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Four Elements of Film
Four Elements of Film Mise-en-scène Mise-en-scène is everything that the audience can see in the frame. This includes the set ⎯ whether on location or in a studio, and some studio sets are so large that they can fool you into thinking you are seeing an on-location shot ⎯ props, lighting, the actors, costumes, make-up, blocking (where actors and extras stand), and movement, whether choreographed or not. All kinds of movement, from crossing a room to a sword-fight, can be choreographed, not just dance. Mise-en-scène demonstrates how film is the ultimate collaborative art, requiring contributions from professionals with a wide variety of skills. Cinematography Cinematography is the way in which a shot is framed, lit, shadowed, and colored. The way a camera moves, stands still, or pans (stands still while changing where it points), the angle from which it views the action, whether it elevates (usually a crane shot, when the camera is mounted on a crane, but sometimes a director will employ a helicopter shot instead), whether it follows a particular actor or object (a tracking shot, also called a dolly shot, because the camera is placed on a dolly, meaning a small, wheeled platform), zooms in, zooms out ⎯ these all affect the way the audience views the action, whether literally or metaphorically. Think of cinematography as being to a film what a narrator is to prose fiction. Sound Sound is probably the element of film that people most often underestimate. It includes dialogue, ambient sound, sound effects, and music. Consider how a “Boing!” sound in the soundtrack would change how we view a love scene or a scene in which an old lady falls down. -
Techniques of Cinematography: 2 (SUPROMIT MAITI)
Dept. of English, RNLKWC--SEM- IV—SEC 2—Techniques of Cinematography: 2 (SUPROMIT MAITI) The Department of English RAJA N.L. KHAN WOMEN’S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS) Midnapore, West Bengal Course material- 2 on Techniques of Cinematography (Some other techniques) A close-up from Mrinal Sen’s Bhuvan Shome (1969) For SEC (English Hons.) Semester- IV Paper- SEC 2 (Film Studies) Prepared by SUPROMIT MAITI Faculty, Department of English, Raja N.L. Khan Women’s College (Autonomous) Prepared by: Supromit Maiti. April, 2020. 1 Dept. of English, RNLKWC--SEM- IV—SEC 2—Techniques of Cinematography: 2 (SUPROMIT MAITI) Techniques of Cinematography (Film Studies- Unit II: Part 2) Dolly shot Dolly shot uses a camera dolly, which is a small cart with wheels attached to it. The camera and the operator can mount the dolly and access a smooth horizontal or vertical movement while filming a scene, minimizing any possibility of visual shaking. During the execution of dolly shots, the camera is either moved towards the subject while the film is rolling, or away from the subject while filming. This process is usually referred to as ‘dollying in’ or ‘dollying out’. Establishing shot An establishing shot from Death in Venice (1971) by Luchino Visconti Establishing shots are generally shots that are used to relate the characters or individuals in the narrative to the situation, while contextualizing his presence in the scene. It is generally the shot that begins a scene, which shoulders the responsibility of conveying to the audience crucial impressions about the scene. Generally a very long and wide angle shot, establishing shot clearly displays the surroundings where the actions in the Prepared by: Supromit Maiti. -
Silent Films of Alfred Hitchcock
The Hitchcock 9 Silent Films of Alfred Hitchcock Justin Mckinney Presented at the National Gallery of Art The Lodger (British Film Institute) and the American Film Institute Silver Theatre Alfred Hitchcock’s work in the British film industry during the silent film era has generally been overshadowed by his numerous Hollywood triumphs including Psycho (1960), Vertigo (1958), and Rebecca (1940). Part of the reason for the critical and public neglect of Hitchcock’s earliest works has been the generally poor quality of the surviving materials for these early films, ranging from Hitchcock’s directorial debut, The Pleasure Garden (1925), to his final silent film, Blackmail (1929). Due in part to the passage of over eighty years, and to the deterioration and frequent copying and duplication of prints, much of the surviving footage for these films has become damaged and offers only a dismal representation of what 1920s filmgoers would have experienced. In 2010, the British Film Institute (BFI) and the National Film Archive launched a unique restoration campaign called “Rescue the Hitchcock 9” that aimed to preserve and restore Hitchcock’s nine surviving silent films — The Pleasure Garden (1925), The Lodger (1926), Downhill (1927), Easy Virtue (1927), The Ring (1927), Champagne (1928), The Farmer’s Wife (1928), The Manxman (1929), and Blackmail (1929) — to their former glory (sadly The Mountain Eagle of 1926 remains lost). The BFI called on the general public to donate money to fund the restoration project, which, at a projected cost of £2 million, would be the largest restoration project ever conducted by the organization. Thanks to public support and a $275,000 dona- tion from Martin Scorsese’s The Film Foundation in conjunction with The Hollywood Foreign Press Association, the project was completed in 2012 to coincide with the London Olympics and Cultural Olympiad. -
