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L--Ficjfs'------I National Criminal Justice Reference Service If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. -----------------------------------~---------------.---.~------.--~--------------- l--fiCjfS'--------i National Criminal Justice Reference Service This microfiche was produced from documents received for inclusion in the NCJRS data base. Since NCJRS cannot exercise control over the physical condition of the documents submitted, the individual frame quality will vary. The resolution chart on this frame may be used to evaluate the document quality. 1.0 1.1 U.S. ~t or Jultlcl 111111.8 NlilonallMtftut. or .Julltlee 7111,. oo."'Umt>nt hall bElon reproduC$d exactly all recolved flom tho per$Oo Of organizalloo originating It. Points of view oroplnions stated " 10 thls dccumont IIro those of tho authors and do not necessarily 111111.25 111111.4- 111111.6 1, , f!prrlSOOI Itlo Q't'Iiclal posltlon orpollcllHl of tht! Natlonallnstltulo of JulStiCO. Pormills/on to reproduce this Cepilifjhl.d malarial hall boon \)f8nled~ II, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF SlANDARDS·1963 A 10 the Nntional Criminal JuilUce Rtlfttrooco Servlco (NCJRS). r:urlhor loproducHon OYtslde of the NCJRS syst.m requlros permls· Glen 01 the ~ ~er. Microfilming procedures used to create this fiche comply with the standards set forth in 41CFR 101-11.504. Points of view or opinions stated in this document are those of the author(s) and do not represent the official position or policies of the U. S. Department of Justice. National Institute of Justice United States Department of Justice Washington, D. C. 20531 6/B/ B4 . l:1 f f',;( S-S3 ~ORCEMENT rr@~@~i© ~©~@m©@ rBI BULLETIN NOVEMBER 1983. VOLUME 52. NUMBER 11 , Contents Forensic Science " "1 [AcoustiC GYnshot Analysis: The Kennedy "Forensic analysis of Assassination and B~ond (Part II) rc:l S S' .3 By Bruce E. Koenig tape recorded gunshots and other Law Enforcement ili-rFamllY DI~rbance Interven~n 0 ol t" y( transient or impulsive Role ~(, L~rogram I s- sounds. has been By Dale Richard Buchanan and Janet M. Hankins an important factor in Crime Problems l~nforcing §nvironmental Laws-A Modern D~ Challenne the disposition of a D L~y William M. Murphy 70< SSS- _ .. number of 'Widely Police-Community 20 Turning the Corner on Racial Violence: The Boston publiciz"~d . Relations Experience investigative matters By S. Chuck Wexler and Francis M. Roache in the past 20 years ...." The Legal Digest 23 Investigative Detention and the Drug Courier: Recent Supreme Court Decisions By Jerome O. Cam pane, Jr. By 32 Wanted By the FBI BRUCE E. KOE:NI9 " .. ~:. Special Agent ~"r.u ..", It'.# 61>(1l/.4f,JJ t~f~':\.L,iL,n~ i Technical Services Division Ie Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington, D.C. aoe@1t!JU5ITH=)NO I l The Cover: Forensic Federal Bureau of Investigation Acoustic Gunshot Analysis Put)l,r,hod by 1110 Office 01 Congrosslonal and acoustic operation':! United States Department of Justice are Important labora. PuhlJc;Alfillr:" Washington, D.C. 20535 Roger S YOlJllrj, Asslslanl ()IIoctor tory procodures which have been Cdllor Thorner; ,J Dcnk"l William H. Webster, Director used In major Ass/S/rml [dl/or Kalluyn r Sulew[,kl The Kennedy Assassination investigations, In· Arl Dirac/or Kevil) J Muillollnnd cludlng the Kennedy Thl' AII'"r,c'y Gann.al /lac, clrlmrMlncJ 1I1,lIlho (l1l1J11r;al,on WI//f''' ['c/tlClr Koron McCarron assass/nallon See I)f ItHlj. pml(JtJlf,IIII'; no{.n~f.inry 1ft Illo trtlf)t,arJrnn nllhn Produc/I()n Managor Jolfrry l Summers article p. 1 PlJlllrc: UU',IIIO',', 10qIJlIO(J lJy lOW of 1110 UUflllllmnnl 01 Heprm/s MarloliUB S, l3Iack and Beyond .Jw~hrrl l)'.o nf ruodlJ felt PfitllltlO ItHf~ pmJocllC,ill hl1', Decm OPpIIlY()(J tJY 1110 Drrm.lnr 01 Iho (JIII( 0 01 Mtlniluomcnl om! Budgol Ihrough Juno a, 19BO (Part I) ISSN 0014 b6B8 USPS 383 310 --- --~- ----- , I 'I' Forensic analysis of tape record­ The FBI's Forensic Capability ed gunshots and other transient or im­ The FBI's Signal Analysis Unit in pulsive sounds (i.e. doors slamming, the Engineering Section of the Te~h­ explosion of fireworks, etc.) has been nlcal Services Division has been In· an important factor in the disposition volved in forensic acoustics, wave· of a number of widely publicized crimi­ form analysis, ballistics, and electronic nal, civil, and investigative matters in engineering examinations of tape re­ aural examinations, very high resolu­ the past 20 years, Including the Kent cordings since the 1950's. Forensic tion waveform analysis, and the pres­ State University deaths in 1970, the processes Include voice Intelligibility ence or absence of precursor super­ attempted assassination of President Special Agent Koentg enhancement, authenticity determina· sonic N-waves. Ronald Reagan In 1981, and the tion, spectrographic voice compari­ The actual number of impulsive in Greensboro, deadly confrontation sons, video enhancement, and copy­ sounds and their time