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Ancient Egypt Discovery Chest Artifact Description Cards Ancient Egypt Overview Egypt is a very old land located on the Southeast coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The ancient civilization and culture grew up along the Nile river which begins deep in Africa to the South. The fields are kept green by the annual flooding of the Nile. The flooding leaves silt and mud along the Nile for planting wheat and other crops. Papyrus grows in the shallows and was used to make paper and cordage in antiquity. The river was also used as a means for transportation by barge and boat. Mud from the banks was used to make bricks for all the buildings in ancient Egypt, except the tombs, which were made of limestone. Scarab (Large) What is this? • A symbol of Ancient Egypt for thousands of years, it is the symbol of the sun god. Sometimes worn as an amulet, this item was also used as a seal to stamp documents. Scarabs were also important in Egyptian funerary rites. They were used to protect the heart of the mummy. What is its significance? • It was believed that wearing a scarab amulet would bring protection and long life to the wearer. To the ancient Egyptians, the beetle rolling a ball of dung on the ground suggested the sun god rolling the sun daily across the sky. 1A, MAGIC Ancient Egypt Ushabti Who would have used this item? • Wealthy nobles and royalty. What is this? • A small human funerary figure made from various materials, including faience, wax, clay, wood, stone, terracotta, and occasionally glass and bronze. The ushabti represents a person who would perform a given task for the deceased in the afterlife. Figures known as ushabti were dated back to the twenty-first dynasty, 1069 BC to 945 BC. What is its significance? • Ancient Egyptians used to sacrificially bury servants with the deceased, which eventually became seen as unnecessary and wasteful. Instead, symbolic images of servants were painted inside tombs to aid the deceased in the afterworld. This practice developed into the use of small statuettes, known as ushabti, shawbti, or shawabti. 2A, MAGIC Ancient Egypt Sculpture of a Cat (Amulet) What is this? • An amulet, a small object that a person wears, carries, or offers to a deity because he or she believes it will magically bestow a particular power or form of protection. Amulets played a large part in ancient Egyptian religion and daily life. There were two kinds of amulets: one for the living, for daily life protection and encouragement, and the other was made for the dead, for mummified bodies. What is its significance? • Worship of a feline goddess, for which this amulet would have been used, dates back as early as 2800 BC. One such feline goddess is Sehkmet (Sakhmet, Sekhet), the lioness-headed goddess whose name means "She who is Powerful.” She is one of the most important of the ancient gods. She has two sides to her personality, for she is both a goddess of vengeance and of healing. 3A, MAGIC Ancient Egypt Kohl—Ancient Egyptian Who would have used this item? Eye Paint • Men and women. What is this? • Eye paint made from pulverized green malachite, galena, cerussite, into a powder and mixed with oil or fat. It was used to outline the upper and lower eyelids of both genders and a line extension from the corner of the eye to the sides of the face. What is its significance? • Many believed it provided protection from the evil eye and had magical and healing powers. The use of kohl rose to a height in 1500 BC. 4A, MAGIC Ancient Egypt Scarab (Black) What is this? • A symbol of Ancient Egypt for thousands of years, it is the symbol of the sun god. Sometimes worn as an amulet, this item was also used as a seal to stamp documents. Scarabs were also important in Egyptian funerary rites. They were used to protect the heart of the mummy. What is its significance? • It was believed that wearing a scarab amulet would bring protection and long life to the wearer. To the ancient Egyptians, the beetle rolling a ball of dung on the ground suggested the sun god rolling the sun daily across the sky. 5A, MAGIC Ancient Egypt Magic Spell Tile Who would have used this item? • Magicians were usually temple priests with a special knowledge of the occult. They guarded their secrets, but for a fee a magician would perform many vital services for the ancient Egyptians. What is this? • A magician could write a spell for curing a disease, interpret a dram, or prescribe a love charm. Many of the spells were purely practical, such as the following: TO RID YOUR HOUSE OF COCKROACHES: Repeat this spell: Depart from me O lips of crookedness. I am Khema, Lord of Pershney. I bring the gods’ words to Re. I report the lord’s messages. What is its significance? • Magic was used in ancient Egypt for almost any occasion. If something bad happened or was predicted, magic might be used t0 change the situation and bring good luck. 6A, MAGIC Ancient Egypt Piece of Pink Aswan Granite Who would have used this item? • Kings and their families. What is this? • Rock used in buildings. Much of the red, grey and black granite used in the pyramids and Valley Temple on Giza plateau was taken from the Aswan granite quarry. What is its significance? • Large blocks were loaded onto barges and floated down the Nile to sculptors’ workshops where they were carved into statues of the king and royal families for the sarcophagi. 