Site Conservation Assessment V2.0

©Global Heritage Fund 2011 Site Conservation Assessment v2.0

Thank you for undertaking this Site Conservation Assessment. Please note the following:

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1. General Information

Date 22 December 2011 Site Name Great Zimbabwe Country Zimbabwe Site Status World Heritage Inscribed Assessor Name Gilbert Pwiti Institution University of Zimbabwe Profession Professor of Archaeology Affiliations PAA, WAC, SAFA, Date of site visit 07/07/2011-11/07/2011 & 15/07/2011-17/07/2011 Previous history Archaeological and heritage management research with the site Site Description Great Zimbabwe is located at the southern edge of the Zimbabwean plateau. It is the largest of an estimated 300 dry stone walled structures of (250 words or less) what archaeologists now call the Zimbabwe culture of southern Africa. The culture is broadly dated to the period between the 11th and the 18th Century AD. The majority of the sites of this culture are found in the modern state of Zimbabwe. The ancient city of Great Zimbabwe covers an area of approximately 7 hectares consisting of different dry stone wall enclosures, although it has become customary to divide the ancient city into three principal parts, the Hill Complex, the Great Enclosure and the Valley ruins. In addition are areas referred to as peripheral settlements. The Hill Complex, regarded as the seat of power during the occupation of Great Zimbabwe, consists of a series of enclosures constructed on a prominent hill to the north of the monument. The Great Enclosure is located in the valley adjacent to the Hill Complex and is perhaps the most spectacular and most substantial part of the monument. It has an outer wall approximately 250 m in length with an approximate height of 10 m. It is now agreed to be the largest single prehistoric structure in sub-Saharan Africa. Inside the Great Enclosure are a number on internal stone enclosures, including the Conical Tower as well as remains of Dhaka(adobe) platforms. The Valley Ruins are located between the Hill Complex and the Great Enclosure and consist of a number of individual dry stone enclosures of varying size. Site Significance Great Zimbabwe is the largest of over 300 dry stone walled structures in southern Africa. It represents one of the most unique architectural and 1 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 (250 words or less) dramatic cultural landscapes in Africa. The Great Enclosure at Great Zimbabwe stands as the largest single structure to have been constructed in prehistory in sub-Saharan Africa. The site thus constitutes a unique cultural achievement in the African past and the rest of the world. It represents a powerful symbol of African cultural and political identity. It may be noted that because of its various unique characteristics and evidence of indigenous cultural achievement, the country itself is named after this monument and different artefactual materials recovered from the site have been used as symbols of national identity. In addition, it is a major tourist attraction and has over the years attracted tourists from all over the world. The place thus has cultural, historical, political as well as economic significance.

2. Project Potential The following information is critical for GHF evaluation of how our scarce resources can most effectively employed.

Planning Community What plans (eg Management, Conservation, Tourism Development, Disaster Is there a nearby community that is or could be invested in preservation and tourism Preparedness) currently exist, and/or have been executed? development at the site?

A management plan is being developed. What existed at the time of Great Zimbabwe is surrounded by diverse communities. However, there are 3 clans, assessment is a Management System. Nemanwa, Charumbira and Mugabe who directly identify with the ancient city. Of late, they have been involved by National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe in Conservation has been ongoing for many years and has included stone wall aspects of preservation. A Traditional Village exists within the Great Zimbabwe Estate restoration, and in recent times, scientific monitoring of wall behavior using where various tourism targeted cultural activities take place. different techniques and approaches.

One of the major threats to Great Zimbabwe is unplanned bush fires. Disaster preparedness is largely targeted at this and largely consists of construction of fire guards around the Great Zimbabwe estate.

Conservation Partnerships What are the paramount conservation problems and needs? Dry stone walls What domestic and international, public and private organizations have the greatest mainly face the problem of wall collapses. In addition is conservation of Dhaka potential as partners in preservation and tourism development at the site? structures either platforms or remains of houses found within stone wall enclosures. The primary needs include development of monitoring techniques, University of Zimbabwe, Midlands State University currently train students in Heritage training for conservation, restoration/reconstruction. Management. The various tour operators and the Zimbabwe Tourism have the greatest potential at domestic level. At international level, UNESCO, UNDP, The What international conservation efforts have taken place? African Archaeology Network.

