ANALYSIS I ANALYSE

TWO CHURCHES BY : ST. PETER'S, BARTON, AND ST. PAUL:S, GLANFORD, AND THE ECCLESIOLOGICAL GOTHIC REVIVAL IN ONTARI01

Professor MALCOLM THURLBY, Ph 0., F.S A., >MALCOLM THURLBY enjoys cooking, watching soccer, and driving his wife's BMW Z3 whilst listening to the music of Roy

Wood. His latest book, Romanesque Architecture and Sculpture in Wales, was published by Logaston

Press, Almeley (Hel'efordshirel. in June 2006. n his entry on Frank Wills (1822-1857) Iin the Dictionary of Canadian Biogra­ phy, Douglas Richardson wrote: "It could be argued that Frank Wills was the most important Gothic Revival architect of his generation in North America, even though he is one of the least known figures today. His obscurity must be due partly to the widespread range of his work-from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the Gulf of Mexico to the St. Law­ rence River-and partly to his early death." 2 Richardson's assessment is quite accurate, for although Wills's Anglican cathedrals in and Montreal are generally given an important place in the history of Canadian architecture, 3 and Fredericton has often received interna­ tional recognition,4 his role in the Gothic Revival elsewhere in North America is little studied.' Nowhere is this more evident than in Ontario where his work has been almost completely ignored.' To some extent, this is understandable in that there are just three Wills churches documented in Ontario, of which only one survives. That legacy is eclipsed by that of William Hay (1818-1888), who arrived in Toronto in 1853. Hay served as Clerk of Works for George Gilbert Scott on the Anglican Cathedral in St. John's, Newfoundland, and designed Anglican churches in Newfoundland and Labra­ dor, which received the rare distinction of a positive review in The Ecc/esiologisU During his ten-year stay in Toronto, Hay established a thriving architectural prac­ tice. He built a large number of churches for various denominations in Ontario and penned an article on Augustus Welby Pugin, which provided a neat summary of Pugin's True Principles of Pointed or

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closed exc ept as a mortuary Church." 14 The church w as demolished in 1922, but it is know n from t w o photographs of the exterior, one from the sout h-west , the other from the north-w est, a sketch, and an anonymous painting entitled "St. Peter's , Barton, 1851-1922," that hangs in the church hall of St. Paul's, Glanford (figs. 1 and 2).15 There is al so a contemporary detailed description of St. Peter's in The Church, the official voice of the Anglican Church in Canada, w hich is w orth quoting in full :

It was only the other day that a kind friend drove us out in his carriage from Hamilton to see, for the first time. the little Ba rton church , which is a perfect gem in its way­ the model, indeed, for country churches. FIG. 2. ANON, Sl PETE R'S, BARTO N, PAINTI NG IN THE PARI SH HAL L OF Sl PAU L: S, GLANFORD, DETAIL. I MALCOLM THURLBY The architectural correctness of this pretty Christian Architecture• Of Hay's Anglican employed by Bishop to edifice is due to the good taste of t he late churches in Ontario, the best-preserved design St . Anne's Chapel (1846-1847) and incumbent, the Rev. R.N. Merritt, who. as our are St . George's, Pickering, St. George's, Christ Church Cathedral (1845-1856) in readers have been apprised, was compelled Newcastle, and St. Luke's, Vienna. In 1862 Fredericton, New Brunsw ick. Medley was a short time ago by ill-health to leave this Hay left his practice to Thomas Gundry formerly a canon at Cathedral and, Diocese, and has settled in t he Diocese of and his former pupil, Henry Langley in 1841, he founded the Exeter Diocesan New Jersey. He was happy in the choice of (1836 -1907) 9 Langley became the leading Architectural Society." He w as an avid his architect, Mr. Frank Wills, a gentleman church architect in Ontario and continued promoter of the doctrines of the Cam­ who, we have every reason to believe, is to design in the Hay manner especially bridge Camden Society (renamed Eccle­ imbued with the religious spirit of his noble in his Anglican churches. In light of the siological Society in 1846) for the erection profession , as every church architect ought large production of Hay and Langley, it is of "correct" Gothic churches based on to be. In carrying out the plans furnished by not surprising that the focus has been on the careful study of English medieval Mr. Wills, Mr. Merritt's own appreciation of their contribution to the Gothic revival in originals. In 1847 Will s moved to New genuine Church architecture and good taste chu rch architecture in Ontario in the third York and w as a founding member of the were of service t o him. The r esult has been quarter of the nineteenth century. Be that New York Ecc le siological So ciet y, which the erection of a building which affects you as it may, the foundation of "ecclesiologi­ published the Ne w York Ecclesiologist with a pleasing interest the moment the eye cally correct" Anglican Gothic churches in from 1848 to 1853 . In 1850 he published rests on it; and simple village-church as it Ontario w as established by Frank W ills Ancient English Ecclesiastical Architecture is, fills the mind, immediately on entering before Hay's arrival in Toronto. Examina­ and Its Principles, Applied to the Wants it, with a quiet and solemn sense of God's tion of two of Wills's little-known Angli­ of the Church at the Present Day, w hich presence. We have never entered a church can churches near Hamilton, St . Peter's , promoted the true principles of pointed in Canada w he re the effect o f s oftened Barton, and St. Paul's, Glanford, allow s architecture according to Pugin and the light and internal ar·rangements lisl s o us to understand Wills as a key figure Ecclesiologists ." instantaneous and so complete in exciting in Gothic Anglican churches in Upper devotional impressions. Canada in the early 1850s. Of Wills's Ontario churches, St . Peter's, Barton, w as opened June 13, 1852.13 lt w as St. Peter's, Barton, is of the early English Wills w as trained in the office of John closed in 1879, reopened in 1898 but, by style , and stands upon a si te adjoining Ha yward in Exeter ().10 He w as 1908, it w as "definitely and permanently that of the old Ba rton Church, one of the