Film Terminology
Film Terminology Forms of Fiction English 12 Camera SHOTS camera shot is the amount of space that is seen in one shot or frame. Camera shots are used to demonstrate different aspects of a film's setting, characters and themes. As a result, camera shots are very important in shaping meaning in a film. Extreme long shot A framing in which the scale of the object shown is very small; a building, landscape, or crowd of people would fill the screen. Extreme long shot/Establishing shot This shot, usually involving a distant framing, that shows the spatial relations among the important figures, objects, and setting in a scene. Long Shot A framing in which the scale of the object shown is very small A standing human figure would appear nearly half the height of the screen. It is often used to show scenes of action or to establish setting - Sometimes called an establishing shot Medium long shot A framing at a distance that makes an object about four or five feet high appear to fill most of the screen vertically Medium Shot A framing in which the scale of the object shown is of moderate size A human figure seen from the waist up would fill most of the screen Over the shoulder This shot is framed from behind a person who is looking at the subject This shot helps to establish the position of each person and get the feel of looking at one person from the other’s point of view It is common to cut between these shots during conversation Medium close up A framing in which the scale of the object is fairly large a human figure seen from the chest up would fill most the screen Close-up Shot A framing in which the scale of the object shown is relatively large; most commonly a person’s head seen from the neck up, or an object of a comparable size that fills most of the screen. -
Cinematography
CINEMATOGRAPHY ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS • The filmmaker controls the cinematographic qualities of the shot – not only what is filmed but also how it is filmed • Cinematographic qualities involve three factors: 1. the photographic aspects of the shot 2. the framing of the shot 3. the duration of the shot In other words, cinematography is affected by choices in: 1. Photographic aspects of the shot 2. Framing 3. Duration of the shot 1. Photographic image • The study of the photographic image includes: A. Range of tonalities B. Speed of motion C. Perspective 1.A: Tonalities of the photographic image The range of tonalities include: I. Contrast – black & white; color It can be controlled with lighting, filters, film stock, laboratory processing, postproduction II. Exposure – how much light passes through the camera lens Image too dark, underexposed; or too bright, overexposed Exposure can be controlled with filters 1.A. Tonality - cont Tonality can be changed after filming: Tinting – dipping developed film in dye Dark areas remain black & gray; light areas pick up color Toning - dipping during developing of positive print Dark areas colored light area; white/faintly colored 1.A. Tonality - cont • Photochemically – based filmmaking can have the tonality fixed. Done by color timer or grader in the laboratory • Digital grading used today. A scanner converts film to digital files, creating a digital intermediate (DI). DI is adjusted with software and scanned back onto negative 1.B.: Speed of motion • Depends on the relation between the rate at which -
View Films of Alfred Hitchcock. Syllabus
RTF 370 Film Analysis and Criticism Topic: The Films of Alfred Hitchcock (Spring 2021) Professor: Thomas Schatz (CMA 6.120; [email protected]) Office hours: Monday and Wednesday, 3:30 - 5:00 pm, and by appointment. Teaching Assistant: Alex Brannan ([email protected]) Office hours: Tuesday, 12:00 - 1:30pm and by appointment The general plan for the class in the time of COVID: This is a “hybrid” course that initially is being conducted online (via Zoom) and in a “synchronous” mode – that is, with our class meetings held at the scheduled time (TTH, 9:30 - 10:45). We may convert to in-person class meetings later in the term, should the COVID situation improve and permit that much-desired adjustment. During this online phase, I expect you to attend (with your cameras on, please) and to participate. I will record our sessions for back-up purposes, but please plan to approach this as you would a regular on-campus UT class in terms of attendance and participation. All of the weekly screenings – both the required and recommended screenings – are available to you online. I also will be posting clips that I plan to use in class, which I will encourage you to screen before our class sessions. I’m also expecting you to conduct research for your final paper online, recognizing the obvious constraints due to the coronavirus. We will discuss research strategies throughout the semester, and especially during the latter half of the term. Course description: This course examines the career of Alfred Hitchcock, focusing on the films that he directed as well as the social, cultural and industrial conditions under which those films were produced. -