1B, ROCKS & MINERALS Ancient Egypt Ceramic Fragments from Faience Who would have used this item? • Rulers, merchants, subjects. What is this? • A type of ceramic material, sintered-quartz, which was used to make dishes, amulets, jewelry, scarabs, small statues, inlays, and goblets. It was used around 30 BC, when Cleopatra died. What is its significance? • The ceramic was thought to glisten with light, the symbol of life, rebirth, and immortality. 2B, ROCKS & MINERALS, Ancient Egypt Frankincense Who would have used this item? • People in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. What is this? • Frankincense is the aromatic gum of the Boswellia sacra, a tree growing in the Horn of Africa and in Arabia. Frankincense has been used for some 5,000 years. It has been used in religious ceremonies and magic spells, and played some part in medicine as well. It was also a key ingredient in the embalming process. When charred and ground into a power, frankincense could be used to make heavy kohl eyeliner. What is its significance? • Because frankincense was in high demand from Europe to Asia, the kingdoms of southern Arabia became an integral part of global economy, with shipping connections to India, the Mediterranean, and the Silk Road. 3B, ROCKS & MINERALS Ancient Egypt Myrrh Who would have used this item? • People in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. What is this? • Dried tree sap. Myrrh has been used for some 5000 years in the preparation of animal sacrifices and human mummies, as well as for personal, religious and medicinal use. In a time before daily bathing, people would use the sweet smoke from the resins to make themselves smell better. What is its significance? • The high demand for frankincense and myrrh created a booming trade in the Middle East lasting several hundred years. 4B, ROCKS & MINERALS Ancient Egypt Natron Who would have used this item? • The wealthy dead who could afford to be embalmed. What is this? • A variety of chemical compounds: sodium chloride (table salt), sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium sulfate. Natron was an important preservative that the Egyptians used in their embalming process. It dried the moisture in the flesh, thereby inhibiting the growth of bacteria. It also removed moisture-filled fat cells and served as a microbial disinfectant. What is its significance? • Natron was considered an offering to the gods. 5B, ROCKS & MINERALS Ancient Egypt Sand from the Site of the First Pyramid What is this? • This sand is from Saqqara, the site of the first pyramid ever built in Egypt. The Step Pyramid of Saqqara doesn’t look like a true pyramid, because it has six steps, or tiers, like a wedding cake. The Step Pyramid was built to hold the mummy of King Zoser, who ruled during Dynasty II (2668-2649 BC), by his architect Imhotep. When it was finished, the pyramid rose more than 200 feet over the burial chamber of the king, and was the first stone building in Egypt. What is its significance? • The area around the Step Pyramid grew into a huge funerary complex, where people were buried for hundreds of years after King Zoser was placed in his pyramid. Saqqara became one of ancient Egypt’s most sacred sites. 6B, ROCKS & MINERALS Ancient Egypt Who would have used this item? Bead Necklace • Both men and women wore necklaces and jewelry of all kinds. Women had necklaces made of faience beads (a ceramic paste), scarabs, and amulets, while men often wore large necklaces called broad collars and wide cuff bracelets. What is this? • Some necklaces were worn as a sign of high rank or office, and were presented to generals in the army by the king, like a medal of honor. Sometimes jewelry was purely decorative and worn for special occasions. What is its significance? • When a person died, their jewelry could be placed in the tomb to be used in the next world. In addition to the jewelry worn late in life, the mummy was adorned with necklaces, bracelets, rings, earrings, and amulets for protection in the next world.
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