Over the years, conservation efforts have included UNDP (Sassoon – 1982, Rodrigues & Manuelshagen 1987, Loghborough University (UK)/ Department of Surveying, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zimbabwe 1997)

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Further remarks:

3. Site Condition - Overview Emphasize recent (past 30 years) and ongoing changes in condition. Perceptual condition refers to elements such as visual intrusion, noise, encroachment of new constructions, crowding, commodification, etc. General Physical Condition General Perceptual Condition Site Generally, Great Zimbabwe has enjoyed a fairly high level of protection Over the years, parts of the monuments have experienced wall from elements such as crowding and constructions. However, the collapses and deterioration of exposed adobe structures. proposed construction of a new state university c. 3 km to the north east of the monument poses a serious threat in terms of visual intrusion, noise and general atmosphere.

Setting / Great Zimbabwe has always been claimed by three clans, Buffer Nemanwa, Charumbira and Mugabe clans. In the past, tensions Zone have often developed between National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe and the traditional leaders of the three clans. These tensions have included official management practices, demands for involvement as well as site ownership claims between the groups themselves. Although it would appear that some of these difficulties/tensions have been resolved and currently there is dialogue and amicable working relations with representatives of these local communities, the situation requires/will require careful management on the part of NMMZ.

Cattle herds of the local communities encroach on the GZ estate. This requires that a stronger fence be erected around the estate. It would appear the type of fence currently being used is vulnerable. 3 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 Another solution is to continue to dialogue with local communities to keep their cattle herds way from the monument.

The above could be regarded as having site management implications.

Are there particular social dynamics having site management implications? These could involve, for example, site ownership and control, land use, legal status, armed conflict, ethnic tensions, crime, corruption, elite appropriation and access restrictions.

Further remarks:

4. Site Condition and Conservation - Detailed List major components (eg. structures, features, areas) if applicable and describe condition and state of conservation of each. Add sections for new components as needed. Include captioned photos of each component showing representative examples and critical areas.

Component 1 (Insert name or designation here) Great Enclosure

Character Description Period(s) of construction Predominant materials and construction techniques

th th The Great Enclosure is located in 13 - 15 C AD. Dry stone walling the valley adjacent to the Hill Complex and is perhaps the most spectacular and most substantial part of the monument. It has an outer wall approximately 250 m in length with an approximate height of 10 m. It is now agreed to be the largest single prehistoric structure in sub-Saharan Africa. Inside the Great Enclosure are a number on internal stone

4 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 enclosures, including the Conical Tower as well as remains of Dhaka platforms.

Condition Stability, integrity, Stable authenticity etc; list sub-components as necessary. Include photo-documentation Conservation History RESTORED/ RECONSTRUCTED WALLS AT GREAT ZIMBABWE List chronologically by year of completion. GREAT ENCLOSURE Include the sponsoring organization, location 1. Western Entrance (Wall Nos.2&3) C. Wallace 1911-14 E. Matenga 1995 and type of 2. Northeast Entrance (Wall Nos.5&7) C. Wallace 1911-14 intervention (eg minor 3. Wall No.4 C. Wallace 1911-14 repairs, consolidation, 4. Wall No.1a E. Matenga 1995 stabilization, 5. Wall No.6 C. Wallace 1911-14 restoration, 6. Wall No.10 C. Wallace 1911-14 F. Muchemwa 2009 anastylosis, 7. Wall No.19 W. Ndoro 1991 reconstruction etc.) 8. Wall No.18 buttress G. Chikwanda 2006 and outcomes to date. 9. Wall No.24 C. Wallace 1911-14

Major Problems and Pathologies 1. Inside of western entance - bulging, splitting Include photo- documentation

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2. North east entrance – Toppling

3. Northern entrance – bulging

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4. Parallel passage – sinking/bulge

- Collapse

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5. Right side of western entrance – bulging

- splitting

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6. South western side of the enclosure – Lichens

- Toppling

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7. Great enclosure – sinking

8. Tower enclosure – inward leaning

10 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 Prognosis No major future developments are anticipated. The social context is likely to remain stable. Against this background, no major unfavourable Given larger social developments are likely. context and likely future developments

Top Priorities Wall stabilization and restorations in affected areas.

