PIPELINE PERIL Tar Sands Expansion and the Threat to Wildlife in the Great Lakes Region ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

AUTHORS Shelley Kath Paul Blackburn Jim Murphy

REVIEWERS/EDITORS Andy Buchsbaum Lena Moffitt Neil Kagan Hope Lemieux

COVER PHOTOS top background: Emily Stark; inset: National Transportation Safety Board bottom from left: Gary Lackie/NWF photo contest, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, David Kenyon, Michael Thomasson

This Report is available online at www.nwf.com/PipelinePeril

© 2014 National Wildlife Federation

ii | NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY KATHRYN KASS

rom the skyscrapers of bustling Chicago to the remote, rocky shores of Lake Superior, the Great Lakes region is one of America’s most Fprecious resources for people and wildlife. The Great Lakes directly provide one in ten Americans with water for drinking and agriculture, and offer countless opportunities to connect with the outdoors.1 Few places on earth grant as many opportunities to enjoy wildlife from fishing to bird watching to hiking. The Great Lakes region also provides a multitude of sporting opportunities including sailing, kayaking, running, biking and skiing along the gorgeous shores of these immense fresh water seas. The Great Lakes are the largest unfrozen freshwater source in the world and the region provides valuable habitat for iconic species like Moose, Lynx, Wolves and Loons, as well as endangered species like the beautiful Karner Blue Butterfly, Cerulean Warbler and prehistoric Lake Sturgeon.2 RONALD L. BELL/U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

Yet, a growing threat looms, putting the health and future of the Great Lakes region at grave risk.

The region is encircled by a vast array of pipelines sending toxic, spill-prone, and impossible-to-clean- up tar sands oil through the Great Lakes region. Tar sands oil is a carbon-intensive, sticky substance that is mined and drilled from deposits in the evergreen forests and rich wetlands of Northern Alberta. This substance is eventually refined into gasoline, jet fuel, and other transportation fuels.3

Tar sands oil poses several direct threats to the Great Lakes region:

➤ TOXIC TAR SANDS OIL SPILLS AND OIL TRAIN EXPLOSIONS. With pipelines throughout the Great Lakes region, the threat of catastrophic tar sands oil spills imperils extensive habitat

NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 1

MINNESOTA WISCONSIN ILLINOIS

KEY Possible Expansions Oil Refinery Treasured Habitat Areas Public Expansions Oil Terminal Drinking Water Supply No Change

and water supply areas. The Great Lakes region has already suffered a horrific spill in 2010, when nearly a million gallons of tar sands oil spilled into the Kalamazoo River.4 Thousands of

birds, turtles, and small mammals, such as Beavers, were affected by the spill, and many died. Portions of a 40-mile stretch of the Kalamazoo River are still polluted and will likely be affected for decades. Tar sands oil pipelines currently threaten areas where wildlife thrive such as the Chippewa National Forest, Saint Louis River Estuary, and Necedah National Wildlife Refuge. Plans are currently being drawn up to allow tar sands oil to enter the Great Lakes region via tanker and some is already starting to come in by rail.5 Such threats pose further spill risks to the Great Lakes region. The tragic explosion in Lac Mégantic, Quebec last summer resulted in the deaths of 47 people and destruction of the town.6 While it was not tar sands oil, this example shows the extreme threats that increased oil transportation by rail and other modes pose to the Great Lakes region and the surrounding communities.

➤ CLIMATE IMPACTS. Tar sands oil is far more carbon polluting than conventional fossil fuels, with up to a 37% higher life-cycle basis than regular oil.7 The tar sands oil industry currently plans a massive expansion of the mining and export of tar sands oil provided they are able to transport their product to market. These tar sands oil transportation projects and the development they will trigger will serve to lock in run-away climate change. The Great Lakes region has already begun seeing the harsh impacts of climate change, such as reduced water levels (due in particular to decreased winter ice cover allowing more evaporation), increased frequency of intense storm events (altering the timing of inflows), and warmer water temperatures, all of which feed massive toxic algae blooms.8 Toxic algal blooms make recreation in the Great Lakes dangerous, smelly and unpleasant, and can also cause fish and wildlife dead zones in the usually productive Great Lakes.9 These harms will plague the Great Lakes region and harm the wildlife that depends on it if climate change is not curbed.

NATIONAL2 | NATIONAL WILDLIFE WILDLIFE FEDERATION FEDERATION | 2 ➤ DIRTY REFINERIES. More tar sands will mean more pollution from the oil refineries processing tar sands oil throughout the region. Unrefined tar sands oil is heavier and contains substantially more toxins than conventional oil, resulting in a more intensive and polluting refining process. These pollutants may be released into the communities surrounding the refineries, harming wildlife and jeopardizing the health of people living nearby. Refining tar sands oil also creates a harmful, coal-like solid byproduct called petroleum coke, or petcoke. This byproduct is often stored in massive, uncovered piles outside of refineries, frequently along rivers, allowing dust from the piles to contaminate neighboring rivers and communities. Petcoke can

also be burned to create electricity, releasing more carbon pollution The tar sands oil AINDRILA MUKHOPADHYAYFROM SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA - FLICKR into the atmosphere and further exacerbating all the negative impacts industry is seeking to send even more of climate change.10 tar sands oil through the Great Lakes These threats will grow if the tar sands oil industry is allowed to expand. region in an attempt The tar sands oil industry is seeking to send even more tar sands oil to move its product through the Great Lakes region in an attempt to move its product abroad and receive top abroad and receive top market prices. Chiefly, the industry is seeking to market prices. approximately double the amount of tar sands oil that crosses the border along a pipeline called the Alberta Clipper.11 The Alberta Bypass Project (800,000 bpd) Clipper pipeline is the aorta of Enbridge’s pipeline system, which winds through the Great Lakes region. This expansion would New 36-inch allow the industry to push forward plans to Pipeline transport tar sands oil to key export points on the Gulf Coast and East Coast.

Despite committing to a public process of Canada review and permitting before any tar sands oil U.S. New Border Segment (34-inch diameter) expansion in the Great Lakes region involving

the Alberta Clipper would be decided upon, 450,000 bpd limit the State Department recently approved a behind-the-scenes scheme by Enbridge to almost double the amount of tar sands oil

New 36-inch Pipeline

Enbridge has hatched an illegal scheme to try and avoid review of the impacts of tar sands expansion to

Existing wildlife and natural places in the Great Lakes region Line 3 by manipulating border flows on parallel pipelines. New Line 67 However, this scheme clearly violates the need for Pipeline Not drawn to scale public review and is being challenged in court.

NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 3 LA VACA VEGETARIANA AT FLICKR.COM moving into the Great Lakes region. This scheme would temporarily divert the flow of tar sands oil from the Alberta Clipper to a new pipe segment that would replace the border crossing of an older parallel line, which had been used for moving conventional oil.12 This approval occurred with no public process or input,13 undermining the public review process and the legal permitting process the State Department had committed to follow. A diverse coalition of indigenous and conservation groups are challenging this illegal approval in court.

Something can be done. The State Department must reverse this decision, prohibit Enbridge from moving forward with any capacity increase until the current public review process is completed and ensure the President’s climate test is applied to any plan to increase the amount of toxic tar sands entering the Great Lakes region.14

This report details the threat of tar sands oil expansion to the wildlife and people of the Great Lakes region and explains why tar sands oil expansion presents too high a risk. Fortunately, concern over the threat of tar sands is rising, and communities are speaking up against risky tar sands oil projects and in favor of responsible, wildlife friendly clean energy solutions.

NATIONAL4 | NATIONAL WILDLIFE WILDLIFE FEDERATION FEDERATION | 4 To protect wildlife, resources, and communities, we recommend:

➤ The State Department should conduct a thorough public environmental review of the proposed Alberta Clipper expansion that accounts for all of the risks posed to the Great Lakes region and beyond from increased tar sands oil transport across the border.

➤ The State Department should consider the comprehensive impact of the multiple tar sands oil pipelines with permit applications before them, including the Alberta Clipper and Keystone XL. Taken together, these two lines will have a substantial impact on the industry’s ability to expand and create more pollution and spill risks.

➤ President Obama should consistently apply his “climate test”15 to all tar sands oil pipelines, and reject them if they are found to significantly exacerbate the problem of carbon pollution, as he has committed to doing with Keystone XL.

➤ President Obama should deny the Alberta Clipper expansion because it poses too high a risk to the people and wildlife of the Great Lakes region, fails his climate test, and is therefore not in the nation’s best interest.

➤ President Obama should direct his Administration to utilize existing regulatory authority to require the best technology and safest methods for transporting tar sands oil. The Administration must update old, industry-friendly pipeline safety and rail regulations that unnecessarily place wildlife and communities at risk.

