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African Cities Reader II AFRICAN CITIES READER II Mobilities and Fixtures African Cities Reader: Mobilities and Fixtures Ntone Edjabe and Edgar Pieterse (editors) Published by Chimurenga and the African Centre for Cities P.O. Box 15117 Vlaeberg, 8018 South Africa Tel: +27 (21) 422 4168 Email: [email protected] Chimurenga, African Centre for Cities and contributors © 2011 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher. Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material. The publisher apologises for any errors or omissions and would be grateful if notified of any corrections that should be incorporated in future reprints or editions of this book. ISBN: 978-0-9814273-4-8 Print design and layout: Chimurenga LAB DTP: Natasha Johnson Editorial Assistant: Jennifer Bryant Copy Editing: Andrea Meeson Cover images: Manu Herbstein www.africancitiesreader.org.za Contents Preface 5 Avalon in Two Monuments 106-111 Khulile Nxumalo Anti-Teleology 7-23 Dominique Malaquais Avalon 112-119 Nicole Turner Airport Theatre, African Villain 24-29 Martin Kimani The Psychogeography of Loose Associations 120-125 Sherif El-Azma The Car Doctors of Maamobi 30-41 Manu Herbstein Tailor 126-135 Jonny Steinberg Pilgrimages: Jambo 42-47 Adrift and Exposed 136-143 Victor LaValle Iain Chambers/Isaac Julien Hargeisa Snapshots 48-50 Mining Sounds 144-149 Doreen Baingana Emeka Ogboh Kin La Belle: In the Clear Light of Song and 51-55 Every Day is for The Thief: An Excerpt 150-155 Silence Teju Cole Yvonne Owuor Harare North: An Excerpt 156-158 Obstacles 56-63 Brian Chikwava Anna Kostreva Towards a Politics of Mobility 159-171 Tracks 64-69 Tim Cresswell MADEYOULOOK/Santu Mofokeng Straight, No Chaser 172-173 ‘Here I Am Nobody’: Rethinking Urban 70-77 Nick Mwaluko Governance, Sovereignty and Power Caroline Kihato I Have Always Meant To Fail 174-182 Isoje Chou Anti-Iconic: The Photography of David Adjaye 78-88 Sean O’ Toole in conversation with David Adjaye Ground/Overground/Underground 183-195 Mowoso Las Vegas: The Last African City 89-91 Chris Abani Yeoville Studio: Negotiating the Line Between 196-201 Research and Activism Oil City: Petro-landscapes and Sustainable 92-99 Claire Benit-Gbaffou Futures Michael Watts/Ed Kashi Spinning Translocal 202-203 100-105 Jenny Mbaye Beira Through The Looking Glass Sean Christie Contributors 204-207 Preface The aim of this second instalment of the African Cities Reader is to provide a space to illuminate emergent urbanisms of Africa in its continental and diasporic richness. The leitmotif of the contemporary globalising era is mobility, which references the incessant circulation of goods, services, ideas, technologies, imaginaries and money. African cities are uniquely marked by disjunctive flows and circuits, but in ways that amplify both the intensity of mobility, and its shadow, fixity. The violent reverberations of colonialism in the processes of city living and building ensure that most urban dwellers are entangled in relationships of movement – as protagonists in migratory journeys or as economic or social funders of the journeys of others. The concomitant costs and logistics are ubiquitous and demanding and they simultaneously generate conflict and co-operation, complicity and duplicity, cohesion and instability, all of which enhance a profound sense of entanglement and the desire for escape. The cultural worlds that are born of these processes remain largely invisible in the academic literature on African cities, although they live at the core of contemporary social and economic life. And this is to say nothing about the tedious movements, circulations and negotiations that are required to get by, or high, or down, or connected within any city. Moreover, when the possibility and necessity of movement is so extremely circumscribed by all manner of barriers, obstacles, fixtures, detours, dead-ends and disappointments, how can we fundamentally recast the trope – mobility – of the contemporary moment? The ensemble of work between these covers serves up a different perspective on the dialectic of mobility. It offers a multitude of entry and jump-off points that encourage us to think differently about the relational scales, speeds and times that co-exist in the reproduction of urban space. Some of the work veers into theoretical discourse; other pieces offer artistic accounts of the phenomenological implications of forced migrations met with violence and barbed wire; others present poetic insights into the minutia of repair work associated with intensified mobility, with an ironic acknowledgement that so much mobility is interrupted by infrastructural failures and mechanical disrepair. What is abundantly clear across these pages is that many urban worlds await to be explored and accounted for by paying closer attention to the details of social practices, political manoeuvres, economic ambitions and symbolic registers. The paradox of greater mobility and