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Range Chickens from Golestan Province, Iran

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Range Chickens from Golestan Province, Iran Iranian J Parasitol: Vol. 4, No.3, 2009, pp. 10-14 Iranian J Parasitol Open access Journal at http:// ijpa.tums.ac.ir Tehran University of Iranian Society of Medical Sciences Parasitology Publication http:// isp.tums.ac.ir http:// tums.ac.ir Original Article Parasitic Infections of Free –Range Chickens from Golestan Province, Iran ∗∗∗A Eslami 1, P Ghaemi 1, S Rahbari 2 1Department of Parasitology, School of Specialized Sciences of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Sciences and Research, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran (Received 29 Nov 2008, Accepted 22 Jun 2009) Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, intensity, and species of internal and external parasites of native fowls from Golestan Province, north of Iran. Methods: During 2007, different organs of 26 and 24 adult female native fowls collected from humid parts (Gorgan, Kord Kooy, Ramian and Bandar Gaz) and dry regions (Gonbad Kavoos, and Bandar Torkaman) of Golestan Province, respectively were searched for parasite. Two blood smears taken from each bird were stained with Geimsa. External parasites and nematodes were preserved in 70 % alcohol containing 5% glycerin. Cestodes were fixed in 10% formalin and stained with carmine acid for further studies. Results: Fifteen species of parasites were collected from alimentary canals, lungs, feathers and subcuta- neous nodules as follows: Alimentary canal: Ascaridia galli (56%), Heterakis gallinarum (24%), Capil- laria anatis (4%), Cheilospirura hamulosa (4%), Raillietina tetragona (58%), R. echinobothrida (6%), and Choanotaenia infundibulum (8%); Lungs: Syngamus trachea (16%); Feathers: Monopon gallinae (40%), Menacanthus stramineus (40%), Liperus caponis (32%), Goniodes dissimilis (38%), Cuclogaster heterographus (8%), Dermanissus gallinae (20%) and subcutaneous nodules: Laminosioptes cysticola (6%). Conclusion: The frequency distribution of most species was low. L. cysticola is the first host and distri- bution record for Iran Keywords : Parasitism, Native fowls, Helminths, Iran ∗ Corresponding Author: [email protected] 10 Eslami et al.: Parasitic Infections of Free –Range Chickens… Introduction he prevalence of most parasitic diseases plastic bags, washed materials, and preserved in in poultry seems to have been reduced 70% alcohol containing 5% glycerin. Subcuta- T significantly in commercial poultry neous nodules of each bird were fixed in 10% production, due to improvement in potassium, heated for 20 minutes in a jar con- management (1), although in rural scavenging taining water and their sediments were poultry in the world a number of parasites are searched for parasite. widely distributed (1, 2 ). Few reports exist also on the internal and external parasites of native Results fowl from different parts of Iran (3-8). Native fowls parasitic infections constitute a health and economic problem as well as a source of Totally, 96% of the fowl harbored at least one infection for industrial poultry, wild birds and species of parasite. Out of 15 species found, 6 man (9-12). and 1 species of helminths were collected from The aim of this study was to determine the alimentary canals, and lungs respectively. prevalence, intensity, and species of internal Feathers and subcutaneous tissues harbored and external parasites of native fowls from also 6 and 1species of external parasites re- Golestan Province, north of Iran. spectively. The prevalence and frequency dis- tribution of parasitism in two different climatic Materials and Methods conditions followed more or less similar pat- tern. The results are summarized in Table 1 and 2. The prevalence of most external parasites During 2007, different organs of 26 and 24 except that of C. heteragraphus and L. cysti- adult female native fowls, collected from dif- cola, was high, but their intensities, similar to ferent villages of humid parts (Gorgan, Kord that of helminth infections, was low. Kooy, Ramian and Bandar Gaz ) and dry re- Our finding showed that R. tetragona (58%) A. gions (Gonbad Kavoos, and Bandar Torkaman) galli , (56%), H. gallinarum (24%) and S. tra- of Golestan Province were searched for para- chea (16%) were among the most prevalent site. Two blood smears taken from wing vein species, whereas low frequency distribution were stained with Geimsa. At necropsy, the (from 1 to 10) was recorded for most helminths feathers of each bird were kept in plastic bag except that of H. gallinarum (78.66). containing 10% fomaldehyde for 24 hours and then were washed with detergent in a 100-mesh sieve. External parasites were collected from 11 Eslami et al.: Parasitic Infections of Free –Range Chickens… Table 1: Prevalence and intensity of helminth infections in 50 native fowls from Golestsn Prov- ince, northern Iran Parasite No. of Infection Mean Range infected (%) birds Ascaridia 28 56 10 1-25 galli