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Sedimentation in Storage Reservoirs Final Report February 2001

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Sedimentation in Storage Reservoirs Final Report February 2001 Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions Sedimentation in Storage Reservoirs Final Report February 2001 Halcrow Water Halcrow Water Burderop Park Swindon Wiltshire SN4 0QD Tel +44 (0)1793 812479 Fax +44 (0)1793 812089 www.halcrow.com Halcrow Water has prepared this report in accordance with the instructions of their client, Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions, for their sole and specific use. Any other persons who use any information contained herein do so at their own risk. © Halcrow Group Limited 2001 Acknowledgements The work described in this report was carried out by Halcrow at Burderop Park under contract to Department of the Environment, Transport and Regions. The Department’s Nominated Officer was Richard Vincent whose support is gratefully acknowledged. Professor David Butcher and Dr Jill Labatz from Nottingham Trent University carried out work under subcontract to Halcrow. Halcrow’s Project Manager was Tony Green and work was carried out by Damian Debski, Alan Warren and Guy Green with Direction from David Birch. Halcrow’s chief engineer for Dams, Jonathan Hinks provided valuable comment and contacts with Reservoir owners. We are grateful to the water companies and British Waterways who provided much valuable information and acknowledge the use of the Register of British Dams compiled by the Building Research Establishment. The web version of the report was assembled by Tony Green, links have been included for Figures and bookmarks to enable better navigation. To keep file size to a minimum figures have been saved in a low resolution, please contact [email protected] if a clearer version is needed or you have further comments. Contents 1 Summary and Conclusions 1 2 Introduction 3 2.1 Background 3 2.2 Scope of report 4 2.3 Data collection 4 3 Review of existing information 5 3.1 Sedimentation in British reservoirs 5 3.2 Sediment yields in British rivers 6 3.3 Factors affecting catchment sediment yield in Britain 8 3.4 Previous British reservoir studies 11 3.5 Analysis of South Pennine data 18 4 Reservoir sedimentation rates 21 4.1 Introduction 21 4.2 Data available for British reservoirs 22 4.3 Classification of British Reservoirs 25 4.4 Regression analysis of sedimentation rates 33 4.5 Calculation method for reservoir sedimentation rates 36 4.6 Testing of the proposed calculation method for reservoir sedimentation rates 38 4.7 Example applications of the prediction method 39 4.8 Conclusions on use of prediction method for reservoir sedimentation in Britain 41 5 Field studies and sediment analysis 43 5.1 Introduction 43 5.2 Selection of test reservoirs 43 5.3 Bathymetric surveys 44 5.4 Sediment sampling 45 5.5 Results of laboratory analysis of sediment samples 46 6 Sediment release under dam failure 49 6.1 Introduction 49 6.2 Aim of research 51 6.3 Simulation of dam failure 52 6.4 Hydraulic modelling 54 6.5 Results of hydraulic modelling 55 6.6 Analysis of sediment release 57 7 Reducing sedimentation in reservoirs 60 7.1 Options for action 60 7.2 Catchment management measures 61 7.3 Controlling sedimentation rates – releasing sediment through bottom outlet valves 64 7.4 Sediment exclusion measures 68 7.5 Offline reservoirs 69 8 Removal of sediment deposits 70 8.1 Introduction 70 8.2 Experience in removing sediment from British reservoirs 72 8.3 Environmental considerations in removing sediment from reservoirs 73 8.4 Economics of sediment removal and disposal 75 8.5 Disposal and possible re-use of sediment removed from reservoirs 76 9 Environmental consequences of reservoir sedimentation 78 9.1 Present consequences 78 9.2 Future sedimentation rates 80 10 Potential areas for further research 83 11 References 84 Figures Plates Appendix A Survey Data and Laboratory Test Results Appendix B Regression Analysis Results Appendix C Contract Specification 1 Summary and Conclusions This report describes research carried out on aspects of reservoir sedimentation in British reservoirs with the emphasis on those used for water supply. The topics covered include a review of the available data, the development and use of a classification method for determining sedimentation rates, the analysis of sediment movement under dam failure conditions and a review of methods of reducing sedimentation. This is the first time that such a study has been carried out for British conditions and a number of potential areas of further research are suggested. It is found that for British conditions the data available suggests that a reasonably simple method of classification can be used as a predictive tool for estimating sedimentation rates which, though generally not high by global standards, are significant in some locations. The behaviour of sediment in small reservoirs under dam failure conditions has been found to be strongly dependent on the rate of flow into the reservoir. If the dam fails under ‘sunny day’ conditions when the flow into the reservoir is small, then only a small proportion of even the very low strength deposits found in small reservoirs can be expected to ‘flow’ with the escaping contents of the reservoir. If there is a large flow into the reservoir when a breach occurs then more sediment is entrained although in the case studied the proportion of sediment moved is small compared with the total sediment deposit within the reservoir. It would be expected that more sediment would subsequently be suspended by the action of the stream which may have environmental impacts on the river system but would not constitute part of the ‘escapable contents’ of the reservoir under dam failure conditions. The sediment control measures in place in a number of British reservoirs such as residuum lodges (silt traps) and bypass channels are shown to be effective in prolonging the life of a reservoir although improvements to allow mechanical removal of the sediment may be required. Disposal of accumulated material may pose difficulties but an encouraging development was found in the Pennine area where a private company has developed a potting compost that successfully utilises the sediment collected in residuum lodges. Doc No 2 Rev: 1 Date: February 2001 1 D:\SISR\FinalReport\SISR.doc A range of environmental benefits and impacts of reservoir sedimentation have been identified. On the positive side, moderate rates of siltation in a number of reservoirs have allowed the development of valuable wetland environments. However, for reservoir safety it is necessary to regularly operate bottom outlet valves and data is presented showing that this can adversely affect the downstream river unless carefully managed. For the future there are concerns that changes in the climate may increase sedimentation rates due to more intense rainfall and more frequent storms but this has not as yet become apparent from reservoir surveys. Doc No 2 Rev: 1 Date: February 2001 2 D:\SISR\FinalReport\SISR.doc 2 Introduction 2.1 Background The accumulation of sediments in reservoirs in Britain can lead to a range of problems, including the following: • Increased flood risk on influent streams, loss of flood storage for downstream channels and increased spillway flows; • Loss of storage capacity with associated loss of reservoir yield and difficulties in storage recovery; • Severe blockage of scour/drawoff works resulting in periodic reservoir drawdown to excavate sediment or abandonment of bottom outlet facilities; • Build up of sediment against the upstream face of dams, adversely affecting the stability of certain dam structures; • Sediment accumulations near power intakes, increasing the sediment load of the water passing through turbines, thereby accentuating turbine wear. The research described in this report aims to review reservoir sedimentation in the Britain and to provide guidance on the prediction of storage loss and the measures that can be taken to mitigate the associated problems. This study has been carried out as a research contract in response to a specification set by the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions in February 1999. The contract was awarded through competitive tender to Halcrow Water and their sub-consultants, Professor David Butcher and Dr Jillian Labadz of Nottingham Trent University in April 1999. A copy of the contract specification is included in Appendix C of this report. The study commenced on 1 May 1999 with a completion date of 29 December 2000. Doc No 2 Rev: 1 Date: February 2001 3 D:\SISR\FinalReport\SISR.doc 2.2 Scope of report This report describes the results of the work carried out for the seven specific project Milestones as follows: Milestone 1 - Classification of British reservoirs; Milestone 2 - Reservoir surveys; Milestone 3 - Extrapolation of data to reservoir classes; Milestone 4 - Behaviour of sediments under dam failure; Milestone 5 - Effectiveness of sediment exclusion measures; Milestone 6 - Options for sediment removal; Milestone 7 - Consequences of sedimentation in the past and in the future. 2.3 Data collection As part of this study the major owners of reservoirs in England, Wales and Scotland were approached in order to obtain any available information on reservoir sedimentation and to obtain additional characteristics of reservoirs that are kept in the Prescribed Form of Record for each reservoir. This has been a successful exercise and much data has been obtained. The information has been entered into a study database based on the Building Research Establishment’s (BRE) database of British dams which covers all known reservoirs within the Reservoirs Act (see Figure 2.1). The database is also geographically linked through the use of National Grid co-ordinates and can thus be used for geographical analysis of sedimentation rates. Doc No 2 Rev: 1 Date: February 2001 4 D:\SISR\FinalReport\SISR.doc 3 Review of existing information 3.1 Sedimentation in British reservoirs The rate at which reservoir capacity is lost by sedimentation in Britain is low by global standards.
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