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The Edlergence of Early Kingdodls in South Sulawesi

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The Edlergence of Early Kingdodls in South Sulawesi Southeast Asian Studies, Vo!. 20, No.4, March 1983 The EDlergence of Early KingdoDls in South Sulawesi --A Preliminary Remark on Governmental Contracts from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century-- Andi' ZAINAL Abidin* III the I La Galigo Epic Cycle, Cina, later I Introduction called Pammana. Examples of such governmental contracts are found at the Pactum subjectionis or governmental beginning sections of historical chronicles contract is a covenant or compact between (Lontara' attoriolong),1> Usually the very the ruler and the ruled envisaging their first parts of the chronicles contain a mutual rights and responsibilities [Abidin political myth which explains the origin 1971: 159; Harvey 1974: 18; Riekerk of a dynasty as founded by a king or quoting Catlin 1969: 12]. Among the early queen descending from heaven. Thus prior states discussed by various scholars, e.g., to the emergence of kingdoms in South Claesen and Skalnik [1978], Geertz [1979], Sulawesi, the first king called To Manurung Selo Soemardjan [1978J, Coedes [1967J, 1) According to Andi' Makkaraka, the earliest Hall and Whitmore [Aeusrivongse 1979J, chronicles were composed in Luwu' before writ­ Reid and Castles [Macknight 1975J, none ings were known in other regions, and were subscribed to the practice of governmental called sure' attoriolong (document of ancient people) and the Sure' Galigo, I La Galigo Epic contracts, except Bone in South Sulawesi. Cycle. At first the Luwu' people used leaves of Despite its uniqueness, to my knowledge, the Aka' (Corypha Gebanga). Subsequently nothing has been written on the pactum writings appeared in other areas, notably Gowa and Tallo'. The Gowa people used leaves of subjectionis of early kingdoms in South the tala' tree (Borassus flabellzformis L.). Sulawesi, nor has any research been under­ These data from the reign of the ninth king of taken on this subject. This paper discusses Gowa, titled Daeng Matanre Karaeng Mangu­ tungi, who was known later as Tumapa'risi' the formation of main kigndoms in South kallonna (lit. the man with the lame neck); he Sulawesi and especially the governmental reigned from about 1512 to 1548 [Noorduyn contracts in the so-called Cappagalae (the 1965: 151]. After the people of South Sulawesi came in contact with the Portuguese in 1538, big three-Luwu', Bone and Gowa); two they for the first time became acquainted members of Tellumpoccoe (the three allied with paper and began to keep diaries. The habit of keeping diaries seems to have been kingdoms in 1582), that is, Wajo' and Sop­ confined to South Sulawesi or to those people peng; and a petty kingdom already known who were exposed to cultural influences of South Sulawesi. In neither Javanese nor * Faculty of Law, Hasanuddin University, Jalan Malay culture do we ever hear of this kind of Mesjid Raya, Ujung Pandang, Indonesia literature [ibid.: 14]. 455 (lit. he who came from the sky) had to nesIa. Certainly, this work must rank make a contract with the representatives of among the longest pieces of literature in the the people called Ulu Anang or Matoa world-European scholars alone assembled (Bugis) or Kasuwiang (Makassar). about 6,000 folio pages of it [Kern 1954; The tale is told in a matter-of-fact way Matthes 1864 and 1872, Vol. II: 416-537, and purely from the human side [Noorduyn Notes 250-253J. As R. A. Kern has pointed 1965: 138]. The description runs roughly out, it is most remarkable that the pre­ as follows: "People in the olden times Islamic Bugis people, who were still very called him (the first king) To Manurung small in number, produced one ofthe world's because no one knew his name, and no one most extensive bodies of literature and knew where he came from or how he died" considered it the source of the pre-history of or "because no one knew his father or the Bugis people [Kern 1954 : v]. Since mother." the I La Galigo itself forms a source for the The story of the To Manurung and the later belief that the first kings of South governmental contracts in the Lontara' Sulawesi were descendants from the kings seems to be connected with the I La Galigo of the I La Galigo 'period,' the investigation Epic Cycle. For example the chronicles of on the I La Galigo is necessary. The myth­ Bone, Soppeng and Pammana all begin ological elements may provide clues to the with a passage such as the following: "After early history of South Sulawesi and insight into ideas of its society and governance the kings mentioned in the I La Galigo had [Harvey 1974: 17J. been completely swallowed up upon attend­ The To Manurung stories are political ing a great reunion in Luwu', for seven myths par excellence, and prevailed not only pariamang (lit. cycle of