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first Church buildings in the Gore dist r ict ; to wh ich . if we are not mistaken , the Re v. J.G. Geddes, A.M ., received his first appointment. The many moss grown stones of the old graveyard w hich is all that remains to mark the sp ot on which the former Church stood, bear the names of departed members of al l the old famili es in that part of the district. The present church is built FIG. 3. LONG STANTON (CAMBRI DGESH IR E), ST. MICHAEL'S, of stone- contains nearly 200 sittings. GENERAL VIEW FROM SO UTH WES T. I MALCOLMTHURLBY and cost about £600. The roof is open­ the chancel roof 32 feet high; the roof of the nave 40 feet. The chancel is in good proportion- about one th ird of the length of the nave- being 18 feet by 16 feet. whilst the nave is 50 feet by 27 feet. The wall s are 20 inches in thickness and 14 feet in height. The chancel w indow is filled with stained glass from New York , and has the cross well represented in the middle lancet. The window at the opposite end corresponds FIG. 4. LONG STANTON (CAM BRIDGESHIRE ), ST. MICHAEL'S, FIG . 5. LONG STANTON (CAMBR ID GESHIRE). ST. MICHAEL'S, EXTERIOR FROM SW (AFTER RAPHAE L AN D J. ARTHUR BRAN · EXTERIOR FR OM EAST. I MAL COL M THURLBY w ith that in the chancel. consisting of three DON. CHURCHES, 2 VO LS., LONDON, W. KENT & CO., lancets, all of stained glass. The chancel VOL. I, 1848) . 1MALCOLMTHUR LBY is about 20 inches above t he fl oor of the nave . and is d1vided by a single rail, inside we doubt not, to encourage congregational fac;ade is divided into three vertically by of which. near the Communion Table. are singing; whilst it leads the choir to consider stepped buttresses. three sedilia and the Credence Tab le; and themselves part of the congregation. as on the outside are other lsicl three sedili a. they ought alw ays to do. renouncing , on The Church article is most informative on Of these . t he prayers are read in the one that gr ound. al l such unsuitable screens and w hat w as considered to be t he ideal form which is nearest the nave-an arrangement barriers. as curtain s and the like. for an Anglican country church of the which most felicitously dispenses with the time in Upper Canada, one that included reading-desk. which reading-desk in many The Barton Church is provided with a belfry many of the elements advocated by the country churches, and not a few town ones, which will hold three bells. We are glad to Ec clesiological Society, even though it is n ot much better than an ungraceful hear that the services of an excel lent or ganist was not written by a card-carrying mem­ and inconvenient mountain of wood. The have been engaged- an Englishman, whose ber. The patron, Rev. Merritt, is praised Communion Table in front is ornamented father was a Dr . of Music . and organist of for his "good taste" and appreciation of with the Cross within a circle. the latter St. Asaph's Cathedral. in Wales. We must the "correctness" of the "genuine Church f igure being emblematic of eternity. Both not forget to add that St. Paul 's Church. architecture." In other w ords, it is a Chris­ of these devices are bronzed. The lectern Glanfor d, and St. Mary's, near Brantford. tian Gothic edifice, not a pagan classical is neat and convenient and stands on the were likewise erected through Mr. Merritt 's one, and its details follow English medi­ first step of the chancel. On one side of exertions.16 eval precedent. Inside, there was "a quiet the chancel stands the pulpit. of plain style and solemn sense of God's presence" and and proper dimensions; and on the other, In addition to that description, we should "the effect of softened light and internal is the organ. the case of w hich is made to note that St . Peter's has a four-bay nave arrangements w as so instantaneous and correspond w ith the style of the Church. divided by stepped buttresses with weath­ so complete in exciting devotional impres­ erings and a single lancet window in each sions." The style is Early English Gothic Th is organ. by the w ay, rests off the floor bay, except where the porch is located and the reference to the open roof may of the nave. a position wh ich wi ll be found. in the third bay on the south side. The be taken to mean that the timbers w ere