Heterakis 12 24 78.66 6-215 gallinarum Capillaria 2 4 5.33 3-8 anatis Cheilospirura 2 4 1 1 hamulosa Syngamus 8 16 3.75 1-10 trachea Raillietina 29 58 2.96 1 -9 tetragona Raillietina 3 6 2 1 - 2 echinobothrida Choanotaenia 4 8 1.5 1-2 infundibulum Table 2: Prevalence and intensity of external parasites collected from 50 native fowls from Go- lestan province Parasite No. of in- Infection (%) Mean Range fected birds Liperus caponis 16 32 27 1 - 137 Monopon gallinae 20 40 9.5 2 - 30 Menacanthus stra- 20 40 56.4 4 - 120 mineus Goniodes ocilis 19 38 2.37 1 - 5 Cuclogaster hetera- 4 8 2.5 1 - 4 graphus Dermanissus gallinae 10 20 4 1 - 7 Laminosioptescysticola 3 6 not counted not counted 12 Iranian J Parasitol: Vol. 4, No.3, 2009, pp. 10-14 Discussion Traditional poultry production is often de- mites may cause sever problems for producers, scribed as a low input/low output system and through potential direct effects on weight gain, small flocks are left scavenging around to ob- egg production and sperm production in rooster tain their food. Low productivity is mainly and importance nuisance pest for human be- caused by diseases including parasitic diseases, ings including poultry workers and particularly suboptimal management, and lack of supple- whom handle hens and eggs (11). Laminosiop- ment feed (1). The parasites recorded in this tes cysticola a subcutaneous mite, is reported survey, although are new local host and distri- from Europe and United States, and calcify bution record for Golestan Province, but all, nodules cause downgrading of the carcass (19). except that of L . csyticola were previously re- Consequently, it is important to note that de- ported from native chickens of Iran (3, 7, 8), spite of low intensity recorded for each parasite, Urmia (4), Shahreh-kord (5) and Khuzestan (6). multiple infections was the rule in examined Similar to our results A. galli, H. gallinarum chickens and 96% of them harbored more than and R. echinobothrida were the most prevalent one species of parasite. Therefore, further stud- helminth species in the latter studies. Our find- ies are needed to elucidate the economic and ings are also in line with scavenging poultry of hygiene impacts of multiple parasitic infections Ethiopia (12) and India (13), where harbored 6 on poultry reared in backyard system. species of nematodes and 6 species of cestodes and A. galli (55 %) and Raillietina sp. (60 %) Acknowledgements were the most prevalent species respectively. The majority of parasites reported herein could The authors declare that they have no con- be potentially pathogenic for poultry by induc- flicts of interest. ing enteritis, ulceration or granuloma followed by anorexia, depression, emaciation and death References (14). Pathological changes in native fowls in- duced by C . hamulosa have been shown in Iran 1. Pandy VS, Demey F, Verhulst A. (15). Treatment of native fowls infected with A Parasitic Diseases: A neglected prob- galli produces significant increase in weight lem in village poultry in Sub-Sahara gain (P< 0.01) (9, 16, 17). Whereas infection Africa. In: Pandy VS, Demy F, edi- with A. galli, Capillaria spp . and R. echino- tors. Village Poultry Production in bothrida has been reported to cause, sever Africa. Rabat: Morocco. 1992. p.136 pathological lesions and death (14). – 141. Among 27 species of mallophaga reported from 2. Bagust TJ. Improvement health for birds in Iran (7), 16 are common with native poultry production in Asia, a develop- fowl (8) of which five were reported in this sur- ment of perspective. Avi Pathol. 1994; vey. Birds’ lice usually infect egg layer pullets 23:395 – 404. (8). Because they pass their entire life on host 3. Eslami A, Anwar M. Frequence des and ordinarily eat feathers products, had no sig- helminthes chez les volailles en Iran . nificant effects on production of egg but some- Rev Elev Med Vet pays Trop. 1973; times may consume blood (18). 29:309 -311. Dermanyssus gallinae is a common mite of 4. Naem S, Eskandari S. Prevalence of poultry houses and the most important haema- intestinal helminths of native chickens tophagus ectoparasite of birds (10). Chicken 13 Eslami et al.: Parasitic Infections of Free –Range Chickens… in Urmia, Iran. Iranian J Vet Res Univ chicken in central Ethiopia. Med Vet. Shiraz. 2005; 3 (2): 200 – 203. 2004; 155(10): 504 -507. 5. Nabavi R, Manouchehre-Naiini 13. Yadav AK, Tandon V. Helminth K,Yavari M, Zebardast M. Study on the parasitism of domestic fowl (Gallus do- gastrointestinal helminthes of native mesticus) in a subtropical high rainfall fowls of Shahreh- Kord. Iranian J Vet area of India. Beitr trop Landwirtsch Sci. 2005; 2 (4): 311- 316. Vet Med. 1991; 9: 97- 104. 6. Nabavi R, Abdollah-Poor M, Abdi 14. Permin A, Bisgaar M, Frandsen F, Zadeh R. Study on the gastrointestinal Peartman M, Kold J, Nansen P. The helminthes of native fowls of Gat- prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths van,Khuzestan, Iran. 6 th Congress of in different poultry production systems.
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