➤ States in the Great Lakes region should put in place policies, like Clean Fuel Standards, that will reduce reliance on dirty fossil fuels and speed the transition to clean, renewable sources of energy that protect wildlife and people. KELLY DANIELS/NWFKELLY PHOTO CONTEST

NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 5 The Great Lakes Region A GLOBAL TREASURE UNDER THREAT

STACI MORGAN

he Great Lakes are among the world’s most valuable resources. At 95,000 square miles of surface area, the TGreat Lakes hold approximately 22% of the planet’s fresh water, and constitute the world’s largest source of available fresh water.16 The Great Lakes are a mecca for outdoor recreation and wildlife enjoyment. From remote shores where Loons call, Wolves howl, and the Milky Way paints the night sky, to the busy metropolises of Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland where waterfront parks and beaches serve as oases for outdoor enjoyment, the region provides millions of Americans with the opportunity to experience wildlife MDF/CREATIVE COMMONS MDF/CREATIVE and nature. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

Together, the massive Great Lakes basin makes up “one of the world’s most remarkable ecosystems”17 containing globally significant biological diversity that has been described as “unique in the world.”18 It provides habitat for species from Bald Eagles to Moose, serves as an immense fishery, and gives home to a great many threatened and endangered species, including Lake Sturgeon, the Canada Lynx, the Kirtland’s Warbler, the Karner Blue Butterfly, and the Indiana Bat.19

The Great Lakes basin “supports more than one-tenth of the U.S. population and more than one-fourth of the population of Canada.”20 Approximately 7% of the total U.S. agricultural production occurs in the basin (nearly 25% for Canada) as well.21 A critical source of drinking water in the middle of the continent, the Great Lakes provide drinking water to 22 approximately 40 million people. ROTHSTEIN RICHARD

6 | NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION However, this highly important region is under immense threat. Alberta Clipper functions as the “aorta,” pumping tar sands The multiple risks associated with the extraction, transport and across the border into North Dakota to a byzantine array of combustion of tar sands oil—one of the dirtiest, high-carbon pipelines that then carry tar sands through the region and fuels on the planet—jeopardizes the Great Lakes region and the beyond, increasingly bound for export terminals. millions of people and countless wildlife species that depend Most tar sands oil is transported as a heavy grade oil known on the treasured resources of this area. as diluted bitumen, or “dilbit.” Dilbit is heavy, toxic, and nearly Tar sands oil is a dirty, carbon-intensive form of crude oil impossible to clean up.24 Tar sands oil spills could cause transported from vast extraction sites in northern Alberta irreparable harm in the Great Lakes region and to the bountiful to the Great Lakes region. Today, tar sands oil is transported wildlife of this wonderful area. Pipelines and rail routes cut to and through the Great Lakes region via pipeline, rail, and across huge swaths of forested land, rivers, wetlands, lakes and barge, and could come across the lakes on tankers if tar sands other bodies of water that wildlife depend upon. At-risk wildlife expansion continues. Ruptures, accidents and spills happen on includes the majestic Moose in Minnesota’s north woods, the all transport options. tiny endangered Illinois Chorus Frog near the Mississippi River in Illinois, the Trumpeter Swans in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula Most tar sands oil shipments, however, occur via pipeline.23 and the Whooping Cranes in Wisconsin. The Great Lakes region Enbridge, a major pipeline company, owns the system of cannot afford the risks of tar sands oil. pipelines that carry tar sands oil from Alberta to and then through the Great Lakes region. Of these, a line called the What is Tar Sands

Tar sands oil spills could cause irreparable harm in the Great Lakes region and to the bountiful wildlife of this wonderful area. Pipelines and rail routes cut across huge swaths of forested land, rivers, wetlands, lakes and other bodies of water that wildlife depend upon.

JANE BECKER

NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 7 Oil and Why It Is So Dangerous to People and Wildlife

COREL

ar sands oil is found in the ground as a mix of tar-like sands oil development, and many species of birds, mammals bitumen and sand. The largest deposit exists in Northern and endangered wildlife like Whooping Crane and Woodland TAlberta.25 Similar to hardened tar in consistency, tar Caribou are threatened by habitat destruction and the sands oil is a mixture of sand, clay, water and a semi-solid massive toxic tailings ponds that birds often mistake for safe form of petroleum formally known as “bitumen” that has little landing sites.29 resemblance to conventional crude oil.

Because it is so A Carbon Bomb heavy and sticky, tar Tar sands oil is one of the most carbon-intensive forms of oil sands oil cannot be on the planet.30 Average greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pumped out of the tar sands oil extraction and upgrading (a pre-refining process) ground in liquid form are an estimated three to five times as intensive per barrel like conventional as emissions from conventional oil.31 Over its full cycle (from oil, so producers production to transport to refining to transport), tar sands oil must extract it using is between 8% and 37% more carbon polluting than regular energy-intensive crude oil32 due to higher emissions caused by mining, drilling processes. Originally, GARY LACKIE/ NWF PHOTO CONTEST and separating the bitumen from the sand and clay in which it most tar sands is found.33 Estimates by groups evaluating numbers from the oil extraction was International Energy Agency show that tar sands expansion accomplished through open pit mining.26 While surface mining plans, if allowed, would greatly exceed carbon pollution levels continues, an even more energy-intensive method called scientists have agreed would avert catastrophic climate “in-situ” extraction is now largely employed.27 This involves change impacts.34 drilling a series of horizontal pipelines some 600-700 feet into the ground and injecting steam to heat up and soften the bitumen for extraction.28 In addition to using enormous Extreme Spill and Transport Risk amounts of energy, this form of drilling fragments and destroys Since it is landlocked in a remote region, getting tar sands large tracts of evergreen boreal forest—habitat for countless oil to market means transporting it over long distances by North American migratory birds and other wildlife. Overall, pipeline, rail, ship or barge. This transport creates risks for an area the size of Florida is potentially threatened by tar wildlife and communities along those routes. Nowhere has this

8 | NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION been more tragically illustrated than with the disastrous July across inland waterways by barge. While thus far companies 2010 spill of roughly one million gallons of tar sands oil into the have only transported tar sands oil by barge via rivers, such Kalamazoo River, the largest inland oil spill in U.S. history. After as the Mississippi,41 signs suggest the Great Lakes are next.42 pouring into the river, much of the tar sands oil sank to the That could mean ships as well as barges. A barge spill on the bottom, causing widespread contamination, which has proved Great Lakes would be catastrophic, with oil potentially coating nearly impossible to remediate.35 habitat and shorelines for miles.

While spills, leaks and ruptures are becoming almost commonplace in the world of crude oil transport, the risks of Pollution and “Petcoke” at Refineries moving tar sands are greater than those associated with the transport of conventional crude oil. Tar sands oil is so heavy Refining tar sands oil to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel it must be mixed with toxic diluents to be moved through causes serious air pollution problems for local communities pipelines or onto barges,36 and the increased friction from and wildlife. In addition to producing toxic air emissions, thick tar sands oil pushing through a pipeline makes it hotter.37 refineries located on rivers and lakes pose spill risks to fresh The heat may increase the chances of a pipeline rupture, and water, which is what happened at the BP Whiting, Indiana once spilled, the weight of the tar sands oil causes it to sink refinery. This refinery spilled roughly 1,200 gallons of crude when released into bodies of water.38 oil, likely tar sands, into Lake Michigan in March 2014.43 Fortunately, this spill was relatively small and appears to have In addition to pipelines, the tar sands oil industry has also been contained, but it serves as a warning of the dangers of begun to use other modes of transport. “Crude-by-rail” refining tar sands on the banks of the Great Lakes. for example, while not serving as an economic or scalable replacement for tar sands oil pipelines, is expanding with Refining heavy grade tar sands oil also creates a solid derailments, explosions and spills as the sad result.39 Since byproduct similar to coal but with even higher carbon 2005, there has been a 70-fold increase in oil rail shipments in emissions, known as petroleum coke or “petcoke.”44 Heaps of the United States, with approximately 800,000 bpd currently this dusty, polluting substance are now piling up near refineries being shipped.40 Rail is used mainly to move oil from the in places like Chicago and Detroit. These piles often sit Bakken fields in the Dakotas and Montana, but tar sands oil adjacent to communities, whose residents are often no longer shipments by rail from Canada to U.S. refineries are on the able to keep their windows open given the high level of dust in rise. Tar sands oil is now also being transported long distances the air. NWF PHOTO MIKE HUDEMA

NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 9

What’s at Risk for People and Wildlife in the Great Lakes Region if a Tar Sands Pipeline Spills?

4 5

9 6 2 8 10 1 12 4 3 5 13 7 11 8

IN MINNESOTA… IN WISCONSIN… IN ILLINOIS…

PIPELINES PIPELINES PIPELINES Alberta Clipper, Line 3 Southern Access Pipeline Southern Access Pipeline (Line 61) (Line 61) Line 6A (feeds Line 6B) Southern Access Extension SPECIAL PLACES 1. Chippewa National Forest new Wisconsin-Illinois pipeline Line 6A (feeds Line 6B) 2. Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge (not yet announced) Flanagan South, Line 62 3. Itasca State Park (headwaters of Line 78 SPECIAL PLACES the Mississippi River) Eastern Gulf Crude Access 6. Chequamegon-Nicolet 4. Saint Louis River Estuary Pipeline National Forest 5. Lake Superior new Wisconsin-Illinois pipeline 7. Necedah National Wildlife (not yet announced) Refuge SPECIES THREATENED 4. St. Louis River Estuary OR AT RISK SPECIAL PLACES 5. Lake Superior 8. Lake Michigan 8. Lake Michigan 10. Coastal gems in the Chicago 9. Brule River State Forest area such as Lincoln Park/ Montrose Bird Sanctuary and SPECIES THREATENED Chicago’s 26 miles of beaches OR AT RISK 11. Illinois River 12. Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie 13. Mississippi River DFAULDER Moose, Canada Lynx, Wood Turtle, SPECIES THREATENED Hooded Warbler, Horned Grebe, OR AT RISK Trumpeter Swan, Burrowing Owl,

SUSAN LOCKE SUSAN Spotted Turtle, Ornate Box Turtle, Peregrine Falcon, Red-shouldered Illinois Chorus Frog, Cerulean Hawk, American White Pelican, Karner Blue Butterfly, Whooping Warbler, Wood Duck, Barn Owl, Sprague’s Pipit, Henslow’s Sparrow, Crane, Piping Plover, Kirtland’s Loggerhead Shrike, Least Bittern, Baird’s Sparrow, Lake Sturgeon Warbler, Red-Necked Grebe, Upland Sandpiper, Wilson’s Common Goldeneye, Black Tern, Phalarope, Osprey, rare Freshwater Rufa Red Knot, Long-eared Owl, Mussels, Lake Sturgeon Blanding’s Turtle, Canada Lynx

NATIONAL10 | NATIONAL WILDLIFE WILDLIFE FEDERATION FEDERATION | 10 DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES ➤ Chicago, Illinois and suburbs rely on Lake Michigan to supply drinking water to some 7 million people,46 ➤ Duluth, Minnesota depends on Lake Superior for its living at the edge of a complex tangle of tar sands drinking water,45 and is located next door to Superior, oil pipelines and feeding area refineries like the BP WI, where the Alberta Clipper pipeline pumps tar refinery at Whiting, IN. Lake Michigan is the largest sands oil to connecting pipelines and supplies the public drinking water supply in the State of Illinois, refinery on Lake Superior’s shores. serving nearly 8.5 million people (of a total of over 10 million lake-wide).47

➤ Gary, Indiana, the state’s ninth largest city, also taps Lake Michigan. A spill at or near BP’s Whiting refinery could devastate Gary’s water supply.48

➤ Milwaukee, Wisconsin’s largest city, also relies on Lake Michigan49 and is at risk of spills from Line 61 and other tar sands pipelines passing between it and Madison en route to Chicago area refineries and beyond.