Chapter Five—Notorious (Hitchcock 1946)
Chapter Five—Notorious (Hitchcock 1946) Fig. 1 “I love you!” Here She Comes! Split POV Relax, hard-boiled, and listen Devlin’s Angle The Sleeping Beauty Global Image Stylized Drinks The Freudian scenario The Stairs Fatale Here She Comes! The film begins with a self-referential close-up of a newspaper photographer’s camera and flash attachment. The film’s camera begins to pull back as it simultaneously pans right and slowly tilts up revealing several cameras held by men in suits and hats with the camera ending on a close-up of the “United States District Court Southern District of Florida” sign above the door. A cut to a man peering through the courtroom door is replaced by his pov shot of the inside of the courtroom with Mr. John Huberman (Fred Nurney) internally framed and flanked by his attorneys as he threatens the United States and is then sentenced to twenty years. The peering man then announces, “Here she comes,” rather than the expected “here he comes,” and the reporters and photographers prepare to snap several shots of Alicia Huberman (Ingrid Bergman) as she exits the courtroom, interrogated by reporters who hound her with questions regarding her father’s treason. With her face cast in a femme fatale shadow by her fashionably large hat, the over-exposing light of the flashbulbs and the pestering questions soon startle her. Alicia tells Devlin during their first meeting: “I’m a marked woman you know.” It is not until the next morning when Devlin (Cary Grant) reveals a secret recording of her patriotic denouncing of her father (“We’ve had your bungalow wired for six months”) that we learn she is not the untrustworthy femme fatale traitor we are encouraged to suspect at the beginning of the film. -
Hitchcock. Stairs Act As a Path Between Two States of Mind -- Blissful Ignorance Into Knowledge, Much Like Adam and Eve Taking a Bite of the Apple
One of Alfred Hitchcock’s nicknames was the Master of Suspense. He knew how to make an audience jump. Rather than resorting to gore and horror, he played tricks with the mind and the viewer’s expectations. Born in England in 1899, his films reflect a combination of Victorian propriety at odds with Modern implications. He directed some 62 films over the span of his 54-year career. Most, though not all the films survive and there are still a few that are difficult to find. But in film after film, stairs play an important role for Hitchcock. Stairs act as a path between two states of mind -- blissful ignorance into knowledge, much like Adam and Eve taking a bite of the apple. But it is not the extremes of good and evil. It is something greyer, more ambiguous. This dichotomy is best represented of William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. “The Innocence poems were the products of a mind in a state of innocence and an imagination unspoiled by stains of worldliness. Public events and private emotions soon converted Innocence into Experience, producing Blake’s preoccupation with the problem of good and evil.”1 For Blake, there are advantages to being on each end of the spectrum, but they are equal. Being innocent allows for a childlike view, full of wonder, of the world. But it also allows for irony to be present. An innocent view of a terrible thing points out just how awful it is. Perkins writes, “The state of innocence does not represent Blake’s final conception of Man’s highest joy. -
Children in the Films of Alfred Hitchcock Debbie Olson
South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange English Faculty Books Department of English 2014 Children in the Films of Alfred Hitchcock Debbie Olson Jason McEntee South Dakota State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/english_book Part of the American Film Studies Commons, and the Film and Media Studies Commons Recommended Citation Olson, Debbie and McEntee, Jason, "Children in the Films of Alfred Hitchcock" (2014). English Faculty Books. Book 10. http://openprairie.sdstate.edu/english_book/10 This Book Contribution is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of English at Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Faculty Books by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 “The Future’s Not Ours to See”: How Children and Young Adults Reflect the Anxiety of Lost Innocence in Alfred Hitchcock’s American Movies Jason T. McEntee South Dakota State University Introduction In The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), the Ambassador, while plotting to kill the Prime Minister, orders the kidnapped American child Hank McKenna killed, telling his would-be gunman, Edward Drayton: “Don’t you realize that Americans dislike having their children stolen?” Earlier in the movie, Jo McKenna entertains her son and husband by singing “Que Sera Sera,” and its playfulness becomes darkly ironic when she sings “the future’s not ours to see” on the eve of her son’s kidnapping. -