Component 2 Hill Complex

Character Description Period(s) of construction Predominant materials and construction techniques

th th The Hill Complex, regarded as 13 – 15 C AD Dry stone walling the seat of power during the occupation of Great Zimbabwe, consists of a series of enclosures constructed on a prominent hill to the north of the monument. Condition Varies in different parts. Some parts are stable while some areas indicate instability related to bulging, splitting, toppling and sheering.

Conservation History RESTORED/ RECONSTRUCTED WALLS AT GREAT ZIMBABWE

HILL COMPLEX

1. Wall No.1 1991 2. Wall No.2 T. Musindo 2006 3. Wall No.3 C. Wallace 1911-14 4. Wall No.6 5. Wall No8 6. Wall 15 7. Wall No.18 8. Wall No.19 9. Wall No.21 C. Wallace 10. Wall No.23 11. Wall No.22 C. Wallace O. Nehowa 1994 12. Wall No. 17 13. Wall No.16 14. Wall No.12 C. Mugwadi 2006 15. Wall No.9 16. Terrace Wall G. Chikwanda 2001 17. Protective wall 1998 18. Wall No.20 C. Mugwadi 2006

11 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 Major Problems and Pathologies 1. Northern side inner wall – splitting, bulging and voids

2. Southern side (recess enclosure) – splitting

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3. Western enclosure – cracking of blocks

- Sheering

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4. Western entrance to royal enclosure – reinforcement

Prognosis The state of conservation of the various components is not likely to change significantly.

Top Priorities Stone wall stabilization and restoration

Further remarks:

5. Threats Please address threats to the site core and setting/buffer zone, specifying which is affected. Typical anthropogenic threats include neglect, inappropriate restoration, looting, ‘borrowing’ for building materials, encroachment, new construction, pollution, industrial activities, armed conflict, vandalism, congestion, wear & tear, over-commodification. Typical environmental threats include flooding, rainfall, wind, desertification, fire, earthquakes, vegetation, animal traffic.

Phenomenon Impact Explanation Implications Recommendations Character and extent Causality Likely future outcome if (what and where) (how / why) unchecked

Fire Can be extensive and affects Human negligence. Bush fires High temperatures from fires -Fire hazard awareness campaigns among 14 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 both site core and buffer zone usually start from the result in instability of walls and local communities surrounding areas around the eventual collapse -Construction of effective fireguards around buffer zone and then spread to the monument estate the site core -Procurement of effective fire fighting equipment such as beaters, water cannons and erection of hydrants in strategic parts of the monument. Vegetation Tree roots affect wall stability in Natural Wall instability, bulging and Removal of trees is one option. This however instances where roots grow eventual collapse has to be undertaken carefully as the remedy under or within walls and wall may itself create new challenges. foundations. Wall cracks have been known to occur as a result of vegetation Animal traffic Local communities cattle Depletion of pastures in local Trampling on low walls and The fence erected around the Great grazing within the monument community areas has created within and outside enclosures Zimbabwe is periodically vandalized by estate is a constant problem. pressures which lead them to affects walls and locals. Of late, dialogue with local community This may affect walls as well as drive their livestock into the archaeological deposits. Cattle leaders has gone some way towards solving dhaka/adobe structures estate rubbing against stone walls the problem. In addition, NMMZ has revised may lead to instability of the the total ban policy to allowing controlled Baboons and monkeys are a same. Cattle roaming on the grazing on the estate for locals. This however also a problem. However, this estate also affect visitor is not sustainable. The grazing capacity of the threat is not felt to be very experience. estate is finite and in the long term will face serious. It is also felt that the the same pressures as in the communal cultural and natural heritage areas. In the long term, a strong fence and complement each other. continued dialogue with locals amy be the Traditionally, there is no divide solutions. between culture and nature.

Further remarks: Fire outbreaks are almost an annual hazard at Great Zimbabwe during the dry season. This does affect the integrity of the monument not only with regards to the fabric but also with regards to the aesthetic values. After such outbreaks, the monuments environment looks desolate and affects the aesthetic appeal of the place. Vegetation including some species with spiritual values is also destroyed and takes time to regenerate.

