Le Rang & Le Sang Des Courtenay

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Le Rang & Le Sang Des Courtenay Le sang & le rang des Courtenay Esambe Josilonus 2015, révision 2020 1 1 Outre un nettoyage de l'ensemble du texte, la révision 2020 a porté sur la princerie que s'attribue Louis-Charles et son devenir après sa mort. Les péripéties de sa fille Hélène, marquise de Bauffremont ont été développées, ce qui a demandé un nouveau chapitre. Les Races ne sont pas estimées illustres pour venir d'une longue suite d'ayeulx, mais pour y avoir eu entre ces ayeulx quelques-uns qui ont esté elevez aux plus grandes dignitez, qui ont excellé en vertu, grandeur de courage & magnanimité; & pour avoir fait d'importantes conquestes, ou defendu la patrie, & obtenu plusieurs victoires sur les Ennemis (Chantereau Le Febvre, 1647, Discours historique..., Paris, Antoine Vitré). © Esambe Josilonus 2015, rev. 2020 2 Présentation Voilà des gens qui, cinq siècles après Louis VI le gros, s'en firent un père et soutinrent que leur sang royal méritait qu'ils eussent un rang. L'écho répondit que le sang n'existait pas sans le rang. Telle est la tragédie de cette maison, sa funeste merveille (Saint-Simon) : L'injustice constante faite à cette branche de la maison royale légitimement issue du roi Louis le Gros est une chose qui a dû surprendre tous les temps qu'elle a duré, et montrer en même temps la funeste merveille de cette maison, qui dans un si long espace n'a pu produire un seul sujet dont le mérite ait forcé la fortune, d'autant plus que nos rois ni personne n'a jamais douté de la vérité de sa royale et légitime extraction (à la date de 1715, Mémoires, T XIII, CH8, p 180). Héros négatifs, tout va de travers pour eux, de génération en génération. Trop souvent au mauvais moment ou au mauvais endroit d'un écosystème précaire et aléatoire (instabilité des droits et surmortalité de leurs détenteurs), leur histoire cumule les échecs. Cependant, rien ne les achève, ni le déclin, ni la médiocrité, ni même l'extinction. Au dix-septième siècle, des revenants astiquent leur lustre obscurci et cherchent à imposer leur descente de Louis VI le Gros par mâles légitimes pour obtenir le label "prince du sang". On ne nie pas leurs droits, on ne les reconnaît pas. Louis XIV les laissera s'autoproclamer princes. Leur tentative échoue, leur échec est un succès. Les mêmes raisons expliquent les deux. Enigme. Tombé par hasard sur ces Courtenay, j'ai été intrigué par leur mystère : au milieu du XIIe siècle, ces Courtenay naissent de l'annulation des Courtenay. Ils constituent une impossibilité ontologique : ils ne sont pas Courtenay, cessent de l'être, échouent à le redevenir ! © Esambe Josilonus 2015, rev. 2020 3 Hélas, à peu près ignorés par l'Histoire, ils n'ont guère laissé de traces et le dossier est peu documenté. S'il arrive que les mémoires et les archives apportent quelque lueur, le plus souvent ils ajoutent des inconnues à l'équation au lieu de la résoudre. Cependant, les auteurs du temps sont de précieux informateurs : ils sont au plus près d'un système de pensée que nous ne pouvons plus saisir, si longtemps après la Révolution. Déjà, en 1839, Sainte-Beuve formulait ce problème anthropologique : A-t-on raison de prétendre savoir mieux le moyen-âge aujourd’hui qu’avant la révolution ? Oui et non. Cette quantité de détails... qui formaient la trame sociale, et qui étaient un reste de la vie du moyen-âge, on ne les connaît plus. Tout le monde en était informé alors, on vivait au milieu. Les érudits en retrouvent aujourd’hui et en embrassent des parties; mais personne n’a plus dans la tête cet ensemble d’organisation. Mais, une fois aperçu cet ensemble d'organisation, de quelle façon restituer ces dossiers emboités ? Trop de va-et- vient entre le premier plan et les arrière-plans donnerait un texte indigeste parce qu'informe, sans cesse rompu par de trop longues parenthèses. Aussi ai-je choisi de dissocier les éléments narratifs et les développements analytiques. Ma première partie fait le récit des Courtenay royaux. Quel titre lui donner ? : essor et déclin ? sommeil et réveil ? succès et échec ? En pensant à Jane Austen et à l'épineuse question du rang à table dont témoignent ses romans, je choisis Obscurité & Présomption. La deuxième partie constitue le dossier de l'affaire et contient les compléments : 1) la différence entre succession et héritage (droit de la Couronne) 2) la généalogie incertaine des Courtenay tardifs 3) l'histoire des premiers Courtenay © Esambe Josilonus 2015, rev. 2020 4 4) le mirage byzantin de l'empereur Pierre ou qui se sert des femmes, périra par les femmes. 5) Courtney vs Courtenay : la leçon anglaise. 