Cryptography
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International Journal of Integrated Engineering: Special Issue 2018: Data Information Engineering, Vol. 10 No. 6 (2018) p. 183-192. © Penerbit UTHM DOI: https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2018.10.06.026 Analysis of Four Historical Ciphers Against Known Plaintext Frequency Statistical Attack Chuah Chai Wen1*, Vivegan A/L Samylingam2, Irfan Darmawan3, P.Siva Shamala A/P Palaniappan4, Cik Feresa Mohd. Foozy5, Sofia Najwa Ramli6, Janaka Alawatugoda7 1,2,4,5,6Information Security Interest Group (ISIG), Faculty Computer Science and Information Technology University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], {shamala, feresa, sofianajwa}@uthm.edu.my 3School of Industrial Engineering, Telkom University, 40257 Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 7Department of Computer Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka E-mail: [email protected] Received 28 June 2018; accepted 5August 2018, available online 24 August 2018 Abstract: The need of keeping information securely began thousands of years. The practice to keep the information securely is by scrambling the message into unreadable form namely ciphertext. This process is called encryption. Decryption is the reverse process of encryption. For the past, historical ciphers are used to perform encryption and decryption process. For example, the common historical ciphers are Hill cipher, Playfair cipher, Random Substitution cipher and Vigenère cipher. This research is carried out to examine and to analyse the security level of these four historical ciphers by using known plaintext frequency statistical attack. The result had shown that Playfair cipher and Hill cipher have better security compare with Vigenère cipher and Random Substitution cipher. -
"Cyber Security" Activity
Cyber Security Keeping your information safe Standards: (Core ideas related to the activity) NGSS: ETS1.B – A solution needs to be tested and them modified on the basis of the test results in order to improve it MS-PS4.C – Digitized signals sent as wave pulses are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information CC Math: 5.OA-3 – Analyze patterns and relationships K12CS: 3-5 CS-Devices – Computing devices may be connected to other devices or components to extend their capabilities. Connections can take many forms such as physical or wireless. 3-5 N&I-Cybersecurity – Information can be protected using various security measures. These measures can be physical or digital 3-5 IoC-Culture – The development and modification of computing technology is driven by people’s needs and wants and can affect different groups differently 6-8 CS-Devices – The interaction between humans and computing devices presents advantages, disadvantages, and unintended consequences. The study of human-computer interaction can improve the design of devices and extend the abilities of humans. 6-8 N&I-Cybersecurity – The information sent and received across networks can be protected from unauthorized access and modification in a variety of ways, such as encryption to maintain its confidentiality and restricted access to maintain its integrity. Security measures to safeguard online information proactively address the threat of breaches to personal and private data 6-8 A&P-Algorithms – Algorithms affect how people interact with computers and the way computers respond. People design algorithms that are generalizable to many situations 6-8 IoC-Culture – Advancements in computing technology change people’s everyday activities. -
The Mathemathics of Secrets.Pdf
THE MATHEMATICS OF SECRETS THE MATHEMATICS OF SECRETS CRYPTOGRAPHY FROM CAESAR CIPHERS TO DIGITAL ENCRYPTION JOSHUA HOLDEN PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright c 2017 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR press.princeton.edu Jacket image courtesy of Shutterstock; design by Lorraine Betz Doneker All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Holden, Joshua, 1970– author. Title: The mathematics of secrets : cryptography from Caesar ciphers to digital encryption / Joshua Holden. Description: Princeton : Princeton University Press, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016014840 | ISBN 9780691141756 (hardcover : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Cryptography—Mathematics. | Ciphers. | Computer security. Classification: LCC Z103 .H664 2017 | DDC 005.8/2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016014840 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Linux Libertine Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 13579108642 To Lana and Richard for their love and support CONTENTS Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction to Ciphers and Substitution 1 1.1 Alice and Bob and Carl and Julius: Terminology and Caesar Cipher 1 1.2 The Key to the Matter: Generalizing the Caesar Cipher 4 1.3 Multiplicative Ciphers 6 -
Substitution Ciphers