6. Management

Aspect Description Adequacy Legal & Regulatory National Museums and Monuments The act is strong and adequate. It however needs to be amended to include the intangible aspects Protection Act of Zimbabwe Cap 25 1972 of archaeological heritage such as Great Zimbabwe and related sites. Great Zimbabwe has very strong spiritual values attached to it. Managing Authority - National Museums and Monuments Adequate nominal of Zimbabwe Managing Authority - actual National Museums and Monuments Adequate. Local community leaders are now part of the management system and this has vastly of Zimbabwe improved the management of the monument. Site Ownership– core State of Zimbabwe Adequate Site Ownership – buffer State of Zimbabwe Adequate zone Site Director Mr Lovemore Mandima Adequate. Incumbent has just recently appointed to GZ but has been with NMMZ for over 10years. 15 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 He holds a Masters Degree and has had experience in cultural heritage management. Annual Budget Staff costs, maintenance, Inadequate. Great Zimbabwe requires substantial budget input in relation to research costs, US$ 750000 conservation, research research and maintenance equipment, staff costs, upgrading of tourism capacity and facilities as well as information dissemination Staff – size and GZ staff consists of the Regional Inadequate. The size of the monument as well as its physical complexity and management needs composition Directorate, 7 Heads of requires a larger staff. Departments, professionals and junior staff (see Appendix 1) Staff – training/expertise All Heads of Departments have Adequate. There is however need for continual training and upgrading in several areas such as Masters degrees in relevant areas. conservation, marketing and tourism. Mid-level staff (eg archaeology, marketing & education departments) have Bachelor degrees. Technical staff hold certificate or diploma qualifications. The most junior staff, eg in the maintenance department have High school education. Prior international capacity- 1982: UNDP training in All these efforts have gone some way towards alleviating the conservation efforts at GZ. They building efforts photogrammetry for stone walls however have not been on a sustained basis. Some have addressed specific needs at a particular monitoring/conservation point in time. What is required is long term support in material and other needs for a sustained conservation program at GZ. 1988-2010: Sida/SAREC: Archaeological research and conservation training

1989: Japanese government Cultural Aid Grant - Computers and conservation equipment for the Conservation Centre

1992: British ODA training and dry stone wall conservation

1992: UNESCO Donors Conference for archaeological heritage conservation and resource development

1994: Finnish government funding for development of Digital Terrain modeling and conservation monitoring

2008: US ambassador’s Fund for Cultural Property Security – CCTV security equipment for the GZ Museum

16 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 Resources (labs, vehicles, GZ has a Conservation Centre Inadequate. Most of the lab equipment in the Conservation centre was part of the 1992 Japanese computers etc) which is equipped with limited Cultural Aid Grant and now largely outdated or obsolete. There is dire need for new equipment for equipment such as PCs, Scanner, the Conservation centre by way of computers, printers, scanners, digitizing equipment, cameras, Printers, Digitising equipment, Map maps, air photographs as well as GPS equipment. The Experimental Yard at the Conservation cabinets, cameras and a Centre needs to be resuscitated. The Labs need new equipment for documentation collections miscellany of other research and management and conservation. lab equipment. GZ also needs at least 2 new trucks/vehicles and a tractor, grass cutter and lawn mowers for There is 1 tractor, a 5 tonne truck mantainance of the estate grounds. and a 1 tonne truck Management Priorities Development of a Management Currently, there is only a Management System Plan Management Planning Management Plan A management Plan is in the process of being developed. This needs to be speeded up Boundaries and buffer Relationship with local communities Since the recent incorporation of local traditional leaders on the local Management Board, there has zones - clarity and been significant improvement. There is need for continual dialogue. enforcement Education/Outreach Museum Education Department Fairly adequate. There is need for more aggressive outreach programs to schools and the general public Interpretation – Have site Site museum at Great Zimbabwe Fairly Adequate values been articulated? provides fairly adequate Are they readily interpretation of the monument. In communicated to the addition, Great Zimbabwe features public? frequently on national TV and various daily newspapers Community Involvement Local traditional community leaders are now involved and this ha been very useful and effective. Are current management systems effective and sufficient? Representatives of the local communities have recently been incorporated onto the Local Management Board.

