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March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1377 Reed Shaheen Walsh Heinrich McConnell Schumer VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT Reid Stabenow Warner Heitkamp Menendez Scott Rockefeller Tester Warren Heller Merkley Sessions Ms. AYOTTE. Mr. President, I thank Sanders Toomey Whitehouse Hirono Mikulski Shaheen my colleague Senator MCCASKILL, as Schatz Udall (CO) Hoeven Moran Wyden Shelby well as Senator FISCHER. The Senate Schumer Udall (NM) Inhofe Murkowski Stabenow Isakson Murphy voted 97–0—unanimously—to support NAYS—34 Tester Johanns Murray Thune the Victims Protection Act. This act Johnson (SD) Nelson Alexander Cruz Portman Toomey builds on important work that was Johnson (WI) Paul Barrasso Enzi Risch Udall (CO) done in the Defense authorization bill Blunt Fischer Kaine Portman Roberts Udall (NM) Boozman Grassley King Pryor to ensure that victims of sexual assault Rubio Vitter Burr Hoeven Klobuchar Reed Scott Walsh in the military will be treated with Chambliss Inhofe Sessions Landrieu Reid dignity and respect; that there will be Leahy Risch Warner Coats Isakson Shelby Lee Roberts Warren full accountability for commanders to Coburn Johanns Thune Cochran Johnson (WI) Levin Rockefeller Whitehouse ensure the within their unit is Vitter Corker McConnell Manchin Rubio Wicker one of zero tolerance toward sexual as- Wicker Wyden Cornyn Moran Markey Sanders saults; and that when a victim comes Crapo Paul McCaskill Schatz forward, that victim—male or female— NOT VOTING—4 NOT VOTING—3 is supported within this system. Begich Kirk Harkin Kirk McCain The Victims Protection Act, passed Harkin McCain The bill (S. 1917) was passed. today by a vote of 97–0—and few things The PRESIDING OFFICER. On this The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ma- in the Senate pass with a 97–0 vote— vote, the yeas are 62 and the nays are jority leader. will ensure there is another level of re- 34. view when a commander disagrees with The motion is agreed to. f the recommendation of a prosecutor to f UNANIMOUS CONSENT AGREE- prosecute a sexual assault case. It will MENT—EXECUTIVE CALENDAR then go up to the civilian secretary for LEGISLATIVE SESSION another level of review. Mr. REID. Mr. President, I ask unan- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under The bill also ensures commanders are imous consent that notwithstanding judged in their evaluations on the cli- the previous order, the Senate will re- rule XXII, all postcloture time be ex- sume legislative session. mate within their unit for addressing pired and the vote on confirmation of sexual assault and how they handle f Calendar No. 563 occur at 10:30 a.m. on these types of cases. Wednesday, March 12, 2014; further, VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT OF 2014 It also eliminates the so-called good that on Tuesday, March 11, 2014, at soldier defense. Because even if you The PRESIDING OFFICER. The 11:30 a.m., the Senate proceed to vote have been a good soldier, if you have clerk will report the pending business. on cloture on Executive Calendar Nos. committed sexual assault, you need to The assistant legislative clerk read 577, 578, 579, and 580; further, that if be held accountable for your actions. as follows: cloture is invoked on any of these So this bill will ensure people who are A bill (S. 1917) to provide for additional en- nominations, notwithstanding rule perpetrators are held accountable for hancements of the sexual assault prevention XXII, all postcloture time be expired their actions. and response activities of the Armed Forces. and the votes on confirmation of the The bill also allows important input The bill was ordered to be engrossed nominations occur on Wednesday, from the victims so they can have a for a third reading and was read the March 12, following disposition of the say as to whether they believe a case third time. McHugh nomination, in the order upon should be brought in a military or a ci- Mr. COATS. Mr. President, I ask for which cloture was invoked; further, vilian system for prosecution. the yeas and nays. Is there a sufficient that following Senate action on these This act adds on the important work second? There appears to be a suffi- nominations, the Senate proceed to we have done together in the Defense cient second. vote on confirmation of Calendar No. authorization bill but it is not the end. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The bill 512; further, that there be 2 minutes for We will continue in the Armed Services having been read the third time, the debate prior to each vote and all roll- Committee to make sure the reforms question is on the passage of the bill. call votes after the first vote in each that have been passed are imple- The yeas and nays are ordered. sequence be 10 minutes in length; fur- mented, that commanders are held ac- The clerk will call the roll. ther, that following disposition of Cal- countable for a climate of zero toler- The legislative clerk called the roll. endar No. 512, the Senate resume legis- ance within their units, and that vic- Mr. DURBIN. I announce that the lative session and proceed to consider- tims of sexual assault are treated with Senator from Iowa (Mr. HARKIN) is nec- ation of Calendar No. 309, S. 1086, the dignity and respect and know they will essarily absent. childcare and development block grant be supported if they come forward to Mr. CORNYN. The following Senators bill. report. are necessarily absent: the Senator The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there So I thank the Chair, and I again from Illinois (Mr. KIRK) and the Sen- objection? thank Senator MCCASKILL for her lead- ator from Arizona (Mr. MCCAIN). Without objection, it is so ordered. ership on this bill. So few things pass The PRESIDING OFFICER. Are there in this body unanimously, but this f any other Senators in the Chamber de- shows the bipartisan commitment we siring to vote? ORDER OF PROCEDURE have to stopping this scourge of sexual The result was announced—yeas 97, assault in the military. Mr. REID. I ask unanimous consent nays 0, as follows: I yield the floor. that Senator AYOTTE be recognized for [Rollcall Vote No. 62 Leg.] up to 3 minutes to comment on the f YEAS—97 passage of S. 1917; further, that fol- MORNING BUSINESS Alexander Cantwell Cruz lowing her remarks, the Senate pro- Ayotte Cardin Donnelly Baldwin Carper Durbin ceed to a period of morning business; Barrasso Casey Enzi that the time be controlled in alter- CLIMATE CHANGE Begich Chambliss Feinstein nating 45-minute blocks, with the ma- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ma- Bennet Coats Fischer Blumenthal Coburn Flake jority controlling the first 45 minutes. jority leader. Blunt Cochran Franken The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there Mr. REID. Mr. President, just last Booker Collins Gillibrand objection? week one of the world’s most well- Boozman Coons Graham Without objection, it is so ordered. known spiritual leaders, His Holiness Boxer Corker Grassley Brown Cornyn Hagan The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, visited Burr Crapo Hatch ator from New Hampshire. the Capitol. He talked about the moral

VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:41 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\A10MR6.004 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1378 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 imperative to protect the planet we nearly ran dry, and barge traffic had to groundbreaking on the Moapa land, call home. The Dalai Lama spoke with be brought to a stop because the river where they are going to have hundreds passion and longing of his native Tibet, wasn’t deep enough for them to travel. and hundreds of jobs because they are where mountain melt in While record affected some going to produce huge amounts of en- to feed the rivers to provide Ban- parts of the United States, torrential ergy through solar, and that energy is gladesh, China, India, Nepal, and Paki- and extreme going to go to California. We have huge stan with water. struck others. Temperatures topped 60 amounts of solar energy all over the The Himalayas are sometimes called degrees in Alaska in January. Feb- State of Nevada and we are shipping it the ‘‘third pole’’ because they contain ruary brought a blanket of and to California because California did the nearly a third of the world’s nonpolar ice to Atlanta, GA—the South. right thing. They passed a law saying ice. But in recent years, manmade cli- In other parts of the world, glaciers by a certain period of time one-third of mate change has caused milder win- and ice sheets which have been frozen all their power must come from renew- ters, less snow, and less water for 1.3 for tens of thousands of years are melt- able sources. This is a progressive billion people living downstream from ing and melting quickly. have State. It is important, and we are help- Tibet. consumed vast forests and ing them meet those demands, but we In the Western United States we face and superfloods left millions homeless are also doing a lot to produce our own a similar problem. For more than a all over the world. Since this new year, energy. decade has plagued the Colo- the United Kingdom has had its wet- I talked about this powerplant. The rado River, both upstream and down- test perhaps ever but far more powerplant, Moapa, at this Indian res- stream—the lifeblood of a number of than in the last 100 years. Tokyo, ervation, is the first solar project to be Western States, including Nevada, Japan, in a period of a