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Geology of the Renton, Auburn, and Black Diamond Quadrangles, King County, Washington

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Geology of the Renton, Auburn, and Black Diamond Quadrangles, King County, Washington Geology of the Renton, Auburn, and Black Diamond Quadrangles, King County, Washington GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 672 Geology of the Renton, Auburn, and Black Diamond Quadrangles, King County, Washington By DONAL R. MULLINEAUX GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 672 A study of Cenoxoic bedrock and surficial deposits in the southeastern part of the Puget Sound lowland UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1970 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WALTER J. HICKEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 78-607547 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1. (paper cover) CONTENTS Page P-ge Abstract-,___________________________________________ i Postglacial deposits_________._______________________ 50 Introduction. ________________________________________ 3 Lacustrine deposits____--__-------__---__-_-_-__ 51 Location, purpose, and scope.______________________ 3 Terrace alluvium_______________________________ 52 Acknowledgments. _ _____________________________ 4 Colluvium. ____________________________________ 53 Other studies-__-_________________________________ 5 Osceola Mudflow_____--___-_--____-_______-_-__ 54 Geography___________________________________________ Q Flood-plain alluvium.___________________________ 56 Topography and drainage___--_____________________ 6 Cedar River valley ______________________ 57 Climate.________________________________________ g Green River valley.________________________ 57 Vegetation.______________________________________ 9 White River valley_-_--_--___--_-_--_-__.__ 58 Culture._________________________________________ 9 Duwamish Valley._______--_____--___-_-____ 59 Tertiary rocks.-_---_--_---_-------___-_______________ 9 Geomorphology _ ____-____--__-_----_--_----------_- 61 Lower Tertiary sedimentary rocks._________________ 10 Origin of Duwamish Valley and adjacent drift plain_ 62 Puget Group_____-____-________._____________ 10 Development of the present drainage pattern ____ 63 Undifferentiated Puget Group near Black Effects of the Vashon glacier_________________ 64 Diamond_ ____________________________ n Postglacial changes____________-_-_- _____ 65 Tukwila Formation_______________________ 15 River characteristics.___--__-_-____-----__--___- 66 Renton Formation._______________________ 17 Green River._________-_______-_-_-_-_____- 66 Environment of the Puget Group.__________ 19 White River...___._ _________ 66 Lincoln Creek(?") Formation____________________ 19 In Duwamish Valley._______________________ 68 Correlation of lower Tertiary formations.__ ______ 22 Flood-plain development ____________________ 68 Intrusive rocks.__________________________________ 22 Structure._________-__----__-------------.--------- 69 Upper Tertiary rocks Hammer Bluff Formation_____ 24 Lower Tertiary rocks____________________________ 69 Pleistocene deposits.__________________________________ 27 Upper Tertiary rocks ________________________ 72 Sources of detrital material._______________________ 27 Pleistocene deposits._________--__-_--__________- 72 Criteria used to establish stratigraphy.______________ 29 Summary of geologic history.________________________ 72 Provenance._________________________________ 29 Tertiary Period __________--__-__--_____-_-_- 75 Climate.____________________________________ 30 Quaternary Period.___________-__-___-___-_-_-_- 76 Weathering._________________________________ 30 Economic geology.-______-_-____--.-----_-_-_-----_- 77 Stratigraphic sequence..___________________________ 31 Engineering geology _____-_--.-____-_____----__ 77 Orting(?) Drift____________________.______________ 31 Geologic conditions that influence land use __ 77 Intermediate drift. _______________________________ 35 Overconsolidation of fine-grained sediments. 77 Puyallup(?) Formation,___________________________ 39 Ground water._________________________ 80 Salmon Springs Drift ___________________________ 41 Heterogeneity of glacial till._-____-_-____ 80 Undifferentiated drift in the Cedar River valley______ 42 Landslides- ____________________________ 81 Vashon Drift-_-_-___-_____--____________-________ 43 Construction materials._____________________ 82 Til-___-_- --- _ --._ _ _ 44 Sand and gravel.__----____-_-__--______ 82 Topographic expression__________________ 45 Stone._______-___----------____------- 83 Lithology_ __---___---___-_-_-__-_________ 45 Silica sand.____-____-___-_-_-_-____-__--_---__- 83 Weathering. _____________________________ 45 Oil and gas.________________--.______-_-_-_-___- 84 Advance stratified drift..______________________ 46 Clay. ________________-______..