What are the primary obstacles to effective management? Inadequate provision of human and material resources.

What are the most urgent site management needs? Production of a Management Plan

What would you recommend as the top priorities for site management assistance? Research and maintainance equipment as well as Internet facilities

Further remarks: Great Zimbabwe is a huge cultural resource which requires substantial material inputs for effective management and realization of its full tourism potential.

7. Management Scorecard Rate each of the following areas on a scale from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest), justifying or qualifying your score as necessary. Area of Assessment Score Score Comments relative to relative to intl comparable standardseg sites in World Heritage country/region Program

17 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 Overall Protection – 8 6 As a cultural splace, GZ enjoys the highest protection in the country. In the regional context, it Site Core perhaps falls second to similar places in South Africa Overall Protection – 6 6 The buffer zone has not been as much an area of focus as the site core Buffer Zone Site Condition – Physical 8 6 The extent of wall collapse and deterioration of dhaka/adobe structures compares somewhat unfavourably with similar world heritage places especially in the Americas, Europe and the far East.

Site Condition – Perceptual 8 8 Threats to the condition of the place are minimal in this regard Setting Condition – Physical 7 7 The site setting is generally in a fairly good condition

Setting Condition – Perceptual 8 8 Generally, this is good

State of Conservation 7 6

Overall Threat Level 7 6 Several parts of the monument stone walls are threatened with collapse. Exposed Dhaka/adobe structures have been deteriorating in condition.

Visitor Experience / Current 9 9 In normal times, Great Zimbabwe has appealed to and attracted visitors from far and wide. Tourism Appeal Currently however, visitorship from abroad has been affected by the negative national image and locally, by the poor economic conditions. Recently however, there is been an improvement compared to the dark years 2006-2008. Tourism Development – Extent 6 6 Publicity and marketing for tourism has not been very effective. Infrastructure development for tourism has a also been minimal. With the setting up of the Marketing Department within NMMZ however, it is expected that there will be positive change. In addition, NMMZ is planning to expand accommodation facilities at GZ. Tourism Development – 8 8 As the political and economic conditions continue to improve within the context of the Sustainability Government of National Unity, the projection of tourism arrivals at GZ is largely positive and therefore a reasonably secure basis for optimism with regards to sustainability. Future Tourism Potential 8 8 The current trend indicates reasonably good potential

Overall Management 7 6 Just about adequate

Management Planning 5 5 There is need to speed up the process of developing a Management Plan for GZ

Management Resources 4 4 GZ is inadequately resourced

Community Involvement 7 7 There has been a significant improvement with regards to the level of community involvement.

8. Stakeholders This purpose of this section is to establish an understanding of key stakeholder groups’ attitudes and aspirations regarding the site and their receptivity to, expectations for and likely concerns about preservation, tourism and community development. Stakeholder groups could include local residents, local government, formal and informal 18 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 tourism service providers, religious / ethnic / indigenous groups, traditional site users, etc. Insert new rows as needed Stakeholder Group Attitude/Agenda Representation in Participation in Comments tourism planning tourism benefits (actual or potential) (actual or potential) Local residents Generally satisfied Quite high. A fairly Sale of curios to high selection of tourists appears to local residents are be the most involved with tourism important benefit to through sale of locals curios. Tour Operators Generally positive There is generally Tour Operators are NMMZ needs to establish reliable internet service in order to good communication a major beneficiary facilitate effective communication with Tour Operators. At the between NMMZ time of assessment, communication was via mobile telephone Tourism Officer and and landline. The NMMZ Website needs to be improved. Tour Operators Local government Communication Minimal between NMMZ and local govt seems minimal Traditional site Generally satisfied There is continual Reasonable. In users: Traditional dialogue between addition to the Village at GZ NMMZ and leaders NMMZ entrance fee of the Traditional into GZ, tourists pay Village a separate entrance fee into the Traditional Village. Further remarks:

