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Exploring Donald Trump and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’S Online Performance of Populism and Immigration Rhetoric

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Exploring Donald Trump and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’S Online Performance of Populism and Immigration Rhetoric Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 7-1-2020 “Someone’s Got to Look out for the People”: Exploring Donald Trump and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s Online Performance of Populism and Immigration Rhetoric Taylor P. Koopman Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Social Influence and oliticalP Communication Commons Recommended Citation Koopman, Taylor P., "“Someone’s Got to Look out for the People”: Exploring Donald Trump and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez’s Online Performance of Populism and Immigration Rhetoric" (2020). Master's Theses. 5162. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/5162 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “SOMEONE’S GOT TO LOOK OUT FOR THE PEOPLE”: EXPLORING DONALD TRUMP AND ALEXANDRIA OCASIO-CORTEZ’S ONLINE PERFORMANCE OF POPULISM AND IMMIGRATION RHETORIC by Taylor P. Koopman A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Communication Western Michigan University June 2020 Thesis Committee: Anna Popkova, Ph.D., Chair Charles Kurth, Ph.D. Sue Ellen Christian, M.A © 2020 Taylor P. Koopman “SOMEONE’S GOT TO LOOK OUT FOR THE PEOPLE”: EXPLORING DONALD TRUMP AND ALEXANDRIA OCASIO-CORTEZ’S ONLINE PERFORMANCE OF POPULISM AND IMMIGRATION RHETORIC Taylor P. Koopman, M.A. Western Michigan University, 2020 This thesis examines the performance of populism by a right- and left-wing politician in the digital sphere during the peak of the immigration crisis in 2019 using the lens of Moffitt’s populism as performance theory (performer, stage, and audience) and Baldwin-Philippi’s four methods of ‘centering the people.’ My findings show that Trump and Ocasio-Cortez’s performances of populism condemn the degradation of the U.S. and portray themselves as immigration warriors. Trump uses exclusionary rhetoric to advocate putting “America First,” and Ocasio-Cortez expresses inclusionary rhetoric to develop an “America for All,” in a way that informs their performances of conservative and democratic-socialist populism to center ‘the people.’ Specifically, Trump and Ocasio-Cortez’s performance centers ‘the people’ by: speaking to them using retweets of their own messaging, utilizing data-driven facts, and using Spanish (in Ocasio-Cortez’s case); engaging them by visually showing engagement through photos and videos (only Ocasio-Cortez used this tactic); styling oneself on them through both moral outrage and compassion, and Ocasio-Cortez voicing support for an inclusive U.S., while Trump argued for a protected U.S.; and finally highlighting their voices through retweeting verified users to showcase support for not only themselves, but their policy positions as well. These findings demonstrate that populism is a form of strategic communication, a tool for populist politicians to use to not only traditionally unite ‘the people’ against an enemy, but also for a cause. These findings also expand on left-wing populism to show how formerly excluded out-group immigrants may be invited to become part of ‘the people’ through inclusionary rhetoric. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Anna Popkova of the School of Communication at Western Michigan University. I would not have been able to do any of this without her, and her mentorship has been invaluable to me. Further, she is a true inspiration and always made feel supported and understood throughout the thesis process. I truly appreciate all the advice Dr. Popkova provided, and I know I would not be here without her. I must also express my very profound gratitude to my partner, as well as my mother, for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. Without their support, I would not have been able to devote so much time to my studies, and I owe much to them. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you. Taylor P. Koopman ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ ii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 5 Background on Immigration Case Study ............................................................................ 5 Immigration in the U.S. ............................................................................................... 5 The History of Immigration in the U.S. (1790 – 2016) ............................................... 6 Immigration Under President Trump (2017 – Present) ............................................... 8 The Immigration Debate in the U.S. .......................................................................... 11 Pro- and Anti-Immigration Rhetoric ......................................................................... 14 Theoretical Foundations.................................................................................................... 16 Populism as Political Style ........................................................................................ 16 Performing Populism ................................................................................................. 18 Populism and Identity Politics ................................................................................... 21 Right- Versus Left-wing Populism ............................................................................ 22 iii Table of Contents—Continued CHAPTER Right-wing Populist Donald Trump. ......................................................................... 25 Left-wing Populist Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez .......................................................... 25 Research Questions ........................................................................................................... 26 III. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 27 IV. RESULTS ......................................................................................................................... 30 Trump and Ocasio-Cortez’s Performance of Populism on Twitter .................................. 30 Condemning the Degradation of the U.S. .................................................................. 30 Acting as an Immigration Warrior ............................................................................. 38 Putting “America First” ............................................................................................. 43 Developing an “America for All” .............................................................................. 46 V. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 50 Summary of Research Findings ........................................................................................ 50 Strengths and Limitations ................................................................................................. 54 Future Research ................................................................................................................ 55 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 57 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................. 75 iv Table of Contents—Continued A. A Timeline of Trump’s Immigration Policies and Events ................................................ 75 B. U.S. Immigration Timeline ............................................................................................... 82 C. Keywords Used in Data Collection................................................................................... 87 D. Copyright Forms ............................................................................................................... 88 v LIST OF TABLES 1. Ocasio-Cortez and Trump’s Total Tweets and Theme Occurrences ...................................... 31 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Populist Affordances Model and Digital Campaign Practices……………….……………….21 2. Ocasio-Cortez Condemning the Decline of the U.S………………………………………..…32 3. Ocasio-Cortez Calling Trump Racist in Mind and Heart……………………………………..32 4. Representative Brendan Boyle Implying Double Standard of Racism……………………….32 5. Ocasio-Cortez Claiming to be on the Side of the People……………………………………...34 6. Ocasio-Cortez Citing Expert on Concentration Camps ………………………………………35 7. Trump Blaming Democrats for U.S. Immigration Problems………………………………….37 8. Trump Denouncing the “Squad.”……………………………………………………………...37 9. The Federalist Article
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