The Dynamics of Proximity : Hitchcock's Cinema of Claustrophobia
University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1988 The dynamics of proximity : Hitchcock's cinema of claustrophobia Scott Edward Peeler University of the Pacific Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds Part of the Film Production Commons, History Commons, Other Film and Media Studies Commons, and the Visual Studies Commons Recommended Citation Peeler, Scott Edward. (1988). The dynamics of proximity : Hitchcock's cinema of claustrophobia. University of the Pacific, Thesis. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2151 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE DYNAMICS OF PROXIMITY: HITCHCOCK'S CINEMA OF CLAUSTROPHOBIA by Scott E. Peeler An Essay Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of the Pacific In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts February 1988 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my corr~ittee members, Drs. Louis H. Leiter, Diane M. Borden, and Robert T. Knighton, for devoting their valuable time, knowledge, and especially enthusiasm to the creation and revision of this essay and its critical perspective. I would also like to thank Judith Peeler and Bruce Crowell for their much needed encouragement. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii INTRODUCTION. 1 I. CLAUSTROM AS WORLD. 3 II. CLAUSTROM AS HOME 7 I I I. CLAUSTROM AS PSYCHE 12 IV. -
Camera Movement Terms
Camera Movement Terms Pan - Horizontal movement, left and right, you should use a tripod for a smooth effect. Why: To follow a subject or show the distance between two objects. Pan shots also work great for panoramic views such as a shot from a mountaintop to the valley below. Tilt - Vertical movement of the camera angle, i.e. pointing the camera up and down (as opposed to moving the whole camera up and down). Why: Like panning, to follow a subject or to show the top and bottom of a stationary object. With a tilt, you can also show how tall something is. Dolly -The camera physically follows the subject at a more or less constant distance. Why: To follow an object smoothly. Dolly Zoom - A technique in which the camera moves closer or further from the subject while simultaneously adjusting the zoom angle to keep the subject the same size in the frame. Why: This combination of lens movement and camera movement creates an effect like no other movement – It may create the illusion that the world is closing- in on the subject, or the opposite, the world and environment is expanding. Another possible ʻeffectʼ is as if the subject is floating towards the camera. Truck - Another term for tracking or dollying. Zoom - Technically this isn't a camera move, but a change in the lens focal length with gives the illusion of moving the camera closer or further away. Why: To bring objects at a distance closer to the lens, or to show size and perspective. Pedestal - Moving the camera position vertically (up and down) with respect to the subject (different than a tilt, the camera remains horizontal but moves vertically). -
" TERMINATOR " by James Cameron Registered
" T E R M I N A T O R " by James Cameron Registered WGAw Fourth Draft April 20, 1983 -------------------------------------------------------------------- TERMINATOR A1 TITLE SEQUENCE - SLITSCAN EFFECT A1 1 EXT. SCHOOLYARD - NIGHT 1 Silence. Gradually the sound of distant traffic becomes audible. A LOW ANGLE bounded on one side by a chain-link fence and on the other by the one-story public school build- ings. Spray-can hieroglyphics and distant streetlight sha- dows. This is a Los Angeles public school in a blue collar neighborhood. ANGLE BETWEEN SCHOOL BUILDINGS, where a trash dumpster looms in a LOW ANGLE, part of the clutter behind the gymnasium. A CAT enters FRAME. CAMERA DOLLIES FORWARD, prowling with him through the landscape of trash receptacles and shadows. CLOSE ON CAT, which freezes, alert, sensing something just beyond human perception. A sourceless wind rises, and with it a keening WHINE. Papers blow across the pavement. The cat YOWLS and hides under the dumpster. Windows rattle in their frames. The WHINE intensifies, accompanied now by a wash of frigid PURPLE LIGHT. A CONCUSSION like a thunderclap right over- head blows in all the windows facing the yard. C.U. - CAT, its eyes are wide as the glare dies. 1A/FX ANGLE - DUMPSTER 1A/FX ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES arc from the dumpster to a water faucet and climb a drain pipe like a Jacob's Ladder. CUT TO: 2 EXT. SCHOOLYARD - NIGHT 2 SLOW PAN as the sound of stray electrical CRACKLING subsides. FRAME comes to rest on the figure of a NAKED MAN kneeling, faced away, in the previously empty yard.