9. Tourism For the following section, either rate the quality of the item on a scale from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent). Enter 0 if the item is absent. For asterisked cells, please enter the relevant statistic. Item Rating (0-5) Comments or *Amount Area Infrastructure Air Access 0 Air Zimbabwe service from Harare to Masvingo has not been operating for over 15 years. Ground Transport 4 There is reasonable public transport services from Masvingo to Great Zimbabwe and the road is in very good condition. Complementary Attractions 4 Lake Mutirikwe and the Dam wall as well as Mutirikwe National Parks Game, some 15 km away from Great Zimbabwe reserve offer additional attractions Accommodations 4 Great Zimbabwe Hotel (3 star). NMMZ operates 8 self catering lodges, 5 roundavels as well a dormitory for school parties Personal Safety 5 There have been no negative reports over several years with regards to tourist safety. In addition to NMMZ security officers, there is a 24 hour presence of 4 national police officers at Great Zimbabwe. Site Annual Visitation – 2000 *45 599 Declined from previous years as a result of political and economic situation in the country Annual Visitation – 2005 *30 938 Declined as a result of political and economic situation 19 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 Annual Visitation – 2010 *35 145 Slight improvement as result of the setting up of the Government of National Unity. Statistics for 2011 for January- November reflect a positive trend Proportion of foreign *c. 11% Decline from the year 2000 as a result of political and economic conditions in the country which prompted security visitors concerns in the international community. The country has generally received bad international publicity which has seriously negatively affected international tourist arrivals. Estimated Ave. Length of 2 days There is need to promote the additional tourism attractions around GZ such as Lake Mutirikwe (under the National Parks Stay and Wildlife Management Authority) and its various offerings such as boating and fishing. Entry Fee – Domestic *$5(Adult) This seems reasonable enough to encourage domestic visitors to come. $3 (Child) Entry Fee – International *$15(Adult) This appears to be fair enough to encourage the international visitor and the level compares favourably with regional and $8 (Child) international rates. Annual Revenue *$260 000 Site Access / Transport 4 There is regular public transport from Masvingo to Nemanwa Growth Point. The road to Great Zimbabwe is in good condition Parking 5 There is adequate parking for at least 10 buses and ample parking for private vehicles Security / First Aid 4 There is a clinic at Nemanwa Growth Point 3km away. Masvingo has a large state hospital. Restrooms 4 These are located conveniently at the foot of the Hill Complex and are adequate Refreshments 3 The NMMZ Curio Shop at the foot of the Hill Complex only offers soft drinks. Tea/Coffee/Meals can be had at the Great Zimbabwe Hotel Rest areas 4 Available at the NMMZ Curio Shop Crafts/souvenirs 5 The NMMZ Curio Shop offers GZ souvenirs. A much larger point of crafts/souvenirs run by local community is found at the turn off from the main road into GZ. This offers a substantial variety of local crafts and GZ related curios. Site access/circulation Interpretive Center 4 This presents a fairly comprehensive overview of Great Zimbabwe and features all the Zimbabwe birds as well as the various important artefacts recovered from excavations at the site. Guides 4 Available on request Interpretive Signage 5 The signage is guides the tourist through the monument very clearly Interpretive Literature 3 There are 3 guide books on GZ and a variety of somewhat more academic literature What is the current tourism appeal of the site? How does this compare with other sites in the country/region?

Great Zimbabwe has always been the most popular cultural tourist destination in southern Africa. Great Zimbabwe has very wide domestic and international appeal as a cultural tourism destination. In the country, it remains the second most popular tourist destination after Vitoria Falls.

What is the overall future tourism potential of the site, taking into account social, economic and political dynamics at the site, local, regional and national levels?

In recent years, tourism arrivals at Great Zimbabwe have been adversely affected by the overall national political and economic climate against negative international perceptions of the country as a tourism destination. However, there has been a marked improvement since the establishment of the Government of National Unity(GNU) This is clear indication once the political and economic situation stabilises, tourism arrivals are set to improve significantly.

