………………………...112 Chapter Four: Affinities from Theoretical Perspectives………………………..118 IV.1.Migration into the Continents………………………………………………….121 IV.2.Transatlantic Trade Exchange Theory…………………………………...….….126 IV.3.Diffusion Theory……………………………………………………………….131 IV.4.Climatic Change Theory ………...……………………………….…………….139 IV.5. The Spread of Pyramids in the World .……………………….......………..….146 IV.6.Single Ancestral
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