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Changes in Resting Metabolic Rate and Dietary Intake Among Adolescent Wrestlers from Pre-Season to Post-Season

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Changes in Resting Metabolic Rate and Dietary Intake Among Adolescent Wrestlers from Pre-Season to Post-Season CHANGES IN RESTING METABOLIC RATE AND DIETARY INTAKE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL WRESTLERS FROM PRE-SEASON TO POST-SEASON By LAUREN KAYE BRADLEY Bachelor of Science in Nutritional Sciences Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK 2006 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December, 2008 CHANGES IN RESTING METABOLIC RATE AND DIETARY INTAKE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL WRESTLERS FROM PRE-SEASON TO POST-SEASON Thesis Approved: Dr. Lenka H. Shriver Thesis Adviser Dr. Nancy Betts Dr. Doug Smith Dr. A. Gordon Emslie Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my deepest appreciation to Dr. Lenka H. Shiver, my thesis advisor, for all of her wisdom and guidance throughout this whole research study and writing process. She took me on as her research assistant, advisee, and friend, and I could not be more grateful for the time she gave helping me learn and grow as a person over the last two years. This project could not have been done without her, and she will always serve as a mentor to me because of her knowledge, expertise, wonderful spirit, compassion for helping her students, and desire to continually engage in learning. I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Nancy Betts and Dr. Doug Smith, for their assistance and guidance during the course of the study, and thank the Enid and Stillwater High School wrestlers for their participation in this research project. To my wonderful family I also would like to say thank you. I would not have made it through the last two years without their constant encouragement, support, guidance, patience and love. Mom and Dad you have been their from the beginning cheering me on, setting an example, instilling in me a love for learning and desire to achieve great things. Adam, your desire to learn and succeed has been a constant encouragement to me to finish so I can go on to do great things. I love you all and am forever grateful to have you all in my life. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 Significance of the Study .........................................................................................3 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................4 Limitations of the Study...........................................................................................4 Definition of Terms..................................................................................................5 Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................7 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………………………8 History and Characteristics of the Sport of Wrestling .............................................8 Weight Cutting and Weight Cycling ......................................................................10 Weight Loss Approaches among Wrestlers and Their Consequences...................12 Resting Metabolic Rate ..........................................................................................16 Dietary Intakes among Wrestlers ...........................................................................21 Decreased Caloric Intake and Energy Efficiency ..................................................24 Caloric Restriction and Athletic Performance .......................................................25 Calorie Restriction and the Potential for Eating Disorders ....................................26 Nutrition and Weight Management Knowledge among Wrestlers ........................27 Summary ................................................................................................................28 III. METHODS…….…………………………………………………………………30 Study Design and Subject Selection ......................................................................30 Study Location and Procedures .............................................................................31 Study Variables ......................................................................................................32 Data Analysis .........................................................................................................33 iv Chapter Page IV. FINDINGS .............................................................................................................35 Demographics ........................................................................................................35 Resting Metabolic Rate ..........................................................................................36 Dietary Intakes .......................................................................................................37 V. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................41 Limitations .............................................................................................................46 Conclusion .............................................................................................................47 Implications for Practice and Future Research ......................................................48 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................51 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................53 Appendix A: Oklahoma State University Institutional Review Board ..................53 Appendix B: Written Consent of the Principal ......................................................54 Appendix C: Parent/Guardian Permission Form ...................................................55 Appendix D: Letter for Parents/Guardians ............................................................59 Appendix E: Assent Script and Form ....................................................................60 Appendix F: 24-Hour Recall Form ........................................................................62 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 4.1 Demographics, Weight, and Height from Pre-Season to Post-Season ..............36 4.2 RMR Values from Pre-Season to Post-Season………………………………...37 4.3 Overall Raw Energy and Macronutrient Intakes of the Wrestlers in Pre-Season, In-Season, and Post-Season…... ……………………………...37 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 4.1 Comparisons of Dietary Intakes Between Pre-Season and Post-Season ............39 4.2 Comparisons of Dietary Intakes Between In-Season and Post-Season………...40 4.3 Comparisons of Dietary Intakes Between Pre-Season and In-Season………….40 vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Wresting is a sport with its existence dating back to the first ancient Olympics (Horswill, 1992). It continues to attract numerous competitors of all ages and can be found in over 9,500 high schools today (National Federation of State High School Associations, 2007). The sport requires speed, agility, power, strength and stamina, therefore requiring the athlete to be in top physical and mental condition in order to be successful. Wrestling is one of the few sports where competitors are required to weigh in and perform at a certain body weight in order to compete. The purpose of assigning weight classes in wrestling is to allow wrestlers of different sizes and shapes to compete fairly, and to decrease injuries that could potentially occur from wrestlers being paired against someone larger or smaller than themselves (Horswill, 1993; National Federation of State High School Associations, 2007). It is well known that wrestlers often compete in weight classes much lower than their normal body weight to gain a competitive advantage. To maintain an extremely low body weight wrestlers engage in behaviors such as fasting, food and fluid restriction, diet manipulation, spitting, diuretic use, and excessive exercise (Horswill, 1993; Kiningham & Gorenflo, 2001) Studies are starting to find that continual weight restriction and patterns of weight loss and gain affect multiple components of the body, and the overall health of the 1 athlete. Decreased muscle strength and recovery (Roemmich & Sinning, 1997), decreased kidney function, altered plasma and blood volumes, electrolyte imbalance, and the possibility of heart disease and obesity in the future are all areas of concern for athletes partaking in extreme weight loss practices (McCargar & Crawford, 1992). The effects of weight loss that attract the most attention are related to alterations in metabolic rate, and nutrient intake. Previous research has conflicting opinions as to the affect weight loss and cycles of weight loss and regain have on a wrestler’s metabolic rate. Some studies have found that repeated weight loss was associated with a lowered metabolic rate (Steen, Oppliger, & Brownell, 1988). Others have shown no significant change in metabolic rate over the course of a wrestling season (McCargar & Crawford, 1992; Melby, Schmidt, & Corrigan, 1990). It is important to note that little research is available examining adolescent wrestlers, and most studies examined took place at a collegiate institution, or had surveys mailed out to former collegiate athletes. Due to the fact that adolescents are going through periods of growth and development, and metabolism playing a large role in weight management efforts, it is important that more research examine if weight loss and the activities wrestler’s partake in
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