Tahun Yang Tak Pernah Berakhir Memahami Pengalaman Korban 65

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Tahun Yang Tak Pernah Berakhir Memahami Pengalaman Korban 65 Tahun yang Tak Pernah Berakhir Memahami Pengalaman Korban 65 esai-esai sejarah lisan Tahun yang tak Pernah Berakhir Memahami Pengalaman Korban 65 esai-esai sejarah lisan Editor: John Roosa, Ayu Ratih & Hilmar Farid Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat (ELSAM) bekerja sama dengan Tim Relawan untuk Kemanusiaan Institut Sejarah Sosial Indonesia JAKARTA, 2004 Tahun yang Tak Pernah Berakhir Memahami Pengalaman Korban 65 Esai-esai Sejarah Lisan © John Roosa, Ayu Ratih, Hilmar Farid Cetakan Pertama: Januari 2004 Tata Letak dan Desain Sampul: Alit Ambara Penyunting Tata Bahasa: M. Fauzi dan Th. J. Erlijna Diterbitkan oleh: Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat (Elsam) Jl. Siaga II No. 31, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta 12510 Tel: (021) 797-2662, 7919-2564 Fax: (021) 7919-2519 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Website: www.elsam.or.id Institut Sejarah Sosial Indonesia Jl. Pinang Ranti no. 3 Jakarta 13560 Tel dan Fax: (021) 809-5474 Email: [email protected] Tim Relawan untuk Kemanusiaan Jl. Kalibata Timur, Gg. Madrasah no. 35 Jakarta 12740 Tel dan Fax: (021) 794-3936 Email: [email protected] ISBN 979-8981-26-X v DAFTAR ISI Ucapan Terima Kasih vi Perihal Kutipan viii Daftar Singkatan ix Pengantar 1 I. ESAI Penangkapan dan Pembunuhan di Jawa Tengah Setelah G-30-S 25 Rinto Tri Hasworo Penantian Panjang di Jalan Penuh Batas 61 Yayan Wiludiharto Ketika Perempuan Menjadi Tapol 87 Josepha Sukartiningsih ‘Riungan’ dan Tegar Hati: Bekal Bertahar di Tengah Kegilaan 113 Aquino W. Hayunta dan John Roosa Romusha dan Pembangunan: Sumbangan Tahanan Politik untuk Rezim Soeharto 139 Razif Perjuangan Bersenjata PKI di Blitar Selatan dan Operasi Trisula 163 André Liem II. SKETSA Sketsa Gumelar 202 III. TRANSKRIPSI WAWANCARA Ibu Sugianti 217 Pak Kasmin 231 Daftar Tulisan Korban 65 251 Tentang Penulis 253 vi Tahun yang Tak Pernah Berakhir UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH Penelitian kami tidak akan mungkin terlaksana, terutama di tahap paling awal, tanpa dukungan penuh Tim Relawan untuk Kemanusiaan (TRuK). Terima kasih kepada Karlina Supelli, Sekretaris Umum TRuK (1999-2001), untuk keterbukaannya terhadap gagasan kami dan keterlibatannya dalam diskusi-diskusi persiapan penelitian. Selain tujuh penulis esai dalam buku ini, ada sejumlah orang yang mengikuti sebagian proses penelitian sebagai pewawancara, yaitu Astri, Cietwo, Eka, Cendra, Rini, Emile, dan Jarmoko. Untuk bantuan sebagai narasumber dan fasilitator dalam pelatihan bagi calon-calon pewawancara, terima kasih kepada Agung Putri, Hario Kecik, Oey Hay Djoen, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Siauw Tiong Djien. Untuk penyediaan sarana pelatihan dan diskusi, terima kasih kepada Dewi Wilutomo dan Ibu Marie Soetarto (alm.) sekeluarga, juga kepada Pak Gembel Sedijono. Ada banyak kawan yang dengan sukarela membantu kami dalam mencari informasi tentang, dan menghubungkan kami dengan para korban. Di Jakarta, kami berterima kasih kepada: Ibu Ade R. Sitompul, Amarzan Loebis, Hardoyo, Mbak Fadhila, Tante Jane, Joesoef Isak, Mariatun, Ibu Sundari, Pak Suwarto, dan Ruth Indiah Rahayu. Di Jawa Barat: Pak Djadji (Tasikmalaya), Pak Endang dan Pak Saukat (Cipanas), Fauzan Machdami dan Rusyana Sulaiman (Bandung), Pak Surjaatmadja (Bogor). Di Yogyakarta: Pak Istiadi dan Pak Sukamto. Di Jawa Timur: Arief W. Djati, Pak Puji, Pak Rusno, dan Pak Tumiso (Surabaya), Pak Hasnan, Pak Jauhari, Pak Slamet, dan Mas Yoyok (Banyuwangi), Ibu Bandhi (Blitar), SDInpers (Jember), Ibu Non dan Pak Oka (Malang). Di Bali: Agus, Degung Santikarma, Ibu Gedong Bagus Oka (alm.), Indra, dan anggota Ashram Gandhi di Denpasar, I Gusti Agung Gde Tjiptapura dan keluarga, Ni Made Ayu, Robert Nalenan, Pak Wayan Santa, Wayan “Bob” Tirja, dan Manikaya Kauci. Di Sulawesi Tengah: Pak Mahid Halim, Ewin, dan Hedar dari LBH Bantaya (Palu). Di Lampung: Dedi dan Pak Priyadi (Bandar Lampung). Dalam beberapa kali pertemuan di Amsterdam dan Jakarta, kami beroleh pengetahuan dan inspirasi dari Hersri Setiawan. Kami juga ingin berterima kasih kepada sejumlah orang dan institusi di Amerika Serikat: Allan Nairn, Betty dan Jack Roosa, Prof. Joseph Nevins, Mary Kaplan, Solidago Foundation, Direktur Institute of International Studies di University of California- Berkeley, Prof. Michael Watts, serta seluruh staf Institut. Secara khusus, kami ingin berterima kasih kepada Mary Letterii, kawan setia dalam perjalanan menegakkan hak- hak asasi manusia di Indonesia. vii Kepada kawan-kawan yang sudah bersusah payah mengerjakan transkripsi ratusan kaset, ‘membersihkan’ transkripsi dari kekurangan dan kesalahketikan, serta menerjemahkan wawancara dari bahasa Jawa ke bahasa Indonesia: Anton, Kosim, Marsih, Paijo, Ria, dan Taat, terima kasih banyak. Di tahap akhir, kami mendapatkan bantuan tak terduga dari sejumlah kawan yang secara langsung pun tidak mengikuti perjalanan riset ini. Muhammad Fauzi dan Erlijna dengan tekun dan teliti memeriksa kerapian ejaan dan tata bahasa seluruh teks. Kemudian, Asvi Warman Adam, yang kami minta membaca kata pengantar dan beberapa esai yang sudah selesai terlebih dahulu, memberi masukan penting dalam hal ketepatan informasi. Menjelang naik cetak, Hersri Setiawan menyisir seluruh teks dan memberi usulan perbaikan, terutama untuk penulisan kata-kata dalam bahasa Jawa. Ungkapan terima kasih kami pada Dolorosa Sinaga dan Arjuna Hutagalung tidak akan pernah cukup. Mereka relakan tempat bekerja dan beristirahat yang leluasa bagi kami di Jakarta dan Bandung, pastikan kami tidak kelaparan atau sakit, bahkan mengantar kami bertemu korban. Dan yang paling membesarkan hati, mereka senantiasa percaya bahwa kami sedang melakukan sesuatu yang berguna bagi gerakan kemanusiaan di negeri ini. Dukungan dalam bentuk apa pun yang diberikan semua orang dan lembaga yang kami sebutkan di atas tidak dengan sendirinya membuat mereka bertanggung jawab atas apa yang kami sampaikan dalam tulisan-tulisan di buku ini. Jakarta, Desember 2003 Tim Penulis viii Tahun yang Tak Pernah Berakhir PERIHAL KUTIPAN Nama-nama orang yang ceritanya dikutip dalam esai-esai yang dimuat di buku ini, kecuali disebutkan lain, adalah nama samaran. Karena suasana intimidasi yang terus- menerus diderita para tapol, sangat sedikit korban yang merasa cukup aman untuk tampil dengan nama mereka sendiri. Akan tetapi, tempat dan waktu kejadian sesuai dengan cerita asli para korban. Dalam semua esai, kutipan wawancara tercetak sebagai paragraf tersendiri dengan pinggir yang berbeda – tepi kiri menjorok ke dalam. Kutipan