Foundations of Computer Security Lecture 40: Substitution Ciphers Dr. Bill Young Department of Computer Sciences University of Texas at Austin Lecture 40: 1 Substitution Ciphers Substitution Ciphers A substitution cipher is one in which each symbol of the plaintext is exchanged for another symbol. If this is done uniformly this is called a monoalphabetic cipher or simple substitution cipher. If different substitutions are made depending on where in the plaintext the symbol occurs, this is called a polyalphabetic substitution. Lecture 40: 2 Substitution Ciphers Simple Substitution A simple substitution cipher is an injection (1-1 mapping) of the alphabet into itself or another alphabet. What is the key? A simple substitution is breakable; we could try all k! mappings from the plaintext to ciphertext alphabets. That’s usually not necessary. Redundancies in the plaintext (letter frequencies, digrams, etc.) are reflected in the ciphertext. Not all substitution ciphers are simple substitution ciphers. Lecture 40: 3 Substitution Ciphers Caesar Cipher The Caesar Cipher is a monoalphabetic cipher in which each letter is replaced in the encryption by another letter a fixed “distance” away in the alphabet. For example, A is replaced by C, B by D, ..., Y by A, Z by B, etc. What is the key? What is the size of the keyspace? Is the algorithm strong? Lecture 40: 4 Substitution Ciphers Vigen`ere Cipher The Vigen`ere Cipher is an example of a polyalphabetic cipher, sometimes called a running key cipher because the key is another text. Start with a key string: “monitors to go to the bathroom” and a plaintext to encrypt: “four score and seven years ago.” Align the two texts, possibly removing spaces: plaintext: fours corea ndsev enyea rsago key: monit orsto gotot hebat hroom ciphertext: rcizl qfkxo trlso lrzet yjoua Then use the letter pairs to look up an encryption in a table (called a Vigen`ere Tableau or tabula recta). -
1. History of Cryptography Cryptography (From Greek , Hidden
1. History of cryptography Cryptography (from Greek , hidden, and , writing), is the practice and study of secret writing(or hidden information). Before the modern era, cryptography was concerned solely with message confidentiality (i.e., encryption) — conversion of messages from a comprehensible form into an incomprehensible one and back again at the other end, rendering it unreadable by interceptors or eavesdroppers without secret knowledge (namely the key needed for decryption of that message). History is filled with examples where people tried to keep information secret from adversaries. Kings and generals communicated with their troops using basic cryptographic methods to prevent the enemy from learning sensitive military information. In fact, Julius Caesar reportedly used a simple cipher, which has been named after him. As society has evolved, the need for more sophisticated methods of protecting data has increased. As the word becomes more connected, the demand for information and electronic services is growing, and with the increased demand comes increased dependency on electronic systems. Already the exchange of sensitive information, such as credit card numbers, over the internet is common practice. Protecting data and electronic system is crucial to our way of living. In recent decades, the field has expanded beyond confidentiality concerns to include techniques for message integrity checking, sender/receiver identity authentication, digital signatures, interactive proofs and secure computation, among others. Modern cryptography intersects the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, and engineering. It is necessary to distinct cryptography, crypto analysis and cryptology. Cryptography is a branch of cryptology dealing with the design of system for encryption and decryption intended to ensure confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of message. -
Xerox University Microfilms GUDES, Ehud, 1945- the APPLICATION of CRYPTOGRAPHY to DATA BASE SECURITY
INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. -
Evolution of Encryption Techniques and Data Security Mechanisms
World Applied Sciences Journal 33 (10): 1597-1613, 2015 ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2015 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2015.33.10.286 Evolution of Encryption Techniques and Data Security Mechanisms 12K. John Singh and R. Manimegalai 1School of Information Technology and Engineering, VIT University Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Park College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract: Rapid advancements in information technology world resulted in the drastic growth in the amount of data transferred through the network. Networks used for multimedia communication do not provide much security for data transfer as well as digital communication. Billions of people use internet options for essential communication and as a tool for commercial interests. Therefore, security is an enormously important issue to deal with. As web services also have data storage and data communication, we need to protect and provide confidentiality. There is a need to recognize the different aspects of security and their applications. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of evolution of encryption algorithms right from ancient cryptography techniques to modern encryption algorithms. Key words: Confidentiality Authentication Substitution Cipher Enigma Rotor Hash Function INTRODUCTION security. More generally, cryptography is the science of privacy and is an ancient art. It is about constructing Before taking a deep dive into the ocean of and analysing the protocols that overcomes the authority cryptography. The cryptosystem or a cipher system of adversary and which are correlated with various conceals information from unintentional user [1]. aspects of information security such as data integrity, Cryptography is the science of creating that kind of non-repudiation and confidentiality and authentication cryptosystem where as cryptanalysis is the scientific art [2]. -
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Cryptologia
A Complete Bibliography of Publications in Cryptologia Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 04 September 2021 Version 3.64 Title word cross-reference 10016-8810 [?, ?]. 1221 [?]. 125 [?]. 15.00/$23.60.0 [?]. 15th [?, ?]. 16th [?]. 17-18 [?]. 18 [?]. 180-4 [?]. 1812 [?]. 18th (t; m)[?]. (t; n)[?, ?]. $10.00 [?]. $12.00 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. 18th-Century [?]. 1930s [?]. [?]. 128 [?]. $139.99 [?]. $15.00 [?]. $16.95 1939 [?]. 1940 [?, ?]. 1940s [?]. 1941 [?]. [?]. $16.96 [?]. $18.95 [?]. $24.00 [?]. 1942 [?]. 1943 [?]. 1945 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. $24.00/$34 [?]. $24.95 [?, ?]. $26.95 [?]. 1946 [?, ?]. 1950s [?]. 1970s [?]. 1980s [?]. $29.95 [?]. $30.95 [?]. $39 [?]. $43.39 [?]. 1989 [?]. 19th [?, ?]. $45.00 [?]. $5.95 [?]. $54.00 [?]. $54.95 [?]. $54.99 [?]. $6.50 [?]. $6.95 [?]. $69.00 2 [?, ?]. 200/220 [?]. 2000 [?]. 2004 [?, ?]. [?]. $69.95 [?]. $75.00 [?]. $89.95 [?]. th 2008 [?]. 2009 [?]. 2011 [?]. 2013 [?, ?]. [?]. A [?]. A3 [?, ?]. χ [?]. H [?]. k [?, ?]. M 2014 [?]. 2017 [?]. 2019 [?]. 20755-6886 [?, ?]. M 3 [?]. n [?, ?, ?]. [?]. 209 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. 20th [?]. 21 [?]. 22 [?]. 220 [?]. 24-Hour [?, ?, ?]. 25 [?, ?]. -Bit [?]. -out-of- [?, ?]. -tests [?]. 25.00/$39.30 [?]. 25.00/839.30 [?]. 25A1 [?]. 25B [?]. 26 [?, ?]. 28147 [?]. 28147-89 000 [?]. 01Q [?, ?]. [?]. 285 [?]. 294 [?]. 2in [?, ?]. 2nd [?, ?, ?, ?]. 1 [?, ?, ?, ?]. 1-4398-1763-4 [?]. 1/2in [?, ?]. 10 [?]. 100 [?]. 10011-4211 [?]. 3 [?, ?, ?, ?]. 3/4in [?, ?]. 30 [?]. 310 1 2 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. 312 [?]. 325 [?]. 3336 [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. affine [?]. [?]. 35 [?]. 36 [?]. 3rd [?]. Afluisterstation [?, ?]. After [?]. Aftermath [?]. Again [?, ?]. Against 4 [?]. 40 [?]. 44 [?]. 45 [?]. 45th [?]. 47 [?]. [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. Age 4in [?, ?]. [?, ?]. Agencies [?]. Agency [?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?]. -
History of Cryptography and Cryptanalysis
History Of Cryptography And Cryptanalysis Aleksandar Nikoli´c University of Novi Sad Faculty of Technical Sciences Chair of Informatics [email protected] April 11, 2013 Aleksandar Nikoli´c (FTN) History Of Cryptography April 11, 2013 1 / 32 Overview 1 Introduction 2 History 3 Cryptool 4 Ciphers - making and breaking Caesar’s cipher Simple substitution Vigen`ere Cipher One time pad Enigma machine 5 Conclusion Aleksandar Nikoli´c (FTN) History Of Cryptography April 11, 2013 2 / 32 Introduction What is cryptography? Cryptography is the (very) delicate science of keeping secrets secret. In the old days, cryptography’s sole purpose was to ensure secret communication between two parties. This was achieved by enciphering the message thus rendering it unintelligible to anyone but those who know the secret code. Today, cryptography is used virtually everywhere for all sorts of different purposes: authentication, digital signatures, digital currency, secure computation. Few historical ciphers shall be reviewed and their flaws exposed. Aleksandar Nikoli´c (FTN) History Of Cryptography April 11, 2013 3 / 32 Introduction Terminology Cryptography The science of keeping secrets secret. Cryptanalysis The art and science of breaking and deciphering secret codes. Cryptology Science, branch of mathematics, that includes both of the above. Aleksandar Nikoli´c (FTN) History Of Cryptography April 11, 2013 4 / 32 Introduction Terminology Plaintext Non-enciphered, readable message. Ciphertext Enciphered message, appears to be nonsensical. Encryption Process of turning plaintext into ciphertext. Decryption Reverse. Turning ciphertext into plaintext. Aleksandar Nikoli´c (FTN) History Of Cryptography April 11, 2013 5 / 32 Introduction Usual characters Explaining cryptographic schemes and protocols can sometimes be tricky. -
CS1132 Fall 2013 Assignment 2 Due 11/21 11:59Pm 1 Cryptography Fun!