➤ Toledo, Ohio relies on Lake Erie for its drinking water,50 but is also home to the BP-Husky Toledo Refinery, fed by Enbridge’s Line 17 tar sands oil pipeline. DORI

TREASURED HABITAT AREAS

➤ Chippewa National Forest, northern Minnesota: The Alberta Clipper and other Enbridge pipelines cross parts of this 1.6 million-acre forest,51 home to the highest breeding population of Bald Eagles in the lower 48 United States.52 The forest also provides habitat for Osprey, Eagles, Pileated Woodpeckers, Hawks, Red Foxes and White Tail Deer,53 and contains eight different types of wetlands, each with distinct plant and animal life.54

➤ Saint Louis River Estuary, at the Duluth-Superior port on Lake Superior: This highly prized 12,000- acre freshwater estuary is representative of the unique biodiversity of the Great Lakes region.55 The

Alberta Clipper’s expansion would put the estuary at FEIND KEVIN great risk given its close proximity. The estuary “is ➤ Necedah National Wildlife Refuge, Wisconsin: This critical to the life-cycle of millions of fish, waterfowl, refuge takes the lead in the recovery and restoration raptors and song birds in the Lake Superior region”56 of the Whooping Crane60 and is located next to and is part of the National Estuarine Research Line 61 and the other Enbridge pipelines running Reserve System.57 diagonally across the state. The Whooping Crane ➤ Brule River State Forest, Wisconsin: This forest, was brought back from the brink of extinction and is adjacent to Line 61, encompasses all 44 miles of currently on the trail of recovery, representing a true the Bois Brule River, a renowned trout stream for symbol of hope for endangered species.61 Tar sands over one hundred years, containing native brook, oil expansion would put this phenomenal progress in brown and rainbow trout.58 Lake Brown and Rainbow jeopardy by destroying breeding habitat in Alberta, (Steelhead) Trout and Coho and Chinook Salmon creating hazardous tailing ponds near extraction make their annual migration up the Brule from sites, and posing risks such as pipeline spills along Lake Superior.59 migrations routes.

NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 11 Climate Change Impacts in the Great Lakes Region TODAY AND TOMORROW

STEVE PERRY

iven its high life cycle carbon emissions, tar Gsands oil exacerbates climate change. As was just seen in the Toledo, Ohio drinking water crisis, the Great Lakes region has much to lose if climate change goes unchecked under a “business as usual” scenario with planned tar sands oil expansion. The 2014 National

Climate Assessment,62 paints OHIO SEA GRANT, 2009 COLLIN OMARA a disturbing picture of such The dangers of toxic algal blooms have already reached crisis levels in the Great Lakes impacts. The special and region. This was shown this summer when drinking water supplies were cut off for half a irreplaceable ecosystems of million residents of Toledo, Ohio when an algal bloom turned the drinking water toxic.63 Lake the Great Lakes region are Erie—once a shining example of a lake returned to health—is now suffering from some of the likely to suffer greatly if we do worst algal blooms in its history with decades of clean-up efforts increasingly thwarted by not stem the tide of climate climate-driven extreme weather and associated increases in runoff of agricultural pollution. change. Many impacts have A 2011 algal bloom caused an estimated $2.4 million dollar loss in Ohio’s recreational already arrived and will only fishing industry and could easily be seen from space, as roughly a sixth of the lake’s worsen if we do not take action surface was pea green.64 Climate change feeds algal blooms by creating the conditions in to reduce climate-changing which cyanobacteria—which is also called blue green algae—thrives. Dry periods followed carbon pollution. by intense rain events—something that will increase with climate change—cause nutrients ➤ Toxic Algal Blooms. Toxic from agriculture and urban development to be flushed at higher rates into nearby waters. algal blooms are on the rise These nutrients, along with higher temperatures, feed cyanobacteria and make algal blooms as waters warm and storms larger, more frequent, and more toxic.65

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12 | NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION worsen, providing conditions ripe for blue-green algae change accelerates. The heavier rains mentioned above will to flourish, choking and poisoning the lakes. This creates not, unfortunately, reach the dry regions on a regular basis, massive dead zones for fish and wildlife, turning water into and when they do, they will be too intense to be helpful a toxic, smelly, pea soup that is not only perilous to wildlife, when parched ground is unable to absorb massive amounts but also unpleasant and even dangerous for outdoor of sudden rainfall. recreation. It can also be devastating to drinking water ➤ There has been more flooding in the region, and lower supplies. crop yields as warming increases. Despite the possibility ➤ Reduced Ice Coverage. Despite last winter’s high ice of longer growing seasons for some crops, unstable weather coverage, ice coverage on the Great Lakes is trending down will cause things like unpredictable frosts and thaws at the substantially from historical levels, making shorelines more wrong time, wreaking havoc on agricultural cycles. Droughts vulnerable to floods and erosion, which in turn causes like the record-breaker in the Midwest in 201268 may also nutrient pollution that feeds algal blooms.66 become more frequent.

➤ Heavier Rains. Midwest precipitation has increased 37% ➤ Extreme heat in summer. While the polar vortex made since 1958, with more increases expected.67 There has been this year relatively cool in the Great Lakes region, the clear more flooding in the region due to the sudden and heavy trend towards higher air temperatures will trigger a whole downpour variety of precipitation associated with climate set of serious problems involving increased air pollution and change. This has increased sediment and nutrient loading, ozone problems aggravated by heat waves. Worsened air feeding toxic algal blooms and destroying fish and wildlife quality means less healthy air for wildlife and people who habitat areas. seek to enjoy the outdoors.

➤ Drought in dry regions. While the plains region of the All of these impacts of climate change will be exacerbated by a Midwest is not nearly as dry as the drought-stricken shift to higher-carbon sources of fuel, like tar sands oil. Southwest, it too is at risk to become dryer as climate

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 13 The Kalamazoo River Calamity

Sadly, the Great Lakes region has already suffered a The Enbridge tar sands oil spill at Kalamazoo was the horrific example of what can happen when tar sands largest inland oil pipeline spill in U.S. history.71 Cleanup oil pipelines fail. The tar sands oil pipeline spill into has cost Enbridge an estimated $1 billion72 and a key Michigan’s Kalamazoo River in July 2010 showed reason for the incident’s high cost is that the substance what happens when heavy tar sands oil spills in a spilled was tar sands oil. It coated marsh grasses, marsh, stream or river: an environmental catastrophe Great Blue Herons, turtles and other wildlife. About occurs that cannot be reversed.69 Now well-known by one-quarter of the birds died and the fate of small citizens and environmentalists around the country, the mammals, like Beavers, was even worse: nearly 63.5% spill happened when Enbridge Line 6B (operated by died.73 What didn’t coat flora and fauna above the Enbridge Energy Partners) split open near Marshall, water, sank to the bottom. Officials evaluating impacts Michigan and more than one million gallons of tar one year after the spill worried that the spill had sands oil gushed out through a six-and-a-half-foot harmed fish eggs and the main diet for fish, tiny midges gash in the pipeline. The spill ultimately contaminated and flies.74 roughly 40 miles of the Kalamazoo River. It also caused The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) families and businesses to evacuate, and many of those investigation75 concluded that the rupture was most who evacuated reported a host of medical problems, likely caused by “corrosion fatigue cracks that grew from headaches to vomiting to rashes.70 and coalesced from crack and corrosion defects,”

NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD

The six-and-a-half foot rupture in Enbridge Line 6B: over one million gallons of tar sands oil gushed into the Kalamazoo River.

NATIONAL14 | NATIONAL WILDLIFE WILDLIFE FEDERATION FEDERATION | 14

NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD A controlled burn to limit the spread of a crude oil spill from an Enbridge pipeline in Cohasset, MN in 2002. The spill, which originated in a nearby marsh, shows how complicated responding to remote area spills can be.80 Enbridge had to build a 1/4-mile-long road of wood mats, just to access the site. Responders feared that if it rained, booms placed in a nearby creek might not prevent contamination of the upper Mississippi River, and so opted for a controlled burn (photo above, left). The resulting smoke plume one mile high and five miles long (photo above, right). which in turn produced a spill “that went undetected capital of Little Rock. Before it burst, the 65-year-old by the control center for over 17 hours.” In evaluating pipeline carried 95,000 barrels per day of tar sands Enbridge’s handling of the spill, the NTSB found that crude from Patoka, Illinois to Nederland, Texas crossing the rupture and prolonged release were made possible a large piece of southwestern Illinois.81 Like many by “pervasive organizational failures at Enbridge pipelines, it traversed numerous neighborhoods, farms Incorporated.”76 When it announced the result of and waterways. As in Marshall, Michigan, people living the investigation, the NTSB blamed Enbridge for a near the tar sands spill site experienced multiple health “complete breakdown of safety” in relation to the issues, and increased levels of benzene were found in response to the spill.77 Human error, combined with the air following the spill.82 hard-to-detect leaks,78 makes tar sands pipeline spills a question of when, not if.

Enbridge’s overall track record on spills is consistent with the NTSB’s assessment of their failure during the Kalamazoo spill. According to Enbridge’s own reports, the company has been responsible for 1,100 pipeline spills over the last 15 years (1999-2013).79 Together, these Enbridge spills amounted to approximately 7.5 million gallons of oil-related products, over two-thirds of the amount of oil spilled by the Exxon Valdez (11 million).

Kalamazoo is not the only major tar sands oil spill in the industry’s relative short history of bringing tar sands oil through pipelines in the United States. In March of 2013, © KARK the ExxonMobil-owned Pegasus Pipeline burst, sending Tar sands crude gushes between homes following a tar tar sands oil gushing through the streets of a quiet, sands spill in Mayflower, Arkansas in 2013. The pipe- residential neighborhood not far from the Arkansas line originates in Illinois.

NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 15

Big Oil’s Bid to Export Harmful Tar Sands through

CATHERINE HENNESSEY/NWF PHOTO CONTEST

towards the U.S. border on a large trunk of Enbridge pipelines the Great Lakes known in Canada as the “Mainline”86 and in the U.S. as the “Lakehead system.”87 Enbridge boasts that it owns and operates the largest system of crude oil pipelines in the Region world,88 with over 15,000 miles of pipeline already transporting 89 he primary reason the tar sands oil industry needs these crude oil to or through the U.S. At the town of Neche, North pipelines is to export their product overseas. To date, the Dakota, just a few miles from Minnesota’s northwest corner, TCanadian tar sands oil industry’s biggest customer has Enbridge’s main pipelines cross the U.S./Canadian border. been the United States.83 However, thanks in part to effective From there, the bundle of pipelines that make up the Lakehead policies from the Obama Administration that have helped system head southeast through the wildlife rich forests of improve vehicle efficiency and reduce our oil consumption, Northern Minnesota toward the Great Lakes region. The U.S. demand is dropping.84 This, along with increased oil primary arterial lines run southeast in parallel to Superior, production within the U.S.,85 leaves the tar sands oil industry Wisconsin, where they then broadly branch out to supply crude looking for new markets for their product. This is why tar oil to U.S. refineries and coastal ports. sands oil producers are interested in moving their product to coastal, export-oriented markets where demand, crude prices, Alberta Clipper: Linchpin of Enbridge and profits are higher, so they can sell to oil-hungry countries Expansion Plans abroad that will pay top dollar. Of the various Enbridge pipelines that carry tar sands from As a result, where most tar sands previously traveled from Alberta to the U.S., the Alberta Clipper is the largest dedicated Canada to the Great Lakes region, it may also soon travel trans-boundary tar sands oil line, and the key to expanding the through the Great Lakes region. Using the Great Lakes region tar sands oil industry’s export potential out of Canada.90 Also as shortcut to world markets and higher profits is a move that referred to as Line 67, the Alberta Clipper takes tar sands oil threatens the region’s communities, wildlife and habitat. over 1000 miles from Hardisty, Alberta to Superior, Wisconsin near the shores of the largest of the Great Lakes, Lake Tar Sands Oil Pathways to—and Through— Superior, not far from Duluth, Minnesota. the Great Lakes Region Tar sands oil is delivered to Superior , Wisconsin, for refining Once tar sands oil is extracted, it leaves Alberta and heads at the Calumet Specialty Products Partners Refinery, which,

16 | NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION ENBRIDGE PIPELINES EXISTING AND… …PROPOSED LINES SHOWN BELOW CLICK HERE

Sarnia Refineries Montreal Quebec City Chicago Area Refineries Superior Nanticoke Imperial . . . . .121 kbpd Refinery Refinery BP ...... 413 kbpd Refinery Refinery Shell ...... 71 kbpd Suncor Valero Exxon Mobil . . . 250 kbpd 112 kbpd Sunoco ...... 85 kbpd 137 kbpd 235 kbpd PVD ...... 180 kbpd Nova ...... 80 kbpd

Line 5 Line 7 491 kbpd Tanker 150 kbpd Tanker Shipments Shipments Lines 1, 2, 4, & 65 Line 6a

Combined 667 kbpd Line 14/64 1,660 kbpd 318 kbpd

Line 79 80 kbpd

New Sandpiper 365 kbpd

Line 62 150 kbpd Line 10 74 kbpd

Kiantone 70 kbpd

Line 17 Sunoco KEY 101 190 Possible Expansions kbpd kbpd Public Expansions No Change MI & OH Refineries United Line 11 DETROIT Refinery 117 kbpd Oil Refinery Marathon . . . . . 102 kbpd 70 kbpd TOLEDO Oil Terminal BP Husky...... 160 kbpd PBF ...... 140 kbpd kbpd Thousand barrels per day

NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 17 ENBRIDGE PIPELINES EXISTING AND… …PROPOSED LINES CLICK HERE SHOWN BELOW

Sarnia Refineries Montreal Quebec City Chicago Area Refineries Superior Nanticoke Imperial . . . . .121 kbpd Refinery Refinery BP ...... 413 kbpd Refinery Refinery Shell ...... 71 kbpd Suncor Valero Exxon Mobil . . . 250 kbpd 112 kbpd Sunoco ...... 85 kbpd 137 kbpd 235 kbpd PVD ...... 180 kbpd Nova ...... 80 kbpd

Line 5 Line 7 Line 9 491 kbpd Tanker 150 kbpd 300 kbpd Tanker Shipments Reversal and Shipments Expansion Lines 1, 2, 4, NEW Line 3 & 65 760 kbpd Line 6a

Combined Replaced and 667 kbpd Line 14/64 1,660 kbpd Expanded 318 kbpd

Line 79 80 kbpd

New Sandpiper 365 kbpd Alberta Clipper (Line 67) 450 bpd Expanded to 800 kbpd Line 61 400 bpd Line 62 Expanded to 150 1,200 kbpd kbpd Line 10 PMPL 18” New Line 66 74 190 kbpd Est. 800 kbpd (Reversal) kbpd PMPL 24” Kiantone 410 kbpd 70 kbpd (Reversal)

New Southern NEW KEY Flanagan South/ Access Line 78 Line 17 Sunoco Seaway to Gulf Extension 800 101 190 Possible Expansions 800 kbpd 365 kbpd kbpd kbpd kbpd Public Expansions

Possible No Change MI & OH Refineries United Capline Line 6b Line 11 DETROIT Refinery Reversal Expanded to 117 kbpd Oil Refinery Marathon . . . . . 102 kbpd 70 kbpd 1,200 kbpd 800 kbpd TOLEDO Oil Terminal BP Husky...... 160 kbpd PBF ...... 140 kbpd kbpd Thousand barrels per day

NATIONAL18 | NATIONAL WILDLIFE WILDLIFE FEDERATION FEDERATION | 18 like 90% of the refineries in the Great Lakes bi-national region, This expansion needs to be considered under a public processes tar sands oil.91 Tar sands oil flowing on the Alberta environmental review process and national interest Clipper is also transferred to other pipelines headed for the determination by the President, a process started last year Gulf Coast and Central-Eastern Canada. These pipelines run by the Department of State, which has primary permitting throughout the region, cutting across streams, wetlands and authority. However, the State Department has acquiesced rivers that flow into the Great Lakes. These lines include Line to a scheme from Enbridge that would allow this expansion 6B—the line whose rupture caused the horrific Kalamazoo to occur via a supposedly temporary diversion of tar sands River disaster in July of 2010. The vast pipeline network feeds oil from the Alberta Clipper to parallel Line 3 at the border multiple refineries throughout the region, primarily in larger crossing.95 Line 3 is an aging pipeline that sits next to the urban areas like Chicago and Detroit. Industry is increasingly Alberta Clipper and has historically carried conventional oil. seeking new routes south and east to access export markets While Line 3 has not been used for heavy tar sands oil at a high available from the Gulf Coast and East Coast. capacity, Enbridge is arguing that the lack of an express limit on that Line’s capacity makes the scheme permissible. The Alberta Clipper feeds this entire network and92 its expansion is sought for increasing tar sands oil into the However, the scheme is contrary to the permit Enbridge Great Lakes region. Enbridge is currently seeking to expand currently holds that limits tar sands oil capacity to 450,000 the Alberta Clipper’s capacity from 450,000 bpd to as much bpd on the Alberta Clipper,96 violates Federal Law requirements as 800,000 bpd by constructing new pumping stations and of an environmental review and a national interest making other modifications.93 The proposed expansion is determination, and undermines the ongoing public review to take place in two phases. The Minnesota Public Utilities process.97 It is critical that the State Department reverse this Commission has already approved the upgrades.94 decision and ensures that no tar sands oil expansion of the Alberta Clipper will proceed without the proper legal process.98

GEORGE GENTRY/U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 19 Ultimately, the Presidential Permit should be denied because this proposed expansion places the Great Lakes region at unneeded and unacceptable risk.

Riding the Coat Tails of the Alberta Clipper

ANDYTALLEY

YET MORE PLANNED below). It has yet to receive regulatory and other approvals. NEW Flanagan South: Also entirely new, this Enbridge PIPELINE EXTENSIONS project will run a 36-inch pipeline from Flanagan IL to Cushing OK, closely paralleling the existing Enbridge Spearhead he list below shows the primary pipeline expansions pipeline. While it’s starting capacity would be 585,000 bpd Enbridge could use to carry tar sands through the Great that could be increased to 800,000 bpd—nearly the capacity of TLakes region and to distant export markets if the Alberta Keystone XL.101 The National Wildlife Federation and the Sierra Clipper is expanded along with other pipelines in Enbridge’s Club have taken legal action to stop further progress of the Lakehead system crossing from Canada into the U.S. pipeline, but received a decision that no comprehensive review 102 EXPANSION Southern Access Pipeline (Line 61): This is needed. This decision has been appealed. Yet, construction Enbridge pipeline from Superior, WI to Flanagan, IL is one of is nearing completion, and the pipeline is slated to be in service 103 the widest pipelines in the system, 42-inches in diameter. It by the end of 2014. can carry large volumes of tar sands and would function as EXPANSION Eastern Gulf Crude Access Pipeline (EGCAP a critical link between the Alberta Clipper and a new pipeline or “Trunkline Conversion”): While not an Enbridge project Enbridge would like to build in its rush to the Gulf Coast, per se, the EGCAP project is closely tied to Enbridge’s plan to Flanagan South (described below). Line 61’s expansion is slated push more Canadian tar sands to the Gulf. Proposed by Energy to happen in two phases, which together would boost pipeline Transfer Partners (ETP), the pipeline would convert a natural capacity from 400,000 to 1.2 million bpd. Only an initial part of gas pipeline to crude oil, and reverse its direction104 to run the project has gone forward, involving a capacity increase to south from Patoka IL to Boyce LA.105 If completed, the 420,000 99 560,000 bpd expected to be in operation by Fall 2014. bpd EGCAP project would create the first “express route” 106 NEW Southern Access Extension (aka SAX): This new from the Midwest (Patoka, IL) to the refineries of Louisiana. 300,000 bpd Enbridge pipeline proposed to run from The Alberta Clipper and other Enbridge expansions to the Flanagan, IL to Patoka, IL would extend the reach of Line north would make it possible: EGCAP would connect in the 61.100 Its relatively small length and size relative to other north, at Pakota, with the Southern Access Extension (SAX), components in Enbridge’s expansion plans is deceiving: SAX linking EGCAP directly to Line 61 in Enbridge’s massive 107 provides a key link that is enabling yet another massive north- Lakehead system. to-south pipeline (See “Eastern Gulf Crude Access Pipeline,”