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may have visited St. Michael's, Long Stanton, himself, w hen he traveled to Snettisham, Norfolk, to study St . Mary's Church, w hich served as the basic model for Bi shop Medley's cathedral in Freder­ icton. Long Stanton had already served as the model for St. James-the - Le ss, Philadelphia {1846-1847),2 ' and was the inspiration for St. Saviour's, Hermitage, FIG. 6. GLANFO RD, ST. PAUL'S, EXTERIOR FRO M Newfoundland, probably by William Grey EA ST. I MALCOLM THURLBY (c. 1850-1854).22 1t was also an important point of reference for Frank Wills's Chapel of the Cross, Madison, Missouri (1848), 23 Christ Church Episcopal, Newark, New Jersey {1848-1850). 24 and St . Michael's, Sillery, (1854-1856). 25 In the absence of illustrations of the interior of St. Peter's, Barton, we wi ll now turn to Wills's church of St. Paul's, Glanford, which stands to this day on the east side FIG . 7. GLANFORD, ST. PAUL:S, EXTERIOR FROM FIG. 8. GLAN FORD, ST. PAUL'S, EXTERIOR FROM of Highway 6, 2869 Upper James Street, NORTH . I MALCOLMT HURLBY WEST I MALCO LM THURLBY south of Hamilton. truthfully exposed." That was an expres­ sion of "reality" in architecture, accord­ In 1850 a meeting w as held for the pur­ ing to Frank Wills.18 There is a separate pose of planning the erection of a Church chancel "in good proportion" and "about of at Glanford. ' 6 On January 28'h, 20 inches above the floor of the nave," 1851, a Building Committee w as struck and stained glass in the east windows. and, on February 6'h, 1851, a site on Lot 6, All these elements speak of the High Concession 4, Glanford, was measured for Anglican Church, as does the inclusion of the church . On September 30'h, 1851, an sedilia. However, the author refers to the agreement was drawn up between the "communion table," rather than the altar; FIG . 9. GLANFORD, ST. PAUL'S, EXTERIOR FROM SOUTHWEST, Building Committee, and Robert Blair OLD PHOTO GRAPH. I MALCOLM THU RLBY this is the terminology of the , and John Simple for the construction not that of the 1 9 of St . Paul's Church. Stone cost t w o shil­ there is the architectural "correctness" in lings and six pence per perch (16.5 feet Comparison of St. Peter's, Barton, with the the recreation of the Early English Gothic or 5.092 metres), 27 brick was eleven shil­ thirteenth-century church of St. Michael's, forms with the separate nave and chan­ lings and three pence per thousand, and Long Stanton, Cambridgeshire, is instruc­ cel, south porch, steeply pitched roofs, plastering sixpence per square yard. The tive at two levels (figs. 1-4). First, there is pointed arches, and stepped buttresses. contractors agreed to finish the build­ the romantic ideal of the English country Specific reference to St. Michael's, Long ing of the church within two ca lendar church nestled in a churchyard with its Stanton, is indicated in the placement of months. For each and every day after the stone wall and trees. That established the the belfry and the division of the w est two months had expired and the work perfect image of the colonial church for front into three w ith stepped buttresses. w as uncompleted, the contractors were the rest of the nineteenth century, as viv­ Rather than copy the two-light bar tracery to forfeit the sum of one pound per day. idly illustrated in presentation draw ings by window at Long Stanton, Wills opted for The Building Committee on their part also Thomas Fuller and Henry Langley, and still triple lancet windows in the w est front agreed to forfeit one pound per day that to be experienced in St. James-the-Less at Barton, a motif he adapted from the the contractors were kept idle for la ck of Cemetery Church, Toronto. 20 Secondly, east front at Long Stanton (fig. 5) . Wills material. These were no smal l forfeits,

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FIG. 10 . GLANFORD, ST. PAUL'S, IN TERIOR TO EAST. I MALCO LM THURLBY

FIG . 11 . GLANFORD, ST. PAUL'S, IN TERIOR TO FIG. 12. GLAN FORD, ST. PAULS, FONT. I MALCOLM THURLBY FIG . 13. GLANFORD, ST. PAUL'S, NAVE, BEN CH WEST. I MALCOLM THURLBY END. I MALCOLMTHURLBY the equivalent of eight perches of stone, at the church shows that originally there while one pound two sh illings and six was a south porch (fig. 9) . At the western pence would have bought two thousand corners of the nave there are buttresses bricks. It is not recorded when the build­ that project at a forty-five-degree angle ing was completed, but it was dedicated (fig. 8). Pointed arches are used through­ May 7, 1858, by the Bishop of Toronto. out. There is a single window in the north While mention of St. Paul's, Glanford, in wa ll ofthe vestry (fig. 7) . Taller, paired lan­ the article in The Church does not specify cets are used in the sidewalls of the nave that Frank Wills was the architect, see­ (fig. 7), whi le triple stepped lancets are ing that St . Paul's was built for the same used in the east wall of the chancel and FIG. 14. GLANFORD, ST. PAUL'S, CHOIR STA LLS. I MALCOLM THURLBY patron as St. Peter's, Ba rton, it seems the west w all of the nave (figs. 6 and 8). likely that it was also the work of Wills. Also in the nave west w all there is a sma ll, beams and rafters. Above the intersec­ That is confirmed by numerous features vesica-shaped window above the middle tion of the scissor beams there is a king in the building. lancet (fig. 8). Inside, the floor of the chan­ post that gives support to the centre of ce l is raised two steps above the nave, and the collar beam that joins the tops of the St. Paul 's, Glanford, is built of red brick the two spaces are connected through a two scissor beams. The ceiling panels in and comprises a square-ended chancel, wide pointed arch (fig. 10). Originally, the the nave and chancel are not original. The a wider and taller rectangular nave, and high altar was elevated at the east end octagonal font is located at the west end a vestry to the north of the chancel in of the chance l-the step is sti ll there, but of the nave and is dated 1856 by inscrip­ the angle with the nave (figs. 6-8). The the altar is now placed close r to the con ­ tion (fig. 12) . The nave seating is integral chancel and nave are both covered with gregation. The nave preserves its original with the church as are the choir stalls in steeply pitched roofs. The congregation timber roof supports, albeit with a later the chance l, although the choir sta ll s were now enters the church through the south coat of paint (fig s. 10 and 11) . There are rearranged as a result of liturgical reform tower, but an old photograph preserved short wall posts w ith arched braces, sc issor (figs. 13 an d 14).