intensified barriers in African cities has an impact on all classes and social groups, and moreover, play out in the imaginaries of individual actors who ‘live’ our cities or try to escape them. We encourage you to enjoy this multi-directional exploration and hope it will take your own thinking and practice to a place deeply felt. As with the first African Cities Reader, we are struck by the constitutive emergence of pluralism, cosmopolitanism and diversity across Africa. We thank the Rockefeller Foundation for its open-minded support of this project. Enjoy the ride. Ntone Edjabe and Edgar Pieterse Editors 5 Anti-Teleology: Re-Mapping the Imag(in)ed City DOMINIQUE MALAQUAIS Against Teleology 1 For their generosity in sharing ideas and images as I For some years now, scholars in a range of fields have been arguing that canonical was writing these pages, I wish to thank several people: 1 the artist Méga Mingiedi, whose work is at the core of this approaches to urban space fall short when faced with cities like Kinshasa. essay and with whom I have had the pleasure of many long Despite claims to universal applicability, such approaches tend to be thoroughly conversations in DRC, South Africa and France over the past year and a half; François Duconseille and Jean-Christophe 2 Eurocentric. Rooted in the Modernist project, they favour teleological narratives Lanquetin, who first introduced me to Mingiedi, invited me to of progress in which the self-professed centre, the Euro-American metropolis, take part in a Johannesburg residency with him in 2009, and whose photography of the artist’s work during this residency serves as the model and benchmark. At their core is a reliance on dichotomies – appears herewith; Eléonore Hellio, whose analyses and centre vs periphery, formal vs informal, success vs failure – that cannot effectively reading suggestions have proven a key source of inspiration; Dicoco Boketshu Bokungu, to whom I am most grateful for account for diversity: for ways of experiencing, structuring and imagining city life his guidance as I seek to navigate the complexities of Kinois 3 social and political space; Christian Hanussek, who first beyond the confines of a world narrated by Lewis Mumford and his followers. encouraged me to write about one of the works by Mingiedi Such either/or readings of urban space have a pernicious effect that extends far discussed in this essay, ‘Kin Délestage’ (Fig. 1). beyond the realm of philosophical difference. At the hands of the IMF, the World 2 Edgar Pieterse, AbdouMaliq Simone et al, http:// Bank and related institutions, or deployed by state-sponsored local and regional africancentreforcities.net/programmes/academic-research planning bodies, they shape policy and as a result impact millions of lives, more 4 often than not in distinctly negative ways. 3 Mumford (1895-1990) was indubitably a remarkable writer, and an encyclopedic one as well. His most famous book, The Culture of Cities (1938) is an essential text that shaped Examples of this abound. Simplistic visions of Johannesburg as a metropolis divided (and continues to shape) generations of urban historians. At its core, however, is a fundamental lacuna: its failure to between haves and have-nots, the latter perceived as likely to impede the city’s engage in any meaningful way with non-European urban growth, attended many a step in the build-up to the 2010 World Cup. Evidence of cultures – with the predictable exceptions of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. This tends to be blamed on ‘an absence this is rife in the form of massive over-investment in infrastructure – stadiums and of sources due to the epoch in which he was writing’ (see, hotels most notably. The latter will not only fail to bring in long-term revenue, but notably, Corinne Beutler’s review of Mumford’s opus in Annales: économies, sociétés, civilisations (1996) Vol 21, also, because of their restricted access, will exacerbate tensions, widening divides No. 4, p. 919). This is a dubious argument, given the ample infinitely more complex than those envisaged by rich versus poor, underclass versus coeval data on China, India and – yes – Africa, and it is of little comfort today, as many writers persist in this failure to the rest dichotomies that shaped the artificial growth spurt prompted by the World engage with what they take to be the urban ‘Other’ and, in Cup. The branding campaign aimed at reinventing Johannesburg as the centre of a tandem, re-assert the kinds of centre-periphery divides that structure most of Mumford’s otherwise fascinating analyses. fictional world united by soccer – one planet, underfutbol , with liberty and justice for all – has proven as flawed as the linear logic of countervailing forces on which 4 Dominique Malaquais (2006) ‘Douala/Johannesburg/ 5 New York: Cityscapes, Imagined’, in Garth Myers and Martin it was premised, and just as unlikely to yield positive results.
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