eight years or seven among primitive tribes but throughout the generations or a longer period) there were no civilizations of the ancient world, and even kings; there was no ade' (customary law); in recent times. Maharajahs were incarna­ there was no focus of unity; and they tions of the God Krishna. The Egyptian swallowed one another like fish; the strong kings were the sons of Ra. The Tibetan were successful; the weak were trampled Grand Lamas were-and perhaps still are­ on; ., .hunger was everywhere...." The reborn Buddhas. These myths, arising Lontara's of Gowa do not include such from and playing upon man's social nature, statements but begin with the following bring to government a ratification without passage: "Before the To Manurung which no prince or parliament, no tyrant or reigned, there were four kings. The first dictator could ever rule a people [MacIver king was Batara Guru." The I La Galigo 1954: 17]. Epic Cycle also recognizes La Toge'langi' One element of the To Manurung political titled Batara Guru as the first king of Luwu'. myths can be proved to have actually existed, The I La Galigo Epic Cycle is one of the that is, the formula of the governmental most remarkable literary works in Indo- contracts. These contracts are written at 456 Andi' ZAINAL Abidin: The Emergence of Early Kingdoms in South Sulawesi the very beginning of the Lontara's and South Sulawesi systems. Partly because an they still had to be read out when kings were autocratic state was easier to control, the installed during the Dutch period. For Dutch strengthened the power of the kings example, some kings, who died not long ago, and queens and gave them more power over had to make a contract with those 'represent­ their chiefs and people, widening the gap atives' of the people who were approved by between the rulers and the ruled and so the Dutch colonial government. Among indirectly encouraging arrogance and in­ them were Andi' Jemmabarue, Datu Luwu' sensitivity of the former [Sutherland 1980: (before World War II); Andi' Mappa­ 239]. nyukki', Arumpone nv:1arch 17, 1931); and Andi' Wana Sultan Salahuddin, Datu Sop­ II Sources and Scopes of This Paper peng (January 9, 1941); Andi' Mangkona', Arung Matoa Wajo' (1933) and Andi' Ijo We are aware that the history of the emer­ Karaeng Lalolang, Somba of Gowa (1936). gence of kingdoms belongs to the terra The formula of the contracts of the first incognita and the darkest era of the history kings stipulated in the Lontara's were read of South Sulawesi. Generally speaking, by the 'representatives' of the people at the the foundation of kingdoms began some­ inauguration of the last kings of South where in the dawn of history and it begins Sulawesi during the Dutch period. 2) Of anew in the life of each person [Isjwara course the matoas (elders and the traditional 1964: 131-132 quoting de Garzia] or in the chiefs) were replaced by one of the members words of Sophocles in his Antigone "not of of the central adat councilor by the first today nor yesterday, the same. Through­ 'minister,' since the Dutch had abolished the out all the time they live; and where they institution of matoas. come, none knoweth." The Dutch colonial government was Since the external documentary sources unaware of the checks and balances and for South Sulawesi are disappointingly few moderating influence of the ada! council (cL Pelras [1981]), we have to rely on the and of matoas and kasuiangs within the I La Galigo Epic Cycle, the Lontara's, the bestuursmemorie of the Dutch civil 2) Interviews with people who attended the cere­ mony of the installation of the last kings; inter­ servants, the royal genealogies, interviews views with Andi' Mangkona', Haji Andi' Wana, and oral traditions. and Andi' Ijo; photographs of the installation There is very little information on Luwu', of I Mangimangi Daeng Matutu Karaeng Bontonompo' in 1936 which are attached in the Bantaeng and Makassar in N agarakerta­ Lontara' of several kingdoms of South Sulawesi gama in the fourteenth century. It is owned Ly Haji Andi' Sumange'rukka, ex Datu perhaps worth noting that the identification Pattojo, Soppcng; and the text translated into Malay and read by Matoa Bila (Soppeng) dur­ of Luwu' is not quite certain. The Malay ing the inauguration of Haji Andi' Wana as the Annals record an attack made about a last Datu (king) Soppeng on January 9,1941­ the text is to be found at the Kantor Kebuda­ century later on Malacca by 'Keraing yaan Daerah Tin/[kat II Soppeng. Semerluki' (Karaeng Sumanga'rukka of 457 Tallo'?) from Makassar [Macknight 1975: 210-211]. Fortunately some Portuguese 131]. The Lontara' of Tallo' also records accounts, inter alia the Christianization of an attack on Malacca and Pasai by the fleet the kings of Suppa', Alitta, Bacukiki' and of Sumanga'rukka, the second king of Siang, are to be found in the Lontara' Tallo' [Abd.
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