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FIG. 15. FREDERICTON, ST. ANNE'S CHAPEL OF EASE, EXTERIO R FROM NORTHEAST. I MALCOLM THURLBY

FIG. 16. EXWICK (DEVON), ST. AN DR EW'S, EXTER IOR FRO M FIG. 17. WARWICK BRID GE (CUM BERLAND), EXTERIOR FIG. 18. GLAN FORD, ST. PAUL'S, NAVE, SOUTHWEST SOUTH -SOUTHEAST, JOHN HAYWA RD. I MALCO LM THURL BY FROM SOUTHWEST, A.W. PUG IN. ! MALCOLM THURLBY BUTIRESS, DETAIL. I MALCO LM THURLBY

The two-cell plan with nave and chancel (now St. Mary's), Warwick Bridge, Cum­ should be marked in both; and to this end plus a south porch, the steeply pitched bria, which also share triple lancets on the the breadth of the Chancel should be a little roofs, and the triple lancets in the east west front w ith Glanford (figs. 8 and 17} .30 less than that of t he Nave; a difference of wall of the chancel and in the w est wa ll The tops of the buttresses at Glanford four or five feet will be quite suff icient. The of the nave, at St . Paul's, Glanford, is preserve an unusual detail. The weath­ he ight of the Chancel is usually less. in the similar to St. Peter's, Barton. The location ering is constructed in wood, a detail that same pr-oportion. I . I The comparative size of the vestry at Glanford is the same as suggests the builders were still working in of Chancel and Nave is a point which, within Wills's chapel of St. Anne's at Fredericton the traditions of the 1840s (fig. 18). certain limitations, must be left to taste. (figs. 7 and 15). The forty-five-degree Yet. as a general rule. the Chancel should angle buttresses on the west wall of the St . Peter's, Barton, and St . Paul's, Glan­ be not less than the third, or m ore than the nave are closely related to Wills's church ford, reflect the principles of the (Cam­ ha lf. of the whole length of the church.33 of St. Mary's, Castleton, Staten Island, bridge Camden) Ecc lesiological Society New York, built in 1853, and is modeled as expressed in the quarterly journal The Wills adopted this at Barton but, at on the east front of St. Michael's, Long Ecc/esiologistfirst published in 1841, and Glanford, the cha nce l is thirteen feet six Stanton (fig. 5}. 28 This motif was used by a series of pamphlets like A Few Words to inches (4.15 metres) E-W and seventeen , in St. Andrew's, Exwick, Church Builders.31 Here it was emphasized feet six inches (5 .33 metres) N-S, whi le Exeter (1841-1842), where the side walls that the church should be oriented, that the nave is forty-nine feet six inches of the nave omit buttresses as at Glan­ there be a separate nave and chancel, and (15.09 metres) E-W by twenty-five feet ford (fig. 16}. St . Andrew's, Exwick, was that the chancel "should be raised at least three inches (7.69 metres) N-S (internal described in The Ecc/esiologist as "the two steps at the Chancel arch ." " measurements). Here it must be sup­ best specimen of a modern church we posed that the Glanford Building Com­ have yet seen."' 9 Forty-five-degree angle Thi s division, essential in the interior, is no t mittee opted for a chancel that was at buttresses were also used frequently by always to be traced in the exterior. It is fa r once less ritualistic than recommended by A.W. Pug in as at Our Lady and St. Wilfrid's better indeed, generally speaking, that it the Ecclesiologists, and more traditional

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FIG . 19. FREDER IC TON, CHRI ST CHU RCH CAT HEDR AL ARCHIVES, FRANK WILLS DRAWIN G FIG. 20. MOULIN ETIE (NOW UPPER CANADA VILLAG E), CHRIST CHURCH, IN TERIOR TO FOR CHOIR FURNITURE. I MALCO LMTHU RLBY EAST (W EST). I MALCOLM THUR LBY for an Anglican church of the 1840s in the chancel was never constructed and Augustus Welby Pugin: "Our northern Upper Canada. Although the larger chan­ a pointed barrel vault in plaster was climate requires an acute pitch of roof to cel w as adopted at Barton, the descrip­ constructed over the nave, which was prevent the accumulation of snow and to tion in The Church does note that there "frescoed in a most chaste and ecclesi ­ resist weather. The Greeks, whose climate were no "unsuitable screens and barriers" astical manner,"38 but not according to is the reverse of ours, had their roofs and between the nave and chancel. This may ecclesiological principles. pediments exceedingly flat; nor could be contrasted with Wills's use of screens they be raised to our proper pitch w ithout at St. Anne's, Fredericton, for Bishop The Ecclesiologists recommended that the violating the character of their architec­ Medley, and St. Andrew's, Newcastle, vestry "may be throw n out, as w as often ture." 43 Both Pug in and the Ecclesiologists where the patron was Father James Hud­ done, on the north or south side of the insisted on the truthful exposure of timber son, a strong supporter of Medley's High Chancel," 39 exactly as at Glanford. in roofs. The Ecclesiologists were adamant Church ideals. 34 Wills himself considered about " the absolute necessity of getting the chancel screen as an indispensable On the matter of style, the Ecclesiologists rid, at any sacrifice, of those monstrous feature of the church 35 One also imag­ recorded that "[n]othing for example can innovations, pews, or, to spell the word ines that a situation like that at Glan­ be better suited to a small chapel than according to the most ancient spelling, ford was experienced by Wills in Grace Early English."40 In other words, models pues."44 It is recorded that open wood Church, Albany, New York, where the should be sought in English Gothic archi­ seats were more prevalent in England. This chancel was eighteen feet (5.49 metres) tecture between about 1170 and 1280, in opinion was upheld by Frank Wills when in length, while the nave was sixty feet which lancet windows are used singly, in he referred to medieval precedent: "The (18 .29 metres).36 For building committees pairs, and triplets. For the east wall of the seats were always facing east, and a central it was not always a matter of conforming chancel "[t]hree lancets are the most usu ­ passage (the wider, the better the effect to the High Church values of the Ecclesio­ ally adopted; these, it need not be said, on entering) was indispensable. No square logical Society and Frank Wills; compro­ symbolise the HOLY TRINITY."41 pews ever existed, no doors have w e ever mises and changes had to be made to suit seen ."45 It seems likely that the choir stalls specific circumstances. To cite just two On the pitch of the roof, a low trajectory and the nave seats at Glanford were inte­ examples in Wills's churches elsewhere: w as specifically rejected by the (Cam­ gral with the design of the church, as at Trinity Church, Scotland Neck, North Car­ bridge Camden) Eccle siological Society St. Anne's, Fredericton. The recessed qua­ olina (1856}, w here there was no screen, in the eighth edition of A Few Words to trefoil towards the top of the nave bench no masonry chancel arch and the "walls Churchwardens on Churches and Church ends at Glanford is a motif also used by were painted to resemble square blocks Ornaments, published in 1851, in which Wills and the ends of the boys' stalls in of stone,"" the very sort of sham despised a steeper pitch w as advocated .42 This the choir at Fredericton cathedral (figs. 13 by Wills. At Portage-du-Fort, Quebec, view was earlier expressed forcefully by and 19- low er right of illustration). This