20 | NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION EXPANSION Line 6B: In 2013 and early 2014, Enbridge 570,000 bpd.110 replaced some 75 miles of Line 6B, the pipeline that caused EXPANSION Line 3: The modifications planned for Line 3, the Kalamazoo tar sands spill of 2010. Additional replacements which runs from Hardisty, AB to Superior, WI, are some of are planned in both Indiana and Michigan, and in conjunction the largest Enbridge expansions planned for the Great Lakes with new pumps and other upgrades, capacity will be increased region. Billed by Enbridge as a pipe replacement project, this from 240,000 to 500,000 bpd.108 Enbridge is also planning is an expansion in disguise. According to Enbridge, the project an additional capacity boost from 500,000 to 570,000 bpd.109 will let Line 3 reach an “equivalent capacity of 760,000 bpd”111 The expansion of Line 6B is especially concerning in light of compared to its current capacity of 390,000 bpd. The U.S. the Line’s recent history, Enbridge’s publicly denigrated safety segment would be replaced with new, larger pipe in most record, and the huge harms already suffered by people and areas. To carry tar sands on Line 3 would constitute change wildlife along the line. from previous use, and thus a Presidential Permit and new EXPANSION Line 62/NEW Line 78: Line 62, also called environmental and safety reviews should be required.112 As Spearhead North, is a short pipeline connecting Flanagan IL described above, Enbridge has already signaled its intentions to Griffith IN. Line 61 feeds it from the north. The expansion to push tar sands through a segment of Line 3 that crosses the of Line 62 was completed in 2013 and increased the line’s U.S.-Canada border. capacity from 130,000 to 235,000 bpd. Enbridge plans to also NEW Wisconsin-Illinois Pipeline: While not yet formally build a new line, Line 78, which would parallel Line 62 for most announced or given a project name, there are signs that of its route and run north from Enbridge’s Flanagan terminal Enbridge is planning to build yet another pipeline in the region. near Pontiac, IL to Griffith, IN. This new pipeline, also known Landowners along current Enbridge Line 61, which cuts across as the Spearhead North Twin, would have an initial capacity of Wisconsin into northern Illinois, received notices in early 2014 indicating that the company would be conducting survey activities in relation to a “potential expansion of its pipeline

JOHN J. MOSESSO, NBII NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 21 system in Wisconsin and Illinois.”113

MANJITH KAINICKARA - FLICKR

expansion that accounts for all of the risks posed to the Taking Action Great Lakes region and beyond from increased tar sands oil transport across the border. ar sands oil poses unacceptable risks to the Great ➤ The State Department should consider the comprehensive Lakes region’s treasures of wildlife, communities and impact of the multiple tar sands oil pipelines with permit Toutdoor enjoyment. We do not have to accept those applications before them, including the Alberta Clipper and risks. Rather than building dangerous infrastructure that Keystone XL. Taken together, these two lines will have a places our largest freshwater resources at risk, we need to substantial impact on the industry’s ability to expand and invest in clean, wildlife-friendly energy sources and expand create more pollution and spill risks. clean transportation solutions. The climate crisis requires serious efforts in the reduction of carbon pollution and further ➤President Obama should consistently apply his “climate transition from dirty fossil fuels to clean energy resources test”114 to all tar sands oil pipelines, and reject them if they such as, geothermal, on and offshore wind, solar, sustainable are found to significantly exacerbate the problem of carbon bioenergy, and efficient transportation technologies. We can pollution, as he has committed to doing with Keystone XL. make changes to reduce our energy use and simultaneously ➤ President Obama should deny the Alberta Clipper expansion lower our energy bills. We can make changes that connect us because it poses too high a risk to the people and wildlife of to one another and our communities. We can create more open the Great Lakes, fails his climate test, and is therefore not in space for wildlife and recreation to be enjoyed for generations the nation’s best interest. to come. We can build an energy future that promotes and protects wildlife, communities and the many treasures of the ➤ President Obama should direct his Administration to utilize Great Lakes, rather than continuing to put these resources in existing regulatory authority to require the best technology harm’s way. and safest methods for transporting tar sands oil. The Administration must update old, industry-friendly pipeline To protect wildlife, resources, and communities, we safety and rail regulations that unnecessarily place wildlife recommend: and communities at risk. ➤ The State Department should conduct a thorough public ➤ States in the Great Lakes region should put in place policies, environmental review of the proposed Alberta Clipper like Clean Fuels Standards, that will reduce reliance on dirty

22 | NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION fossil fuels and speed the transition to clean, renewable Opportunities. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. URL: http://www.epa.gov/greatlakes/ecopage/glbd/issues/intro.html sources of energy that protect wildlife and people. (accessed September 6, 2014). Endnotes 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid. 1. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). June 26, 2012. Great 20. Ibid. Lakes Monitoring—Where Would We Be Without the Great Lakes. U,S, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. URL: ,http://www. 21. Ibid. epa.gov/glnpo/monitoring/great_minds_great_lakes/social_studies/ 22. NOAA. About our Great Lakes: Great Lakes Basin Facts. URL: http:// without.html (accessed August 15, 2014). www.glerl.noaa.gov/pr/ourlakes/facts.html (accessed September 9, 2. EPA. September 25, 2013. Great Lakes Ecosystems. U.S. Environmental 2014). Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. URL: http://www.epa.gov/ecopage/ 23. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2013. Refinery receipts of glbd/issues/intro.html (accessed August 4, 2014). (Butterfly and Lake crude by method of transportation.U.S.: URL: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ Sturgeon) pet/pet_pnp_caprec_dcu_nus_a.htm (accessed September 9, 2014).; 3. For a general description of the process and impacts of tar sands Midwest: http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_caprec_dcu_r20_a.htm extraction, see e.g., Kunzing, R. March 2009. The Canadian Oil (accessed September 9, 2014). Boom.,National Geographic. URL: http://ngm.nationalgeographic. 24. Song, L. June 26, 2012. A Dilbit Primer: How It’s Different From com/2009/03/canadian-oil-sands/kunzig-text/1 (accessed August 4, Conventional Oil. Inside Climate News. URL: http://insideclimatenews. 2014); For facts related to end-uses for tar sands, see e.g., Lattanzio, org/news/20120626/dilbit-primer-diluted-bitumen-conventional-oil-tar- R. March 10, 2014.Canadian Oil Sands: Life-Cycle Assessments of sands-Alberta-Kalamazoo-Keystone-XL-Enbridge (accessed November Greenhouse Gas Emissions. U.S. Congressional Research Service, 4, 2014). Washington, D.C.:3. URL: http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42537.pdf 25. The oil industry currently uses the term “oil sands”, but as even a well- (accessed August 4, 2014). read industry blog admits, this was a marketing move employed after 4. EPA, , July 14, 2014. EPA Response to Enbridge Spill in Michigan. . U.S. the original term, “tar sands” was found to have negative connotations. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. URL: http://www. Braziel, R. March 9 2012. It’s a Bitumen Oil….RBN Energy. URL: https:// epa.gov/enbridgespill/ (accessed August 6, 2014). rbnenergy.com/Its-a-bitumen-oil-Does-it-go-too-far-Canadian-oil-sands- 5. National Wildlife Federation. Growth of Tar Sands Across Midwest. URL: crude (accessed September 9, 2014). http://www.nwf.org/What-We-Do/Energy-and-Climate/Drilling-and- 26. National Wildlife Federation. May 2014. Migratory Birds and Tar Sands: Mining/Tar-Sands/Michigan-Oil-Spill.aspx (accessed November 4, 2014). 5. URL: http://www.nwf.org/~/media/PDFs/Global-Warming/2014/ 6. Jake Edmiston and Andrew Barr, Mike Faille, Jonathan Rivait, Richard nwf_issue_briefs_Interactive2.pdf (accessed November 4, 2014). Johnson. August 7, 2014. The Lac-Mégantic Railway Disaster—The Night 27. The eight tar sands mines currently operating and under active a Train Destroyed a Town. National Post. URL: http://news.nationalpost. development are: CNRL Horizon, Suncor Fort Hills, Imperial/Exxon com/2013/07/12/graphic-the-lac-megantic-runaway-train-disaster/ Kearl, Shell Muskeg River, Shell Jackpine, Suncor, Syncrude, and Total (accessed September 10, 2014). Joslyn North. Mike Priaro. March 5, 2014. We Are The Champions— 7. Natural Resources Defense Council. November 2010. Setting the Record Could Alberta’s Oil Sands Reserves Be The Largest on Earth?. RBN Straight: Lifecycle Emissions of Tar Sands. URL: http://docs.nrdc.org/ Energy. URL: https://rbnenergy.com/we-are-the-champions-could- energy/files/ene_10110501a.pdf (accessed September 6, 2014). alberta-s-oil-sands-reserves-be-the-largest-on-earth (accessed 8. National Wildlife Federation. Global Warming and the Great Lakes. September 8, 2014). URL: http://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Global-Warming/ 28. ISAACS, E. E. 2005. Canadian Oil Sands: Development and Future Effects-on-Wildlife-and-Habitat/Great-Lakes.aspx (accessed September Outlook. IV International Workshop on Oil and Gas Depletion: ASPO. 10, 2014). URL: http://www.cge.uevora.pt/aspo2005/ASPO2005_Proceedings. 9. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). September pdf (accessed November 7, 2014). See also: NEB-EMA. 2006. Canada’s 3, 2014. What Is A Dead Zone? URL:. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ Oil Sands: Opportunities and Challenges to 2015: An update. Calgary, facts/deadzone.html (accessed September 14, 2014). AB, National Energy Board—Energy Market Assessment (NEB-EMA). URL: https://www.neb-one.gc.ca/nrg/sttstc/crdlndptrlmprdct/rprt/ 10. Seville, L. November 8, 2013. Illinois AG and neighbors sue over archive/pprtntsndchllngs20152006/pprtntsndchllngs20152006-eng.pdf humongous heaps of ‘petcoke.’ NBC News. URL: http://www.nbcnews. (accessed November 7, 2014). com/news/other/illinois-ag-neighbors-sue-over-humongous-heaps- petcoke-f8C11566275 (accessed September 1, 2014). 29. National Wildlife Federation. May 2014. Migratory Birds and Tar Sands: 3–4. URL: http://www.nwf.org/~/media/PDFs/Global-Warming/2014/ 11. Enbridge. 2014. Alberta Clipper—Line 67 Capacity Expansion Phase II. nwf_issue_briefs_Interactive2.pdf (accessed November 5, 2014). URL: http://www.enbridge.com/MainlineEnhancementProgram/Canada/ Alberta-Clipper-Capacity-Expansion-Phase-II.aspx (accessed October 6, 30. Brandt, A. 2012 Variability and Uncertainty in Life Cycle Assessment 2014). Models for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Canadian Oil Sands Production. Environmental Science & Technology. 46: 1253–1261. 12. Jim Snyder, Rebecca Penty. August 24, 2014. Enbridge Avoids U.S. URL: http://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2013/01/OCI.Petcoke. Review With Plan to Boost Oil Sands, Bloomberg. URL: http://www. FINALSCREEN.pdf (accessed November 5, 2014). bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-21/enbridge-avoids-u-s-review-with-plan- to-boost-oil-sands.html (accessed September 5, 2014). 31. National Energy Technology Laboratory. 2008. Development of Baseline Data and Analysis of Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions 13. Ibid. of Petroleum-Based Fuels. DOE/NETL-2009/1346. 13: table 2–4. URL: 14. Murphy, J. August 25, 2014. State Department Approves Illegal Scheme http://www.netl.doe.gov/File%20Library/Research/Energy%20 for Doubling Tar Sands Flowing Through the Great Lakes. National Analysis/Publications/DOE-NETL-2009-1346-LCAPetr-BasedFuels- Wildlife Federation. Washington, D.C. URL: http://blog.nwf.org/2014/08/ Nov08.pdf (accessed November 5, 2014). state-department-approves-illegal-scheme-for-doubling-tar-sands- 32. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2010. Setting the Record Straight: flowing-through-the-great-lakes/ (accessed September 2, 2014). Lifecycle Emissions of Tar Sands: 2. URL: http://docs.nrdc.org/energy/ 15. The White House. June 25, 2013, 1:45 P.M. Remarks by President files/ene_10110501a.pdf (accessed November 3, 2014). on Climate Change, Georgetown University. Office of the Press 33. The separation is done by grinding, sorting, and the use of hot water Secretary, Washington, D.C. URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the- or chemicals, all of which consume large amounts of energy. Swift, A. press-office/2013/06/25/remarks-president-climate-change (accessed 2011. Tar Sands Pipeline Safety Risks: 5. National Wildlife Federation. November 7, 2014). 16. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. Lake Michigan Monitoring Program. URL: http://www.epa.state.il.us/water/surface-water/lake- michigan-mon.html (accessed October 17, 2014). 17. EPA. Last updated September 25, 2013. Conservation of Biological Diversity in the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem: Issues and

NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 23 Washington, D.C. URL: http://www.nwf.org/pdf/Tar-Sands/Tar%20 from Whiting Refinery. Chicago Tribune. URL: http://articles. Sands%20Pipeline%20Safety%20Risks.pdf (accessed November 6, chicagotribune.com/2014-03-25/news/chi-bp-whiting-crude-oil- 2014). lake-michigan-spill-20140325_1_whiting-refinery-oil-spill-scott-dean 34. Biello, D. January 15, 2013. More Oil from Canada’s Tar Sands Could (accessed September 8, 2014). Mean Game Over for Climate Change. Scientific American. URL: http:// 47. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. Lake Michigan Monitoring www.scientificamerican.com/article/more-oil-from-canadas-tar-sands- Program. URL :http://www.epa.state.il.us/water/surface-water/lake- could-mean-game-over-climate-change/ (accessed November 6, 2014); michigan-mon.html (accessed September 20, 2014). Stockman, L. November 1, 2012. Tar sands planned growth is 3X carbon 48. Indiana American Water. 2007. 2007 Annual Water Quality Report. limit. PriceofOil.org. URL: http://priceofoil.org/2012/11/01/tar-sands- URL: http://www.gary.in.us/environmentalaffairs/pdf/care/INAmWater_ planned-growth-is-3x-climate-limit/ (accessed November 6, 2014). info.pdf (accessed November 3, 2014). 35. National Wildlife Federation. Growth of Tar Sands Across Midwest. URL: 49. Milwaukee Water Works. 2014. About the Milwaukee Water Works. URL: http://www.nwf.org/What-We-Do/Energy-and-Climate/Drilling-and- http://milwaukee.gov/water/about (accessed September 16, 2014). Mining/Tar-Sands/Michigan-Oil-Spill.aspx (accessed November 7, 2014). 50. City of Toledo. 2014. Division of Water Treatment. URL: http://toledo. 36. The substances used for dilution (“diluents”), tend to be flammable, oh.gov/services/public-utilities/water-treatment/ (accessed September toxic liquids derived from natural gas, such as natural gas condensate. 15, 2014). See, Headwaters Initiative and Carrier Sekani Tribal Council, Fact Sheet: A Brief on Condensate and Diluents. URL: http://boldnebraska.org/ 51. FEIS. 2014. Alberta Clipper Project : 4-250. URL: http://mn.gov/ uploaded/pdf/HeadwatersInitiative-CondensateFactSheet.pdf (accessed commerce/energyfacilities/documents/33599/_C%201%20Loretta%20 November 6, 2014); J.P. Morgan Ventures Energy Corp. and JP Morgan Cartner.pdf (accessed August 30, 2014). Commodities Canada Corp. February 1, 2013. Safety Data Sheet: Natural 52. United States Department of Agriculture—Forest Service. Chippewa gas condensate, sweet or sour. URL: https://www.jpmorgan.com/ National Forest—Bald Eagles and Heritage Resources. URL: http:// directdoc/commodities_condensate.pdf (accessed November 5, 2014). www.fs.usda.gov/attmain/chippewa/specialplaces. The Chippewa 37. U.S. Department of State. August 26, 2011. Appendix L: Pipeline National Forest, it should be noted, shares boundaries with the Leech Temperature Effects Study, Final Environmental Impact Statement, Lake Reservation of the Anishinabe (Ojibwe/Chippewa) people, many Volume 7.L-2: Figure 1. URL: http://keystonepipeline-xl.state.gov/ of whom continue traditional ways of life close to the forest and its documents/organization/182235.pdf (accessed October 24, 2014). resources (accessed November 5, 2014). 38. Environment Canada (Emergencies Science and Technology). 53. Wildlife Viewing Areas. Suomi Hills Semi-Primitive Non-Motorized Area Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy (Chippewa National Forest). URL: http://www.wildlifeviewingareas.com/ Research), Natural Resources Canada (Canmet ENERGY). November wv-app/ParkDetail.aspx?ParkID=505 (accessed November 5, 2014). 30, 2013. Properties, Composition and Marine Spill Behaviour, Fate 54. United States Department of Agriculture—Forest Service. Chippewa and Transport of Two Diluted Bitumen Products from the Canadian Oil National Forest—Lakes and Wetlands. URL: http://www.fs.usda.gov/ Sands : 5 and 19. URL: http://crrc.unh.edu/sites/crrc.unh.edu/files/1633_ attmain/chippewa/specialplaces (accessed November 5, 2014). dilbit_technical_report_e_v2_final-s.pdf (accessed October 24, 2014); 55. St. Louis River Citizens Action Committee. May 2002. Lower St. Louis Paris, M. September 13, 2013. Enbridge’s Kalamazoo cleanup dredges River Habitat Plan : ix. URL: http://www.stlouisriver.org/habitatplan/ up 3-year-old spill. CBC News. URL: http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ habitatplan.pdf (accessed November 5, 2014). enbridge-s-kalamazoo-cleanup-dredges-up-3-year-old-oil-spill-1.1327268 (accessed October 24, 2014). 56. Minnesota Land Trust. St. Louis River Restoration Initiative. URL: http://www.mnland.org/st-louis-estuary/ (accessed November 4, 2014). 39. Oil Change International. May 2014. Runaway Train: The Reckless Expansion of Crude-by-Rail in North America. URL: http://priceofoil. 57. Lake Superior National Estuarine Research Reserve,. February 3, 2014. org/content/uploads/2014/05/OCI_Runaway_Train_Single_reduce.pdf Project Overview. URL: http://lsnerr.uwex.edu/index.html (accessed (accessed August 11, 2014). November 5, 2014). 40. Ibid. at 4. 58. Wisconsin State Parks and Forests. February 13, 2014. Brule River State Forest. URL: http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/stateforests/bruleriver/ (accessed 41. RBN Energy. 2014. Rock the Boat, Don’t Rock the Boat: Impact of November 5, 2014). the Jones Act on U.S. Crude Oil Markets (RBN Drill Down Report). (subscription only, available at URL: https://rbnenergy.com/subscriber/ 59. Ibid. reports/previews/rock-the-boat-dont-rock-the-boat-impact-of-the- 60. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. November 20, 2013. Necedah jones-act); Oil Change International report. May 2014. Runaway Train: National Wildlife Refuge. URL: http://www.fws.gov/refuge/Necedah/ the Reckless Expansion of Crude-by-Rail in North America. URL: http:// wildlife_and_habitat/index.html (accessed November 4, 2014). priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2014/05/OCI_Runaway_Train_Single_ 61. International Crane Foundation. Whooping Crane. URL: http://www. reduce.pdf (see specifically the sidebar “Rolling down the river” savingcranes.org/whooping-crane-conservation.html (accessed for a discussion of barge movements on the Mississippi) (accessed September 14, 2014). August 25, 2014). 62. Pryor, S. C., D. Scavia, C. Downer, M. Gaden, L. Iverson, R. Nordstrom, 42. Alliance for the Great Lakes. November 20, 2013. Oil and Water: Tar J. Patz, and G. P. Robertson. 2014. Ch. 18: Mid- west. Climate Change Sands Crude Shipping Meets the Great Lakes? URL: http://www. Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment, greatlakes.org/document.doc?id=1425 (accessed November 5, 2014); J. M. Melillo, Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and G. W. Yohe, Eds., U.S. Global Hussain, Y. October 16, 2014. Beyond Energy East: The great push to Change Research Program. 418–440. doi:10.7930/J0J1012N. URL: get Alberta’s crude to market. National Post. URL: http://business. http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/system/files_force/downloads/low/ financialpost.com/2014/10/16/beyond-energy-east-the-great-push-to- NCA3_Full_Report_18_Midwest_LowRes.pdf?download=1 (accessed get-albertas-crude-to-market/?__lsa=4693-7b3f (accessed November August 28, 2014). 5, 2014). 63. Yeager-Kozacek, C. August 3, 2014. Toxic Algae Bloom Leaves 500,000 43. Michael, H. March 25, 2014. BP Confirms Oil Spill Into Lake Michigan Without Drinking Water in Ohio. EcoWatch. URL: http://ecowatch. from Whiting Refinery.Chicago Tribune. URL: http://articles. com/2014/08/03/toxic-algae-bloom-500000-without-drinking-water- chicagotribune.com/2014-03-25/news/chi-bp-whiting-crude-oil- ohio/ (accessed September 20, 2014). lake-michigan-spill-20140325_1_whiting-refinery-oil-spill-scott-dean (accessed September 14, 2014). 64. Baehr, L., March 8, 2011. Lake Erie is Turning to Slime. Business Insider. URL: http://www.businessinsider.com/lake-erie-algal-blooms-are-out-of- 44. Oil Sands International. January 2013. Petroleum Coke: The Coal Hiding control-2014-3 (accessed September 20, 2014). in the Tar Sands: 4. URL: http://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2013/01/ OCI.Petcoke.FINALSCREEN.pdf (accessed November 4, 2014). 65. National Environmental Education Foundation. Climate Change Influences Algal Blooms. URL: http://www.earthgauge.net/2014/ 45. Lake Superior Streams. Duluth Drinking Water. URL: http://www. climate-change-influences-algal-blooms (accessed November 3, 2014). lakesuperiorstreams.org/understanding/drinking.html (accessed September 11, 2014). 66. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 2011. Wisconsin’s Changing Climate: Impacts and Adaptation, Chapter 3—Water Resources: 55. URL: http:// 46. Michael, H. .March 25, 2014. BP Confirms Oil Spill Into Lake Michigan www.wicci.wisc.edu/report/WICCI-Chapter-3.pdf (accessed November 5,