What are the most significant obstacles to tourism development at the site? The current political international image of Zimbabwe

What are the most urgent priorities for the development of tourism at the site? Construction of additional tourist accommodation Refurbishment of existing NMMZ lodges Refurbishment of school children dormitories 20 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 Development of facilities for refreshments/meals on site. Currently, light and proper meals are only available at the Great Zimbabwe Hotel. The NMMZ Curio Shop currently only offers soft drinks NMMZ should engage transport operators such that there is transport all the way to the actual site The NMMZ Marketing Dept needs to embark on a major domestic and international publicity drive by way of establishing a more informative Website as well as establish effective communication networks

Further remarks:

10. References and Documentation (Insert new rows as needed) Collections, repositories and databases Name/Description Managing Agency Location/access

Maps, GIS Title/Description Year Author/Agency Location/access

Photographs Title/Description Year Author/Agency Location/access

Reports Title/Description Year Author/Agency Location/access

Plans Title/Description Year Author/Agency Location/access

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Great Enclosure Site Plan

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Hill Complex Site Plan

Popular media including news and magazine articles, websites

23 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 Title/Description Year Author/Agency Location/access

Other Title/Description Year Author/Agency Location/access

Bibliography (academic and professional books and articles) Year Author, Title, Publisher

Beach,D.N. 1973a. Great Zimbabwe As Mwari –Cult Centre. Rhodesian Prehistory 4:21-30

Beach,D.N.,Bourdillon, M.F.C., Denbow, J., Liesengang, G., Loubser, J.H.W., Pikirayi, I., Schoenbrun, D., Soper, R.C. and Stahl, A.B. 1998. Cognitive Archaeology and Imaginary History at Great Zimbabwe Current Anthropology 39 (1):47-72

Bent, J.T.1893a. On The Finds At The Great Zimbabwe Ruins (With A View To Elucidating The Origins Of The Race That Built Them) Journal Of The Anthropological Institute 22:124-159

Braddock, B. J.1999. Theodore and Mabel Bent: A Discussion on the Work in Great Zimbabwe of This 19th Century Couple. Zimbabwean Prehistory 23:38-44

Blacking, J. And Huffman, T. 1985. The Great Enclosure and Domba. Man (N.S) 20: 542-545

Caton- Thompson, G.1930. Mysterious Great Zimbabwe. Asia 31:235

Caton-Thompson, G.1931. Mysterious Great Zimbabwe. Asia: Journal Of The American Asiatic Association31:390-396,402-405

Caton - Thompson, G.1971. The Zimbabwe Culture: ruins and reactions. London: Frank Cass and Co. Ltd.

Chipunza, K. T.1997 “A Diachronic Analysis Of The Standing Structures Of The Hill Complex At Great Zimbabwe” In Pwiti, G(ed.) Caves, Monuments And Texts: Zimbabwean Archaeology Today,125-142,Uppsala:Societas ArchaeologicaUppsalensis(Studies In African Archaeology 14)

Chipunza,K.T.2000”Great Zimbabwe Site Museum” Nammo Bulletin 9:8

Clarkson Fletcher, H. 1941 Psychic Episodes Of Great Zimbabwe: A True Narrative Cape town: Central News Agency South Africa, Limited

Collet, D. 1990. The master plan for the conservation and resources development of the archaeologicalGreat Zimbabwe. London: Thames and Hudson.

24 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 Collet, D. 1992. The archaeological heritage of Zimbabwe: A masterplan for resource conservation and development. UNDP and UNESCO Project. Zim 88/028

Collet, D.P., Vines, A.D. And Hughes,G.1992 “The Chronology Of The Valley Enclosures : Implications For The Interpretation Of Great Zimbabwe “ African Archaeological Review 10:139-161

Cooke,C.K. 1981 “Refurbished Museum Displays Great Zimbabwe`s Treasures “ Africa Calls From Zimbabwe 129:4-5,7-9,11

Fagan,B.M. 1973 “Book Review : P.S. Garlake 1973 Great Zimbabwe London : Thames And Hudson” Antiquity 47 (188) : 330-331

Garlake,P.S. 1976a “Great Zimbabwe : A Reappraisal” In Proceedings Of The Panafrican Congress Of Prehistory And Quaternary Studies 12th Session-1971Abebe ,B., Chavallion, J. And Sutton, J.E.G. e.), 221-226, Addis Ababa:Ministry Of Culture