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it was said that brick was "by no means • proscribed." 50 In 1850, Frank Wills some­ what reluctantly approved: " The red color of the bricks in general use is the great objection to them; if they cannot be obtained of a more quiet tone, and if painting be required to preserve them, the bright tint can be modified w ithout concea ling the nature of the wall ing." 51 In the same year, in an article entitled FIG. 21. KENILWORTH (WA RWICKSHIRE), ST. AUGUSTINE'S, "On the Proper Characteristics of a Town EXTE RIOR FROM SOUTHE AST. A.W. PUGIN.I MALCOLM THURL BY Church," published in The Ecc/esiologist, George Edmund Street advocated the use

of brick. 52 Pe rhaps there was an element of inevitability in the use of brick for church building. Pugin used red brick in a number of his churches, as at St . Chad 's Cathedral, Birmingham, 53 St. Wilfrid's, Hulme, Manchester, 54 and in a church of a similar scale and design to St. Paul 's, Glanford, at St . Augustine's, Kenilworth, Warwickshire (fig. 21). This is most signifi­ FIG . 22 . FREDERI CTON, ST. ANNE'S, EXTERIOR FROM FIG . 23. TANGMERE (SUSSEX), ST. ANDREW'S, EXTERIOR cant, for Wills hailed Pugin as "the great SOUTH . I MA LCOLMTHURL BY FROM SE (A FT ER RAPHAEL AN D J. ARTH UR BRANDON, PARISH CHURCHES, 2 VOLS., W. KENT & CO. , LONDON, English Architect" while, more generally, VOL. II, 1851).1 MALCOLMTHURLBY Mordaunt Crook regarded Pugin as "the seating is in sharp contrast to the box pews BE IN THE NAVE, AND NEAR A DOOR; this godfather of Anglican ecclesiology." 55 at Old St. Thomas's, St. Thomas (1824), or cannot be too much insisted on: it thus Brick was later used by Wills and Dud ­ Christ Church, Moulinette (1837), now at typifies the admission of a child into the ley in St. John's, Montgomery, Alabama Upper Canada Village (figs. 10, 11 and 20) . Church by Holy Baptism."47 The Glanford (1852-1853), 56 Christ Episcopal Church, The objection to pews, or box pews as they font conforms to these principles of form Napoleonville, Louisiana (1853), and Christ are more generally known, was not simply and place (figs. 11 and 12). Church, Oberlin, Ohio (1855). 57 And, in on grounds of style. It carried an impor­ November 1852, W.A. McVickar's article tant social agenda. Box pews were rented, A "[t]ower, though highly ornamental, entitled "Brick, a Material for Churches," and cost reflected the location of the seat is not an essential part of a church; and published in the New York Ecc/esiologist, in the church. The more affluent members the really essential parts should never be promoted a polychromatic masonry in the of society could afford seats at the front of sacrificed for it. A bell gable may be made manner of 's All Saints', the church while the poor were relegated a beautiful ornament, and is very we ll Margaret Street, London (1849-1859). 58 to the back. Open seating on the medi­ suited to a small church."48 This is seen at Clearly, attitudes towards the use of brick eval model would be free, as indicated by Barton (fig. 2) . "The choice of the stone changed dramatically around 1850, which Bishop Medley, in his paper entitled "The must of course depend on the locality; is not that surprising given George Gil­ Advantage of Open Seats."46 for almost every county has its own kinds bert Scott's observation: "There was no of stones. Brick ought on no account be class of men whom the Cambridge Cam­ On the font, "[t]he shape of the basin used: white certainly is w orse than red, den Society held in such scorn, as those ma y be either square, circular, or octago­ and red than black, but to settle the pre­ who adhered to their own last opinion nal; the greater number of examples in cedence in such miserable materials is but one." 59 each style are octagonal; an octagon worse than useless ."49 By 1847 the Eccle­ being a very ancient symbol of Regenera ­ siologists had softened their position; in "The sedilia I wou ld restore, if I could, tion. [ .. . ] The position of the Font MUST an article on Colonial Church architecture, because at least they are ornaments; but

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if their restoration would give offence I would not insist on them, because they are only ornaments." 60 Sedilia were used at Barton but there are none at Glanford.

STAINED glass is of much importance in gi ving a chastened and solemn effect to a church. Those who t ravel on the cont inent might find many opportunities of procur ing. from de secr'ated churches. at a very trifling expense , many fragments. w hich would be superi or to any we can now make. But if it be modern. let us at least imitate the de si gn s, if we cannot attain t o the richness of hues, which were our ancestors"'

Stained glass is recorded at Barton and was used in St. Anne's Chapel and Christ Church Cathedral, Fredericton.