CS1132 Fall 2013 Assignment 2 due 11/21 11:59pm Adhere to the Code of Academic Integrity. You may discuss background issues and general strategies with others and seek help from course staff, but the implementations that you submit must be your own. In particular, you may discuss general ideas with others but you may not work out the detailed solutions with others. It is never OK for you to see or hear another student's code and it is never OK to copy code from published/Internet sources. If you feel that you cannot complete the assignment on you own, seek help from the course staff. When submitting your assignment, follow the instructions summarized in Section 4 of this document. Do not use the break or continue statement in any homework or test in CS1132. 1 Cryptography Fun! Just several decades ago, cryptography existed solely in the domain of national governments and large corporations. However, the advent of the Internet and the wide availability of computers have now made cryptography an indispensable part of everyday digital communications. In this part of the assignment, you will implement one well-known classical ciphers: the Vigenere cipher. This ci- phers predates modern cryptography but nonetheless provide a relevant and insightful look at some commonly used cryptography techniques. You will implement it as MATLAB functions that can be used to encrypt and subsequently decrypt messages. The Vigenre cipher is one of the most well-known ciphers of all time. It is a method of encrypting plaintext using a series of different Caesar ciphers based on the letters of the keyword. -
A Brief History of Cryptography
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Supervised Undergraduate Student Research Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects and Creative Work Spring 5-2000 A Brief History of Cryptography William August Kotas University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj Recommended Citation Kotas, William August, "A Brief History of Cryptography" (2000). Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_chanhonoproj/398 This is brought to you for free and open access by the Supervised Undergraduate Student Research and Creative Work at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chancellor’s Honors Program Projects by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Appendix D- UNIVERSITY HONORS PROGRAM SENIOR PROJECT - APPROVAL Name: __ l1~Ui~-~-- A~5-~~± ---l(cl~-~ ---------------------- ColI e g e: _l~.:i~_~__ ~.:--...!j:.~~~ __ 0 epa r t men t: _ {~~.f_':.~::__ ~,:::..!._~_~_s,_ Fa c u 1ty Me n tor: ____Q-' _·__ ~~~~s..0_~_L __ D_~_ ~_o_~t _______________ _ PRO JE CT TITL E: ____~ __ ~c ~ :.f __ l1L~_ ~_I_x __ 9_( __( ~~- ~.t~~-.r--~~ - I have reviewed this completed senior honors thesis "\lith this student and certifv that it is a project commensurate with honors level undergraduate research in this field. Signed ~u:t2~--------------- , Facultv .'vfentor Date: --d~I-~--Q-------- Comments (Optional): A BRIEF HISTORY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY Prepared by William A. Kotas For Honors Students at the University of Tennessee May 5, 2000 ABSTRACT This paper presents an abbreviated history of cryptography. -
History of Cryptography an EASY to UNDERSTAND HISTORY of CRYPTOGRAPHY Contents
History of Cryptography AN EASY TO UNDERSTAND HISTORY OF CRYPTOGRAPHY Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Classical Encryptions (Ancient Times) 4 3. Classical Encryptions (Middle Ages) 6 The Cipher of Mary Queen of Scots 6 Vigenère Ciphers 6 Uesugi Cipher 7 4. Modern Ciphers: Ciphers during World War I and the Emergence of Encryption Machines 8 German Communication Cables Disconnected by the United Kingdom 8 Zimmermann Telegram 8 ADFGVX Cipher 8 The Birth of Enigma 9 5. Modern Ciphers: Encryptions in the Computer and Internet Era 10 DES Cipher 10 Public-Key Cryptosystem 10 RSA Cipher 11 Decrypting the DES Cipher 12 Responsive Action of Cipher Enhancements for SSL 12 6. The Future of Encryption 13 7. Conclusion: Enhancing the Effectiveness of Encryptions used for SSL 14 References 14 © 2013 Thawte, Inc. All rights reserved. Thawte, the thawte logo, and other trademarks, service marks, and designs are registered or unregistered trademarks of Thawte, 2 Inc. and its subsidiaries and affi liates in the United States and in foreign countries. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. 1. Introduction ncryption and related technologies are widely and frequently Eused as a means of ensuring that information is secure, and their importance has been growing with the increasingly wide- spread utilization of the Internet. The use of encryption can be traced to as far back as about 3000 B.C., during the Babylonian Era. Encryption technologies evolved as they were used in military and political settings, but as a result of the recent widespread use of the Internet and the dramatic increase in the amount of information people come into contact in their daily lives, the settings in which encryption technologies are applied and implemented have increased, and they are now used all around us in our daily lives.