Garlake P.S.1982. Great Zimbabwe Described and Explained. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House

Garlake P.S. 1982. Life At Great Zimbabwe. Harare : Mambo Press

Garlake, P.S. 1984”Ken Mufuka And Great Zimbabwe”Antiquity 58 (223):121-123

Garlake P.S. 1985. UpenyuPamuzindaWezimbabwe: Mambo Press [Shona Translation of English 1982]

Gatehouse, R. P.1960a. Letter To The Editor: Great Zimbabwe. The South African Archaeological Bulletin 15 (59): 123-124

Gatehouse, R.P.1960b “Military Science Applied To Great Zimbabwe “South African Journal Of Science 59(1): 13-18

Guannu, J. S.1971.”Who Built the Great Zimbabwe?” African Progress, September-October1971:26-28

Fontein, J. 2006. "Closure at Great Zimbabwe: Local Narratives of Desecration and Alienation". Journal of Southern African Studies 32: 771–794.

Hall, M. 1995. “Great Zimbabwe And The Lost City: The Cultural Colonization Of The South African Past” In Theory In Archaeology:A World PerspectiveUcko, P.J (Ed),28-45,London: Routledge

Hall, R. N.1903a.”Great Zimbabwe” Report Of The South African Association For The Advancement Of Science: First Meeting ,Cape Town ,1903:504-515

Hall,R.N.1903b. “Great Zimbabwe: The Hill Or Acropolis Ruins” South Africa 57:550-553,632635,712-715,778-791

Hall, R.N. 1904a. “Great Zimbabwe: Further Notes by Hall, R. N.” South Africa 61:346-347,662-663

25 ©Global Heritage Fund 2011 Hall, R.N.1904b. “Mr.Hall’s Exploitations at Great Zimbabwe: Further Details and Interesting Conclusion” South Africa 63:688- 689,756-757

Hall, R. N.1904/05a. “The Great Zimbabwe :Notes Of Lecture Delivered Before The African Society, October 12th ,1904”Journal Of The Royal African Society 4:295-300

Hall, R. N.1905b. Recent Excavations at Great Zimbabwe. Man 4:176

Hall, R. N.1905c. The Great Zimbabwe. Journal of the Royal African Society 4(15):295-300

Hall, R. N.1905d. The Great Zimbabwe and Other Ancient Ruins in Zimbabwe. The Geographical Journal 25(4):405-414

Hall, R. N.1905e. Ancient Architecture at Great Zimbabwe” Journal of The Society Of Arts 53(2733):563-568

Hall, R. N.1905f. “Great Zimbabwe” African Affairs 15:295-300

Hall, R.N.1905g. “Recent Exploitations at Great Zimbabwe”. Report Of the British Association for the Advancement of Science-1904 74:701

Hall, R.N. 1950. Great Zimbabwe, Mashonaland, Rhodesia: An Account Of Two Years’ Examination Work In 1902-4 On Behalf Of The Government Of Rhodesia London: Methuen.

Hall, R.N. 1923. “The Ruins Of Great Zimbabwe” In The Story Of The Cape To Cairo Railway And River Route From 1887 To 1922 Weinthal, L. (ed), 425-433, London: Pioneer Publishing Co.

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Appendix 1

Great Zimbabwe Organizational Structure/Staff Composition

Local Board of Trustees Regional Director MA (History/Strategic Studies) (Local Community Leadership Represenatives)

Maintance Conservation Archaeology Education Marketing Tourism Human Resources (Head) (Head) (Head) (Head) (Head) (Head) (Head) Diploma MA (Archaeology) MA (Education) BSc (Tourism) BSc (Tourism) Diploma MA Heritage Studies

Archaeologists (4) Tour guides (7) Photogrammetrist Marketing Technicians (3) BA (Archaeology) Education assistants (9) High School Certificate (1) assistant (1) Certificate Clerk Technicians (2) Diploma/certificate Lodge attendants (6) BSc Diploma General hands (16) High School Certificate Surveyor (1) Diploma/Certificate Ticketing (2) BSc High School Certificate Surveying Souvenir shop assistants (2) assistants (3) High School Certificate Diploma/certificate Stone masons Traditional