The absence of buttresses on all but the western angles of the nave at Glanford FIG. 24. MOULINETIE (NOW UP PER CANADA VILlAGE), FIG. 25 . HOLlAND lANDIN G, CHRIST CHURCH , EXTERIOR CHRIST CH UR CH, EXTERIOR FRO M NORTHWEST (SOU TH · FROM WEST. I MALCOLM THURLBY is unique in Wills's churches, although EAST). I MALCOLM THURLBY at St. Anne's, Fredericton, buttresses are confined to the angles on the nave and but circumstantial evidence suggests fire 67 Gothicised versions of Gibbsian chancel, there being no buttresses to that it may have used board-and-batten preaching boxes had already appeared mark bay divisions in the nave (fig. 22). construction. Wills used board-and-bat­ in an Anglican context in Upper Canada, The omission of buttresses on sidewalls ten in Grace Church, Albany, New York as at St. Thomas Old Church (1824), Christ is frequent in High Victorian churches, (1849-1850) ,6 4 and with Henry Dudley, at Church, Moulinette (1837) (fig. 24), and but it is also common in English medi­ St. Luke's, Canton, Mississippi (1851) .65 It St . John's, Nelson (1839). Four ch urches eval parish churches, as at St . Andrew's, is also used at St . George's, Hannon, com­ by John G. Howard built from 1841 to, Tangmere, Su ssex (fig. 23). Paired lancet missioned by Robert Merritt's successor, 1844- Christ Church, Holland Landing windows are used in each bay of the nave Rev. Geo. A. Bull, now preserved at Balls (fig. 24), St . John's, York Mills, Christ at Glanford, as in Wills's House of Prayer, Falls Conservation Area.66 And, just along Church, Tyendinaga, and St. James's, Dun­ Newark, New Jersey62 Highway 54, southeast of Brantford, the das68 -appear somewhat more medieval, board-and-batten and ecclesiological cor­ especially in the form of their towers. St . Mary's near Brantford, mentioned in rectness of St . John's, Middleport, 1868, However, Howard's roofs retained the low the article of St. Peter's, Barton, in The may reflect Wills's St. Mary's, Cainsville. pitch of the Gibbs tradition. St. George the Church, is likely to be St. Mary's, Cains­ Martyr, Toronto (1844), by Henry Bowyer ville, about which little is known. It was In terms of their ecclesiological correct­ Lane, has a higher pitch to the roof, but a frame church which by 1883 was "much ness, Wills's churches represented some­ has wooden arch mouldings and columns out of repair, owing to the accident that thing quite new in Ontario. The decade of in imitation of stone to the west doorway, the leading members happen to have the 1840s w itnessed a demise of classicism as in the contempora ry main arcades in lately removed from the neighbourhood in Anglican church architecture measured William Thomas's St . Michael's Cathedral, of Cain sville, its services are but insuffi­ by St. James Anglican Cathedral, Toronto, Toronto69 The detailing of St . James's ciently attended."63 To date, no illustra­ rebuilt after a fire in 1839 in classica l Cathedral, Toronto, is more convinc­ tions of the church have come to light style, but rebuilt Gothic after the 1849 ing in a medieval sense, although the

JSS AC I JStAC 32 > N" 1 > 20 07 57 M ALCOLM T HURLBY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE

placement of the four side porches reflects Candace Iron, Barry Magrill and Luc Noppen 7. Armstrong, Freder ick H., 1982, << Ha y, Wil­ the earlier church rather than medieval for their help with references and discussion liam », Dictionary of Canadian Biography on various aspects of eccles iology in Canada. Online, [http://www.biographi .ca/EN / Show­ precedent and the inclusion of galleries is Bi o.asp?B iold=39697&query=]; and << Ha y, 70 2. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, totally against ecclesiological principles. Wil lia m», Dic tionary of Scottish Architects, VI II, 1851-1860, [http://www.biographi.c a/ Not surprisingly, when the Ecclesiologists [http :1 /www. cod exg eo. co. u k/ d sa I arch i teet_ EN / Sho w Bio.asp? B iold =38376&query= ]. compared it w ith Wills's Christ Church full.php?id= M001139]. 3. Kalman, Harold, 1994, A History of Canadian Cathedral, Montreal, the account was not On Ha y in Newfoundland and Labrador, see Architecture, 2 vols., Toronto, Oxford Univer­ The Builder, val. 8, 1850, p. 462- 463; The Eccle ­ favourable: "Altogether Montreal cathe­ sity Press, val. I, p. 282-287. siologist, val. 9, 1849, p. 215 -217; The Ecclesiol­ dral will, when completed, mark an epoch 4. See, for example, Hitchcock, Henry Russell, ogist, vol. 11, 1850, p. 200; The Ecclesiologis t, in transatlantic ecclesiology. It w ill be the 1977 [4'" ed. ]. Architectur e: Nineteenth and val . 12, 1851 , p. 240; Coffman, Peter, 2006, largest completed cathedral in America Twentieth Centuries, Harmondsworth, Middle­ << Se cta ria n Rivalry, Denominational Iden­ sex, Penguin Books, p. 160; Crook, J. Mordaunt, tity and Gothic Re vival in New foundland », of our communion; for although the new 1987, The Dilemma of Style: Architectural Ideas unpublished PhD dissertation, Queen's Uni ­ one at Toronto would, if completed, be from the Picturesque to the Post-Modern, versity, Kingston, Ontario, p. 89-133, 155-156; larger, it is as yet unfinished, and on (we Chicago, University of Chicago Press, p. 63; Coffman, Peter, 2006, <