yang disalin mengikuti ucapan yang direkam. Kami sengaja tidak memperbaiki pola bicara yang tidak beraturan – betapapun hal itu akan membuatnya mendekati bahasa tulisan yang enak dibaca – karena tujuan menulis sejarah lisan adalah membuat pembaca mendapat kesan mengenai suara orang yang berucap. Tentu sulit untuk menangkap seluruh tekstur suara dalam tulisan, tapi setidaknya kita dapat menangkap sebagian darinya. Agar cerita yang dikutip lebih mudah diikuti, di beberapa tempat kami menghapus pertanyaan dari pewawancara dan satu-dua kata atau frasa orang yang diwawancarai. Kami menggunakan tanda elipsis … (tiga titik) untuk menunjukkan adanya ucapan yang dihapus. Dalam kutipan, kata-kata atau frasa yang tidak dalam bahasa Indonesia dicetak miring, dan diikuti oleh terjemahan dalam bahasa Indonesia yang ditempatkan dalam tanda kurung ( ). Penjelasan atas istilah atau singkatan yang tidak lazim dalam kutipan ditempatkan dalam tanda kurung siku [ ]. Semua kata yang ditempatkan dalam tanda kurung maupun tanda kurung siku adalah tambahan dari penyunting, bukan dari orang yang diwawancarai. Rekaman wawancara dengan 260 orang ini beserta transkripsinya disimpan dalam arsip Institut Sejarah Sosial Indonesia (ISSI). Rekaman yang berasal dari kaset audio telah dipindah ke dalam data digital dan disimpan dalam bentuk cakram padat. Semua wawancara telah ditranksripsi. Baik rekaman maupun transkripsinya terbuka untuk umum. Nama samaran yang digunakan dalam buku ini sama dengan nama samaran yang digunakan dalam arsip ISSI. ix Daftar Singkatan AKABRI Akademi Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia Babinsa Bintara Pembina Desa Bakoksi Badan Koordinasi Organisasi-Organisasi Ketoprak Seluruh Indonesia Bamudes Badan Musyawarah Desa Banser Barisan Ansor Serbaguna Bapera Balai Pendidikan Rakyat Baperki Badan Permusjawaratan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia Brimob Brigade Mobil BTI Barisan Tani Indonesia Buterpra Bintara Urusan Teritorial Pertahanan Rakyat CC Comite Central CDB Comite Daerah Besar CGMI Consentrasi Gerakan Mahasiswa Indonesia CPM Corps Polisi Militer Danramil Komandan Koramil Dekon Deklarasi Ekonomi Detga Detasemen Gerilya DI/TII Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia DPRD Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah ET Eks Tapol FDR Front Demokrasi Rakyat G-30-S Gerakan Tiga Puluh September Gerwani Gerakan Wanita Indonesia Gerwis Gerakan Wanita Indonesia Sedar GPII Gerakan Pemuda Islam Indonesia GPK Gerakan Pengacau Keamanan Golkar Golongan Karya GTM Gerakan Tutup Mulut Hanra Pertahanan Rakyat Hansip Pertahanan Sipil HSI Himpunan Sarjana Indonesia IKIP Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan IKJ Institut Kesenian Jakarta Inrehab Instalasi Rehabilitasi IPB Institut Pertanian Bogor IPPI Ikatan Pemuda Pelajar Indonesia ITS Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November Kakancab Kepala Kantor Cabang KAMI Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia KAPPI Kesatuan Aksi Pemuda dan Pelajar Indonesia Kasdim Kepala Staf Kodim KB Keluarga Berencana KKN Korupsi Kolusi dan Nepotisme KKPR Kursus Kader Perang Rakyat KNIL Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger, Tentara Kerajaan Hindia Belanda Kodam Komando Daerah Militer Kodim Komando Distrik Militer Kompro Komite Proyek
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