sequence can N.C., between members of the Ku right comparisons, with analyses of be determined with lower quality re­ Klux Klan, the Nazi Party, and the tape recorded gunshots and other im­ \ cordings, even those over telephone Communist Workers Party in 1979. pulsive sounds handled as a signal I lines and transmitting systems, as However, in the last few years, such analysis matter. long as the microphones are not analysis has also been used to dra­ Under the best recording condi­ driven beyond their ability to repro­ matically show and then refute the tions, this signal analysis examination duce very loud sounds. For example, possible involvement of a second can provide an accurate determination a recent shooting incident was ta~e gunman in the assassination of Presi­ of Which sounds represent gunshots recorded using a police body transmit­ dent Kennedy In Dallas, Tex., on No­ and not some other impulsive sound ter system. When played by investig~­ vember 22, 1963. (i.e. a door slamming), the number tors, the recording revealed only SIX To allow a better understanding and time sequencing of the gunshots, gunshot-like sounds, whereas physical of the scientific principles involved in the spatial location of where each evidence showed that one individual acoustic gunshot analyses, the tech­ gunshot occurred, and whether the most forensic recordings of impulsive­ had fired one shot and the second niques presently used by the FBI to fired projectiles were subsonic or su­ type sounds are not r7~orded under person fired six shots from his revolv­ analyze recordings of gunshots and personic. Subsonic projectiles travel the near perfect conditions encoun­ er for a total of seven gunshots. The other transient sounds will be set at less than and supersonic at greater tered In Greensboro, N.C. original tape recording was submitted forth, followed by a rather detailed de­ A good quality recording and mi­ than the speed of sound (1130 feet to the FBI to determine the actual scription of the forensic acoustic stue­ crophone system has to have per second at sea level and 71°F). be~n number of gunshot-like sounds, and If les conducted In the Kennedy assas. used during an incident in order to dif­ However, matching a particular re­ possible, who fired the first shot, The sination. This will Include the reports ferentiate between recorded gunshots corded gunshot sound to a specific examination revealed seven gunshot­ of the House Select Committee on and other impulsive sounds. Record­ weapon is normally not possible. like sounds using high resolution ~a­ Assassinations (HSCA), which found a ings over telephones and through For example, in the violent con­ veform analysis and that shots five 95-percent or better chance of a radio transmitting systems (body, port­ frontatton In Greensboro, N.C., the and six were only 0.087 second apart. second gunman being involved In the able, and vehicular), or when the gun­ FBI acoustically examined over 100 This Information, therefore, reflected shooting of President Kennedy; a shot occurs close to the microphone, Impuls!ve-type sounds that had been that the Individual firing the one shot review by the Federal Bureau of In· normally alter tile signal sufficiently to recorded during the Incident by high was responsible for either the fift~ or vestlgatlon refuting that claim: and the prevent a meaningful determination. quality professional equipment. The sixth gunshot In the sequence, sl~ce analysis conducted by the National The actual examination to specify that analysis determined that 39 gunshots tests showed ttl at two consecutive Research Council, which conclusively a sound is a gunshot requires special had been fired, the exact timing se· '\i1I. \ shots could not be fired from that Invalidated the HSCA's result. The de· par­ quence of the gunshots over 88 sec· ticular weapon In that short a lime- tails of these reports will clearly show onds, which projectiles were sub- and many of the complex problems and span. t' f supersonic, and the physical location , Determining the exact loca Ion 0 thinking Involved In examinations of of each gunshot (usually within ± 3 the source of an Impulsive-type sound recorded gunshots. .• feet) fired by members of the Ku Klux requires a very high quality tape re­ Klan, the Nazi Party, and the Commu­ cording made on site, knowledge of nist Workers Party. Unfortunately, 2 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin November 1903 I 3 j '! -- --_._.- - l""""'-.........,..: __ .,."'P', ... _------------------- ------~------ - ---- --- - - . "During the past 20 years, [the] murder [of President John F. Kennedy] has prc;>bably ge~erat~d more c~,ntrovet'sy than any other scngle Criminal event In thiS country. Texas School Book DeposItory ------------------------------- BBN used filters to process the DPD Acoustical Report of Bolt Beranek the approximate location of the micro­ channel 1 recording during the speci­ phone, and a scaled map of the area.
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