58 JSSAC I JSEAC 32 > N" 1 > 2007 MALCOLM THUR LBY > ANALYSIS I ANALYSE

12. Wills, Frank, 1850, Ancient English Ecclesiasti­ 24. Illustrated in [http://www.njchurchsc ape.com/ 42 . A Few Words to Church Wardens: 10; Web­ cal Architecture and its Principles, Applied to Newark-ChristEpis. html] . ste r : 202. the Wants of the Church at the Present Day, 25. Noppen, Luc, and Lucie K. M ori sset, 1995, La 43 . Pugin, True Principles: 56. New Yo rk, Stanford & Sw ords. (Re view: The presence anglicane a Quebec: Holy Trinity Ecc/esiologist, vol. 11 [1850], p. 168-169.) Wills 44. A Fe w Words to Church Builders: 20 (#40); Cathedral (1796-1996), Sillery, p. 170-17 1. w rote: " Pugin, the great English architect[ ... ] Webster : 152. first clearly show ed us w hat the true principles 26. Anon, St. Pa ul's Church (Anglican), Glanford, 45 . W ills, Ancient Eng lish Eccle siastical Architec­ of pointed architecture w ere" (p. 85). Earl ier, Ontario, 100'h A nniversary, July 1", 1951 , p. 4. ture .. : 70. W ills referred to Pugin is an article entitled 27. On the perch, see Fernie, E.C. 1985, << Anglo­ << Reality in Church Architecture >>: " Th e great 46. Medley, John, 1843, << The Advantage of Open Saxon Lengths: The ' Northern' System, the and true princi ple of Gothic A rchitecture is, as Seats >>, Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society Pe rch and the Foot >>,Archaeological Journal, Pug in expresses it, 'the ornamenting construc­ Transactions, vol. 1, p. 10. val. 142, p. 246-254. tion and not constructing ornament."' (New 47. A Few Words to Church Builders : 14-15 {#28); 28. Illustrated in [http://www.stmarysi.com/who_ York Ecclesiologist, val. I, April, 1848, [http:// Webster : 146-147. Wills expressed the same we_are/Chapter1.htm] . ang licanhistory.org/ecclesiologist/ny/1.htm I] .) opinion (Ancient English Ecclesiastical Archi­ 13. Hamilton Spectator, June 23, 1852. 29. The Ecclesiologist, val . II, October 1842, p. 23. tecture .. :70).

14. [http://l i brary. mcmaster.ca/a rch ives/anglica n/ 30. Stanton, Phoebe, 1972, Pugin, London, Thames 48. A Few Words to Church Builders: 8; Web­ fond_htm 1/a n barton. html]. and Hudson, ill. 54. ster : 140.

15 . Hamilton Public Library, Special Collections 31. A Fe w Words to Church Builders and seven 49. A Fe w Words to Church Builders: 9; Web­ Ham CE 283.713521. other pamphlets published by the Cambridge ster: 141 . Camden Society from 1839 to 1843 are conve­ 16. The Church, val. XVII, no. 21, Decem ber 22, SO. The Ecclesiologist, vol. VII I, December 1847, niently gathered in Webster, Christopher, ed., 1853, p. 2, cols. 4-5. p. 142-147. I owe this referen ce to Peter Coff­ 2003, "Temples .. Worthy of His Presence": man. 17. Brandon, Raphael, 1849, The Open Timber Early Publications of the Cambridge Camden Roofs of the Middle Ages: Illustrated by Per­ Society, Reading, Spire Books. 51. Wills, Ancient English Ecclesiastical Architec­ spective and Working Drawings of some of the ture .. : 90; Will s,<< Realit y in Church Architec­ 32. A Few Words to Church Builders, p. 5 (#6); p. 10 Be st Varieties of Church Roofs: With Descrip­ ture: 8-11. (# 16); p. 11 (# 18); Webster: 137, 142-143 . tive Letter-press, Lo ndon, D. Bogue. 52 . Street, George Edmund, 1850, << On the Proper 33. A Fe w Words to Church Bu ilders: 6; Web­ 18. See above, note 12. Characteristics of a Town Chu rch >>, The Eccle­ ster : 138. siologist, val. 11 , p. 227-233 at p. 22 9. 19. Cross, F.L. , and E.A. Li vingstone, ed., 1977, 34. Fin ley and Wigginton : 117. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, [2'' 53. Illustrated in co lour in [http://www.stchadsca­ ed.], Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 323 . 35. W ill s, Ancient English Ecclesiastical A rchitec­ thedral.org.uk/]. ture .. : 78. 20. For Thomas Fuller's prese ntation drawing 54. Illustrated in co lour in [http://www.lookingat­ of the church of St . Stephen-in-the-Fields, 36. Idem : 113 . bu i I d i ngs.o rg . u k/defa u It .asp? Docu me nt=3. T.7 &1mage=1 22&gst=] . Toronto, see Westfall, Wi lliam, 1989, Two 37. Sm ith, Stuart Hall, 1955, Th e History of Trin­ Worlds: The Protestant Culture of Nineteenth­ ity Pa rish, Scotland Neck [and] Edgecombe 55. Wills, Ancient English Eccles iastical Architec­ Century Ontario, Montreal, McGill-Queens Pa rish, Halifax County, Scotland Neck, Chris­ ture ... , p. 85; Mordaunt Crook, J., 1987, The University Press, fig. 16; f o r Hanry Langley's tian Printing Company, North Carolina, p. 69, Dilemma of Style: Architectural Ideas from the St. Pete r's, Toronto, see Westfall, William, [http:/ /dig ita 1.1i b. ecu .e d u/histo ryfi ct i on/item. Picturesque to the Post-Modern, Chicago, Uni­ and Malcolm Thurlby, 1990, <>, in David Keene and Colin Rea d, Society of the Diocese of Montreal for the Year the Antebellum South >>, Winterthur Portfolio, ed ., Old Ontario: Essays in Honour of J.M.S. Ending 6'" January 1862, Montrea l, John Lovell, val. 15, no. 2, p. 11 7-13 8 at p. 129, fig. 8. p. 36; [htt p ://www.lieuxd ecu lte.qc.ca/fiche. Careless, To ronto and Lo ndon, Dundurn Press, 57 Illustrated in [http://www.oberlin.edu/ exter­ php?LJ EU _ CU LTE _I D =92372& LieuSu iva nt=1 & p. 118-147 at p. 134, f ig . 14; for St . James-the­ na li EOG / H istoricPre se rva tion/ H PCh ristChu rch . LieuPrece dent=-.1 &debut=O& n I ieux=3 &type_ Le ss , Toronto, see Simmins, Geoffrey, 1997, html]. Fred Cumberland, Building the Victorian req u ete = critere & I ignes =25 & Construction Deb 58. New York Ecclesiolog ist, va l. 5, Nove mber Dream, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, ut=1671 &ConstructionFin= 1991 &Concepteurl 1852, p. 173 -1 74, quoted in He rsey, George L. , p. 141-148. d =0 & Munici pa I iteld=84020]. 1972, High Vic torian Gothic, A Study in Asso ­ 39. A Fe w Words to Church Bu ilders : 24 (#50); 21. Stanton, Gothic Revival: 91-114. ciationism, Baltimore and London, The Johns Webster: 156. 22. Coffman, << Sectarian Ri va lry .. >> : 161-162, Hopkins Unive rsi t y Press, p. 82-83 . 40. A Few Words to Church Builders : 4 (#4); Web­ ill. 5-26. 59. Scott, George Gilbert, 1879, Personal and Pro­ ster : 136. 23. Il lust rated in [http://www.chapelofthecrossms. fessional Recollections, new edit ion, edited, org /a bout/f aci I iti es. htm I] . 41 . A Fe w Words to Church Builders: 13 {#27); introduced and restored by Ga vin Stamp, Webster : 145. Stamford, Paul Watkins, 199 5, p. 206.