____-_---_-_-_--- 84 Recessional stratified drift________-_-.-________ 46 Coal_ __-________-__--_ -__.--_-__-_---- 85 Deposits of locally derived melt water. ______ 46 Peat and topsoil-____________-,.__-_______-_-_--- 85 Deposits of the ice-marginal river.__________ 47 References cited._________---__-__-_______-_--_-___- 86 Age and correlation of Pleistocene deposits.__________ 49 Index______ _---_ ---, ---- - 91 rn IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES 1-7. Maps: Page 1. Index of Washington_______-______--_-__--__-_-__________________________________________ 4 2. Index of recent geologic quadrangle mapping by the U.S. Geological Survey._-_-_---____________ 5 3. Major physiographic elements in the southeastern part of the Puget Sound lowland._____________ 6 4. Principal physiographic units in the Renton, Auburn, Black Diamond, and Maple Valley quad­ rangles_-__-__---__-_-_-______--__-___----_---_______-__---__-____-________________ 7 5. Changes of course and nomenclature of rivers-__-_-___---_-_-__-__-___-_____________________ 8 6. Pattern of drainage on drift plain,_________________________________________________________ 9 7. Principal populated areas and centers of communities referred to in text ________________________ 10 8. Diagram showing generalized stratigraphic section of the Puget Group in the vicinity of Black Diamond - 11 9. Graph showing cumulative curves of Puget Group arkose samples.___________________________________ 13 10. Chart showing late Eocene and early Oligocene fossil stages and zones.________________________________ 14 11. Generalized column of stratigraphic sequence at Renton_______--_-_-__-_--___-____-__-______________ 15 12. Chart showing generalized lithologic correlation of Eocene and lower Oligocene formations.______________ 23 13. Diagram showing direction of movement of ice______-_____--____---_-__----___--___-________________ 27 14. Stratigraphic sections of Orting(?) Drift.____-____--____-_-___----__--__--______..-_-_-_-_________ _ 33 15. Photographs showing comparison of textures of representative till deposits____________________________ 34 16. Graph showing cumulative particle-size distribution curves of glacial till.______________________________ 35 17-19. Stratigraphic sections: 17. Intermediate drift.___________________________-_______-___---_-_-__--------_-_--______-_- 37 18. Salmon Springs Drift__________________________________________________________________ 42 19. Undifferentiated drift__________________________________________________________________ 44 20. Map showin-g distribution of the Osceola Mudflow___________________________ _____--___--_--_ ___ 55 21. Topographic map and section of upper part of postglacial fill_________________________________________ 60 22. Map showing location of abandoned segments of preglacial courses of Cedar and Green Rivers and post­ glacial pre-Osceola course of White River_ ___________________-______-_____-______-_-_-_--__----_ 64 23. Generalized profiles of segments of the White, Green, and Cedar Rivers-______________________________ 67 24. Map showing principal structural features in lower Tertiary rocks..___________________________________ 70 25. Summary of Tertiary stratigraphy and geologic history in the Puget Sound lowland southeast of Seattle, _ _ 73 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Sequence of geologic-climate units recognized in the southeastern part of the Puget Sound lowland and the probable correlative geologic units exposed in the Renton, Auburn, and Black Diamond quadrangles._ _ _ _ 27 2. Heavy-mineral suites in modern alluvium.__-____--______-________-_----____-___----____-_--_--_--- 28 3. Heavy-mineral suites in Pleistocene sediments__-----_--_--__-----_-------------_-_----------------- 29 4. Mineralogy of silt and clay fraction of tuls-----_--_-_-__---__--_-_---------__---------__----------- 36 5. Summary of Quaternary stratigraphy-and geologic history in the Puget Sound lowland southeast of Seattle.- _ _ 74 6. Generalized description of engineering properties of principal mapped units in the Renton, Auburn, and Black Diamond quadrangles. _______-_______--_-_-__-__________---______--__-______-_____----- 78 GEOLOGY OF THE RENTON, AUBURN, AND BLACK DIAMOND QUADRANGLES, KING COUNTY, WASHINGTON By DONAL E. MULLHSTEAUX ABSTRACT coastal plain by westerly flowing, continuously aggrading riv­ ers. Subsidence was equaled by aggradation and the surface The Renton, Auburn, and Black Diamond quadrangles lie of the plain remained near sea level. Locally, volcanic ac­ southeast of Seattle, Wash., in the southeastern part of the tivity resulted in construction of broad uplands of volcanic Puget Sound lowland. Largely rural only a few years ago, materials that stood above the surface of the arkosic plain; this area is being increasingly used for suburban and ur­ one such upland, represented by the Tukwila Formation,
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