24 | NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION 2014). 87. While most Enbridge pipelines running through the Great Lakes region 67. Koslow, M. June 28, 2012. Thoughts On a New Normal. National Wildlife are owned by Enbridge’s U.S. branch, Enbridge Energy Partners L.P., Federation. Washington, D.C. URL: http://blog.nwf.org/2012/06/ certain (e.g., Line 17 to Toledo), are owned straight out by Enbridge thoughts-on-a-new-normal/ (August 17, 2014). Inc., the Canadian parent company. Enbridge Inc. Liquids Pipelines. URL: http://www.enbridge.com/DeliveringEnergy/OurPipelines/ 68. Plume, C. August 2, 2012 Drought Worsens in U.S. Farm LiquidsPipelines.aspx (accessed November 3, 2014). Enbridge’s States: Climatologists. Reuters. URL: http://www.reuters.com/ “Midcontinent system, which includes Line 55 (“Spearhead”) between article/2012/08/02/us-drought-idUSBRE87110A20120802 (accessed Flanagan IL and Cushing OK, as well the Mustang and Chicap lines September 2, 2014). connecting Chicago to Patoka are also owned by Enbridge Inc. Ibid. 69. McGowen, E and Song, L. June 26, 2012. The Dilbit Disaster: Inside the Enbridge Inc. holds a 21.1 percent ownership interest in Enbridge Biggest Oil Spill You’ve Ever Heard of, Part One. Inside Climate News. Energy Partners L. P. Enbridge. About Enbridge—Corporate Overview. URL: http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20120626/dilbit-diluted- URL: http://www.enbridge.com/AboutEnbridge/CorporateOverview. bitumen-enbridge-kalamazoo-river-marshall-michigan-oil-spill-6b- aspx (accessed November 3, 2014). pipeline-epa (accessed September 2, 2014). 88. “As a transporter of energy, Enbridge operates, in Canada and 70. Michigan Department of Community Health. December 20, 2010. the U.S., the world’s longest crude oil and liquids transportation Acute Health Effects of the Enbridge Oil Spill. URL: http://www. system.” Enbridge. September 25, 2014. News Release (text in michigan.gov/documents/mdch/enbridge_oil_spill_epi_report_with_ footer). URL: http://www.enbridge.com/~/media/www/Site%20 cover_11_22_10_339101_7.pdf (accessed September 9, 2014). Documents/Investor%20Relations/2014/2014_ENB_Day_Advisory. 71. Hasemyer, D. December 32, 2013. Enbridge Dilbit Spill Still Not Cleaned pdf (accessed November 3, 2014); Enbridge states: “We transport Up as 2013 Closes, Irritating the EPA. Inside Climate News. URL: http:// energy, operating the world’s longest, most sophisticated crude insideclimatenews.org/news/20131223/enbridge-dilbit-spill-still-not- oil and liquids transportation system.” Enbridge. About Enbridge— cleaned-2013-closes-irritating-epa (accessed September 15, 2014). Corporate Overview. URL: http://www.enbridge.com/AboutEnbridge/ CorporateOverview.aspx (accessed November 3, 2014). 72. Ibid. 89. Enbridge Inc. Liquids Pipelines. URL: http://www.enbridge.com/ 73. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. September 15, 2010. Statement DeliveringEnergy/OurPipelines/LiquidsPipelines.aspx (accessed of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior, on the November 3, 2014). Enbridge Pipeline Oil Spill Near Marshall, Michigan before the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. URL: http://www.fws. 90. At present, the other Alberta to U.S. pipeline carrying heavy tar gov/midwest/oilspill/documents/statement.pdf (accessed on August 20, sands crude is Line 4, but for various reasons, including the fact 2014). that it is used to transport other types of crude as well, Line 4 is not the centerpiece of industry’s expansion plans. Minnesota Public 74 Ibid. Utilities Commission. June 27, 2014. PL9/CN-13-153 In the Matter 75. National Transportation Safety Board. July 10, 2012. Report—­Kalamazoo of the Application of Enbridge Energy, Limited Partnership for a Pipeline Spill : xii. URL: http://www.ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2012/ Certificate of Need for the Line 67—Phase 2 Upgrade Project. Docket par1201.pdf (accessed August 11, 2014). PL9/CN-13-153. URL: https://www.edockets.state.mn.us/EFiling/ 76. Ibid. edockets/searchDocuments.do?method=showPoup&documentId=% 7B561DC6CE-AE98-465B-90E8-0B0A3EA404CF%7D&documentTit 77. National Transportation Safety Board. Press Release. July 10, 2012. le=20146-100926-01 (accessed November 4, 2014). URL: http://www.ntsb.gov/news/2012/120710.html/ (accessed August 5, 2014). 91. Figure derived from: Oil Change International. 2012. Refinery Report. URL: http://refineryreport.org/refineries-list.php (accessed 78. “[O]il exiting a pinhole may create a medium to large spill due to November 4, 2014). difficulties for supervisory control and data acquisition or aerial surveillance to detect such a leak.” Keystone XL Draft Environmental 92. Song, L. June 3, 2013. Map: Another Major Tar Sands Pipeline Seeking Impact Statement. March 2013. Affected Environment—Operation: U.S. Permit. InsideClimateNews. URL: http://insideclimatenews.org/ 3.13–17. URL: http://keystonepipeline-xl.state.gov/documents/ news/20130603/map-another-major-tar-sands-pipeline-seeking-us- organization/205638.pdf (accessed November 5, 2014). permit (accessed November 7, 2014). 79. Enbridge. 2009 and 2013. Corporate Responsibility Report. URL: http:// 93. Natural Resources Defense Council. July 30, 2012. Scoping Comments www.enbridge.com/AboutEnbridge/CorporateSocialResponsibility/ of the Natural Resources Defense Council, et al., to the Department of CSRReports.aspx (accessed November 4, 2014). State on the Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the TransCanada Keystone XL Pipeline. URL: http://switchboard.nrdc.org/ 80. National Transportation Safety Board. June 23, 2004. Rupture of blogs/aswift/NRDC%20et%20al%20KXL%20SEIS%20Scoping%20 Enbridge Pipeline and Release of Crude Oil near Cohasset, Minnesota Comments%20FINAL%20July%2030%202012.pdf (accessed July 4, 2002. Pipeline Accident Report NTSB/PAR-04/01: 3, URL: www. August 15, 2014). ntsb.gov/doclib/reports/2004/PAR0401.pdf (accessed August 5, 2014). 94. Minnesota Public Utilities Commission. July 17, 2013. PL9/CN-12-590 In 81. Only the southern portion of the Pegasus pipeline had been re-opened. the Matter of the Application of Enbridge Energy, Limited Partnership Associated Press. ExxonMobil restarts Pegasus pipeline in Texas. for a Certificate of Need for the Line 67 Station Upgrade Project in URL: http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jul/30/exxonmobil- Marshall, Clearwater, and Itasca Counties, Minnesota. Docket PL9/ restarts-pegasus-pipeline-in-texas/ (accessed November 3, 2014). CN-12-590. URL: https://www.edockets.state.mn.us/EFiling/edockets/ 82. Song, L. June 18, 2013. What Sickens People in Oil Spills, and searchDocuments.do?method=showPoup&documentId={A3D9DD5C- How Badly, Is Anybody’s Guess. InsideClimateNews. URL: http:// CF23-4EA7-A021-B30D325AD2BB}&documentTitle=201210-79329-10 insideclimatenews.org/news/20130618/what-sickens-people-oil-spills- (accessed November 4, 2014); August 28, 2014, PL9/CN-13-153, In the and-how-badly-anybodys-guess (accessed August 15, 2014). Matter of the Application of Enbridge Energy, Limited Partnership for 83. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. June 2014. Crude Oil a Certificate of Need for the Line 67 Station Upgrade Project—Phase Forecast. Markets & Transportion: 13. URL: http://www.capp.ca/getdoc. 2 in Kittson, Red Lake, Cass, and St. Louis Counties, Minnesota. URL: aspx?DocId=247759&DT=NTV (accessed October 22, 2014). https://www.edockets.state.mn.us/EFiling/edockets/searchDocuments. do?method=showPoup&documentId={F1B13575-3D71-4CAA-A86A-05CE 84. Dhillon, K. April 17, 2014. Why are U.S. Oil Imports Falling. TIME.com. 1EBBCA38}&documentTitle=20138-90363-03 (accessed November 4, URL: http://time.com/67163/why-are-u-s-oil-imports-falling/ (accessed 2014). October 22, 2014). 95. Shaffer, D. August 27, 2014. Pipeline changes will send more Canadian 85. United States Energy Information Administration. U.S. Field Production oil into Minnesota. StarTribune. URL: http://www.startribune.com/ of Crude Oil, Monthly, 1920—August 2014. URL: http://www.eia.gov/ business/272089211.html (accessed September 2, 2014). dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPUS2&f=M (accessed November 3, 2014). 96. The original Presidential permit was granted in 2009. U.S. Department of State. August 20, 2009. Permit for Alberta Clipper Pipeline Issued 86. These are owned by Enbridge Inc., a Canadian company. Enbridge. (Media Note). URL: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2009/aug/128164. Liquid Pipelines—Mainline. URL: http://www.enbridge.com/ htm (accessed August 10, 2014). DeliveringEnergy/OurPipelines/LiquidsPipelines.aspx (accessed November 4, 2014). 97. 42 U.S.C.A. § 4332 (West); Executive Order 13337, Issuance of

NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 25 Permits With Respect to Certain Energy-Related Facilities and Land pipeline interchange. Eastern Gulf Crude Access Pipeline Project. Transportation Crossings on the International Boundaries of the United June 5, 2013. Information Memorandum and Notice of Binding States, 69 FR 25299, April 30, 2004. Open Season. URL: http://www.energytransfer.com/documents/ 98. Executive Order 11423, 33 Fed. Reg. 11741 (Aug. 16, 1968), as amended by PublicInformationMemorandum.pdf (accessed November 4, 2014). Executive Order 13337, 69 Fed. Reg. 25229 (Apr. 30, 2004); 40 C.F.R. § 107. According to a key energy blog, EGCAP was “pitched at exactly the 1502.9, 43 Fed. Reg. 55994 (Nov. 29, 1978). same time as a complimentary project operated by Enbridge that 99. Enbridge Inc. 2014. Line 61 Upgrade Project—Phase 1. URL: would link the latter’s huge Lakehead system running from Western http://www.enbridge.com/MainlineEnhancementProgram/US/ Canada to Flanagan, IL with EGCAP in Patoka.” Fielden, S. June 11, 2013. Line61UpgradeProjectPhase1.aspx (accessed September 6, 2014). The Enbridge SAX and East Gulf Pipeline Band—Music to Canadian Crude Producer’s Ears! RBN Energy. URL: https://rbnenergy.com/the- 100. Reed, M. November 2013. Projects Reflect Midstream Expansion, enbridge-sax-and-east-gulf-pipeline-band (accessed August 10, 2014). Restructuring. Pipeline and Gas Journal. URL: http://www. pipelineandgasjournal.com/projects-reflect-midstream-expansion- 108. The segment between Griffith and Stockbridge was completed in restructuring?page=show (accessed August 24, 2014). May 2014, and Enbridge expects to finish the Ortonville, MI-to-Saint Clair River segment in the Fall of 2014. Enbridge Inc. September 101. BakkenOilReport. May 8, 2013. No Crude Left Behind. URL: http:// 2014. Investment Community Presentation: 25, URL: http://www. bakkenoilreport.com/no-crude-left-behind/ (accessed September 5, enbridge.com/~/media/www/Site%20Documents/Investor%20 2014). Relations/2014/2014_ENB_Investment%20Community%20Booklet.pdf 102. Sierra Club, Inc. v. Bostick, CIV-12-742-R, 2012 WL 3230552 (W.D. Okla. (accessed October 22, 2014). Aug. 5, 2012) aff’d, 539 F. App’x 885 (10th Cir. 2013). NWF and Sierra 109. Enbridge Energy Management LLC. May 2, 2014. SEC Filing Form—10-Q: Club argue that federal agencies erred in approving the project via 53—U.S. Mainline Expansions. URL: http://www.enbridgemanagement. a grievous misapplication of an obscure Army Corp of Engineers com/Investor-Relations/EEQ/Financial-Information/SEC-Filings/ permitting process, resulting in a shamelessly flawed, piecemeal 9565617/220095/ (accessed August 2, 2014). approval process. 110. Enbridge Inc. 2012-2013. Line 78 Pipeline Project. URL: http://www. 103. Enbridge Inc. September 2014. Investment Community Presentation: enbridge.com/~/media/www/Site%20Documents/Delivering%20 23. URL: http://www.enbridge.com/~/media/www/Site%20 Energy/Projects/US/ENB2013-Line78-L11.pdf?la=en (accessed August Documents/Investor%20Relations/2014/2014_ENB_Investment%20 2, 2014). Community%20Booklet.pdf (accessed October 22, 2014); Lewis, J. October 8, 2014. New Enbridge pipeline could give Alberta crude 111. Enbridge Inc. September 30, 2014. Enbridge Day 2014 Annual another conduit to world markets. The Globe & Mail. URL: http://www. Investment Community Conference – Toronto, September 30, 2014, theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and- (transcript):19. URL: http://www.enbridge.com/~/media/www/Site%20 resources/new-enbridge-pipeline-could-give-alberta-crude-another- Documents/Investor%20Relations/2014/ENBDays/2014_ENB_Days_ conduit-to-world-markets/article20993504/ (accessed November 4, Transcript.pdf (accessed November 2, 2014). 2014). 112. Ibid. 104. Energy Transfer Partners. November 20, 2013. 2013 Analyst 113. Enbridge. February 11, 2014. Letter to Wisconsin Conservation Presentation: 23. URL: http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External. Commission. URL: https://doc-10-7g-apps-viewer.googleusercontent. ile?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9MjI2MjkyfENoaWxkSUQ9LTF8VHlwZT0z&t=1 com/viewer/secure/pdf/hf65vmt9gsnnfbahqirkkav0p2c91plk/ (accessed August 13, 2014); Song, L. August 4, 2013. Little known 1dhf45e1n8oj474v01ocefp3dsmlp4c5/1414992750000/ pipeline nearly as big as Keystone could win the race to the Gulf. Inside gmail/06836116497116554278/ACFrOgDVbep3AtbLZmmS9sExfvan- Climate News. URL: http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20130804/map- 3sucwvTXnOYqI6AAl7oMsQP0u1cc5KAknwyHuFBCQEFPB_ little-known-pipeline-nearly-big-keystone-could-win-race-gulf (Accessed jNB8TeyDtq51Ci1LUm8wg9Xmsgk62_zg5PMjNhT1tS-k37EAD1uk=?print August 13, 2014). =true&nonce=235lcu9fn5nqm&user=06836116497116554278&hash=n1 105. Originally, Energy Transfer Partners hoped to also build a 160-mile 1769212kcjobrkq3ist8a9p9428fla (accessed November 3, 2014);Friends extension at the southern end, to Saint James LA, RBN Energy, which of the Headwaters. August 21, 2014. Comments on Consideration of is not far from the largest waterborne crude oil import terminal in System Alternatives and the Legal Basis for Consideration of System the U.S., the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port or LOOP. That extension has Alternatives in the Need and Routing Proceedings. Submission to been put on ice—for now. Houston (Platts). November 6, 2013. Eastern the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission in matters concerning Gulf Crude Access pipeline won’t be linked to St. James: ETP. URL: the proposed Sandpiper project, dockets PL-6668/CN-13-473 and http://www.platts.com/latest-news/oil/houston/eastern-gulf-crude- PL-6668/CN-13-473: 17. URL: http://www.friendsoftheheadwaters. access-pipeline-wont-be-linked-21786375 (accessed August 11, 2014); org/uploads/3/4/4/2/3442631/foh_comments_8_21.pdf. (accessed Fielden, S. December 23, 2012. Thrown for a LOOP—Crude Imports and November 3, 2014). As evident in the Friends of the Headwaters the Louisiana Offshore Oil Port Terminal. RBN Energy. URL: https:// comments, some believe this line may be called “Line 66, but this rbnenergy.com/thrown-for-a-loop-the-louisiana-offshore-oil-port- seems unlikely since there is already another Line 66 in the Midwest, terminal (accessed August 11, 2014). more frequently referred to as the Mustang pipeline. The new WI-IL Pipeline could be as much as 800,000 barrels per day. 106. It would avoid the current crooked path that crude headed for the Gulf must currently follow, through the congested Cushing OK 114. The White House—Office of the Press Secretary. June 25, 2013, 1:45 P.M. Remarks by President on Climate Change. Georgetown Univer- sity. Washington, D.C. URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press- office/2013/06/25/remarks-president-climate-change (accessed September 6, 2014).

26 | NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION | 27

Inspiring Americans to protect wildlife for our children’s future

EMILY STARK

www.nwf.org