6) Trois générations de Courtenay d'outremer. © Esambe Josilonus 2015, rev. 2020 5 1ère partie : Obscurité et présomption Sauf les malheureux Empereurs Latins (Annexe IV), ces Courtenay restent invisibles. Même la littérature n'a guère prêté attention aux superbes sujets qu'ils offrent. Leur nom apparaît rarement dans les histoires et ne sert pas d'aliment à une "cuisine narrative", tout juste d'épice. Avec quelques autres patronymes "immémoriaux", ce nom symbolise 'la féodalité' : les femmes quenouillent et les hommes guerrouillent ...Iolande de Bourgogne, Jeanne de Toulouse, Isabelle de France, Amicie de Courtenay, quittèrent la quenouille que filaient alors les reines et suivirent leurs maris outre-mer (Chateaubriand, Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem, in œuvres complètes, T3, Ed Lefèvre 1838, p 401) ou ... Reine, oui, reprit la première en riant, si c’était vraiment la fille du prince de Courtenay, le plus vieux nom de France... cette branche antique, la plus noble qui soit dans la chrétienté... Qui osera désormais porter l’écusson aux cinq [trois] besants d’or, plus éclatant que celui des lis ? (Nerval, 1852, Les confidences de Nicolas, Les illuminés). D'un autre côté, ce nom devient plaisanterie quand un descendant de la dernière Courtenay (Bauffremont) s'en pare, témoin cette plaisanterie d'Emile Cabanon vers 1815, tant répétée depuis et attribuée à tant de gens, qui lui fit forcer les portes du Théâtre-Français un jour de représentation © Esambe Josilonus 2015, rev. 2020 6 extraordinaire : « — Votre nom? lui demanda le contrôleur en l'arrêtant. — Prince de Courtenay... branche éteinte» et il passa. Il fallait l'excentricité du "Sâr" Péladan pour être séduit par ces figures de la Décadence Latine : le Prince royal de Courtenay, vivant avec la pensée de sa race déchue...(1866) ou Courtenay, homme-destin insuffisant, envoûté par le fait accompli social (1890). Gibbon reste le seul grand auteur qui présente leur dossier au public (Déclin et chute, à la fin du CH. LXI). Ils ne marquent pas l'histoire de France : comblés par Philippe Auguste, ils tombèrent de la grande scène et disparurent. L'Histoire ne les connaissant pas, il faut pêcher des indications biographiques dans les généalogies et les mémoires du temps, remonter les pistes et faire des conjectures à partir de maigres indices. Survolons rapidement leur longue histoire. Dans la phase post carolingienne (IXe/Xe siècles), des seigneurs de guerre, comtes de Sens, s'enracinent alentour en édifiant des forts que tiennent parentèle et alliés. Quand, au XIe, ils perdent la ville et le titre, l'une de ces familles se trouve basée à Courtenay dont elle reçoit son nom. Croisades. Alliances. Grandeur. Disparition : vers le milieu XIIe, le sire de Courtenay s'évanouit, laissant sa fille et ses terres pour reparaître en Angleterre où il fait souche. Lui et ses descendants brilleront dans l'histoire anglaise. Sa fille, ses terres, son nom et ses armes, le roi de France, Louis VII le pieux, les donne à Pierre, son dernier frère cadet dont, à la génération suivante, l'émergence philippaugustienne "booste" le fils aîné, Pierre (ii) de Courtenay : en position de réunir grâce aux épouses que lui donne le roi, le comté de Namur et les comtés de Nevers, Tonnerre, Auxerre, il perd la fille-pivot (1199). Il croit rebondir en saisissant la couronne de l'Empire Latin de Constantinople. Cette chimère le tue puis fait le malheur et la ruine de ses descendants qui finent en fille. En 1312, l'emperière (en titre, seulement en titre) échange la terre de Courtenay contre un espoir (vain) de reconquête. © Esambe Josilonus 2015, rev. 2020 7 Restent, enfouies dans leurs terres humides de la Puisaye, des branches cadettes qui s'éteignent les unes après les autres, rallumées parfois par des collatéraux. Les Capétiens directs finissent, les Valois finissent. Les siècles passent. Les guerres étrangères. Les guerres religieuses. Pas un Courtenay sur l'écran radar, pas un Bléneau, pas même un Chevillon. Jamais le moindre titre nobiliaire. Sires oubliés, ils se sont oubliés eux-mêmes. Et voilà que, à l'extrême fin du XVIe siècle, une branche royale à peine moins lointaine qu'eux accède à la couronne (Bourbon). Eveillés soudain, les Courtenay au marais dormant se piquent d'annuler quatre siècles et de se faire déclarer princes royaux, excipant de leur "sang" contre leur obscurité. Leur anachronique tentative échoue mais, au bénéfice du doute, ils finissent par se faire reconnaître comme méconnus. Ils se qualifient de princes de Courtenay, prétention qu'on tolère in memoriam et peut-être en partie par provision : si seulement l'un d'entre eux devenait digne de son origine ! Las, le dernier se suicide sans raison apparente (1730). Ainsi, en un millénaire, "Courtenay" recouvre successivement les vrais (Courtenay de Courtenay, puis Courtenay anglais), les demi-vrais (Courtenay royaux), leurs descendants tardifs (Courtenay sans Courtenay) et, parallèlement, les étrangers qui ont reçu ou acquis la terre de Courtenay après son abandon (nouveaux Courtenay). Curtney d'Okehampton, Earl of Devon 1335 Courtenay d'Angleterre Curtney d'Haccomb, E of D 1485 Curtney de Powderham, E of D 1831 Courtenay Louis le Gros Nouveaux Courtenay (Chabannes, Comtes de de => Boulainvilliers) Sens (x°) Courtenay (xi°) Pierre Courtenay royaux (xii°) Courtenay sans Prince Louis Courtenay Beauffremont- Courtenay © Esambe Josilonus 2015, rev.
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