JSSAC I JStAC 32 > N'' 1 > 2007 59 MALCOLM THUR LBY > ANALYS IS I ANALYSE

60. A Few Words to Church Builders: 12 (#21); 70. Simmins, Fred Cumberland :124-139. Interest­ Webster, p. 143. ingly, Frank Wills had submitted a design for the competition to build St. James's Cathedral, 61 A Few Words to Church Builders: 26-27 {#54); but his nave and chancel were described as Webster : 158-159. "cold and correct" (The Church, Septem­ 62. Wills, Ancient English Ecclesiastical Architec­ ber 13, 1849, p. 26). Furthermore, his spire, ture ... , pl. XVIII. wh ich copied St. Mary's, Snettisham, was

63. The History of the County of Brant, Ontario, deemed su itable "for a country situated close to some rugged shore of the Toronto, Warner, Beers & Co., 1883, p. 367; Tweedsmuir History of Cainsville Women's mother country," but was "hardly fit for the Institute, vol. 4, p. 27 and 99 (the latter is metropolitan Church of Western Canada " (The Church, October p. On the avai lable at the Brant County Museum and 11, 1849, 42). Archives, 57 Charlotte Street, Brantford). desig n competition for St. James's Cathedral, see Morriss and Benn : 195-200. 64. Richardson, Douglas Scott, 1972, «Hyper­ The Ecclesiologist, vol. p. borean Gothic; or Wilderness Ecc lesiology 71. 18, 1857, 359. and the Wood Churches of Edward Medley», 72. The Church, September 13, 1849, p. 26. On the Architectura, vol. I, p. 48-74 at p. 56, fig. 5. design competition for St. James's Cathedral, 65. Patrick: 131-32, fig. 13. see Morriss and Benn. 195-200.

66. For illustration, see [http: //www.jordanvillage. 73. The Church, October 11, 1849, p. 42. com/local-attractions.shtm 1].

67. Morriss, Shirley, 1975, «The Nine-Year Odyssey of a High Victorian Goth: Three Churches by Fred Cumberland», Journal of Canadian Art History, vol. II , no. 1, p. 42-54; Morriss, Shir­ ley, with Carl Benn, 1998, «Architecture », in William Cooke, ed., The Parish and Cathe­ dral Church of St. James, Toronto 1797-1997, Toronto, St. James's Cathedral, p. 179-215; Dendy, Will iam, and William Kilbourn, 1986, Toronto Observed: Its Architecture, Patrons, and History, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, p. 56-58; Thurlby, Malcolm, 1992, « Medi­ eval Toronto »,Rotunda, vol. 24, no. 4, p. 27-33; Simmins, Fred Cumberland: 124-139, 252-254.

68. Macrae, Marion, and Anthony Adamson, 1975, Hallowed Walls, Church Architecture of Upper Canada, To ronto, Clarke, Irwin, p. 99-102, ills. IV- 11 (Holland Landing) and IV-13 (Tyendinaga); for Dundas, see The Church, vol. IV, no. 10, Sep­ tember 11, 1841, p. 30; and The Church, vol. VII, no. 27, January 12, 1844, p. 106.

69. Arthur, Eric [3'' ed.], 1986, Toronto, No Mean City, re vised by Stephen A. Otto, Toronto, Toronto University Press, il l. 4.24 (St. George the Martyr, exterior from NW), ill. 4.41 (St. Mi­ chael's Cathedral, interior to E).

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