little over 2 built on tribal lands—certainly in Ne- California, Arizona, and other States. weeks, got 4 years’ worth of snow. Aus- vada and likely in the whole country. During this period of time, we have tralia experienced its hottest The largest solar plant in the world had some so-called average snows in in the history of Australia. opened last month on the Nevada-Cali- the Upper Colorado but none of it The vast majority of scientists say fornia border, the largest one in the reaches the river. The climate has this is just the beginning of the rav- world. Dozens of geothermal wells on changed. Milder have meant ages of our world changing. Dozens of public lands power the cities of Reno less Rocky Mountain snowpack and reports from scientists around the and Sparks in northern Nevada. Be- less spring runoff to feed the river. globe link extreme to climate cause some of Nevada’s best renewable Combined with more extreme summer change, and the more extreme climate energy resources are located in the heat and other issues connected with change gets, the more extreme the rural areas, we recently completed a climate change, the shrinking western weather is going to get. Everyone has power line connecting renewable en- snowpack threatens the water source to understand that. It is easy to see the ergy sources. It was part of the Obama for more than 30 million people. Far urgency to confront climate change, program to help stimulate the econ- but this challenge is also an oppor- more than 30 million people, because 38 omy, which certainly has done that all tunity—and it truly is. million people in California are af- over the country, but it certainly has We have the ability now to reduce fected very adversely because of what our reliance on oil and other fossil done it in Nevada. We have this power is going on with the Colorado River. , increase our production of clean line connecting the northern part of The seriousness of this climate prob- energy, and create good-paying jobs the State and the southern State for lem is not lost on the average Amer- which can never be outsourced. We the first time ever. ican. The vast majority of Americans What is being put into that power have the ability to choose the kind of line? Renewable energy. Solar, wind, believe climate change is real. They be- world in which we live. We have that geothermal. This power line connecting lieve it is here. choice. A quarter century ago the first Presi- In Nevada we have done some good renewable energy resources with the dent Bush promised to use ‘‘the White things. We have chosen clean renew- people and businesses that need them House effect’’ to combat the ‘‘green- able energy as we retire older polluting and making the electric grid more effi- house effect.’’ That is what President powerplants. We only have one left. We cient is a part of what we used to talk Bush said, but not much has happened, imported millions of tons of coal. about all the time, a smart grid. It is I am sorry to say. I remember I was in the House of actually here. Nevada is the first place Despite overwhelming scientific evi- Representatives and one powerplant where we actually have Federal pro- dence and overwhelming public opin- was on its way out. Al Matteucci, at- grams which got us the smart grid. We ion, climate change deniers still exist. torney for Nevada Power, was telling have permission to take this power line There are lots of them. They exist in me that little powerplant was import- from northern Nevada to southern Ne- this country. They exist, I am sorry to ing 2 million tons of coal a year. I said: vada, now into the great Northwest. say, in this Congress—in the House and What are you talking about? I thought, So we are doing some good work. in the Senate. 2 million tons of coal? But that is the This is what the smart grid is all So I am very grateful to Senator way it was, just one relatively small about. Nevada has proven it is very SCHATZ, Senator WHITEHOUSE, and the powerplant. We are no longer doing easy to reduce our reliance on fossil chairman of the very important envi- that in Nevada. We have only one coal- fuels, which is good for the economy ronmental committee, Senator BOXER, fired plant left, and we have done this and good for the environment. and many other Senators who will join by going of course to some natural gas, But as the Dalai Lama said: this climate change debate and presen- but we have done so many good things We have the capability and the responsi- tation tonight for standing up against with renewable energy. With geo- bility to act. But we must do so before it is the deniers. thermal we finally passed California. too late. Climate change is real. It is here. It We are the most productive State in He went on further to say: is time to stop acting as though those the Union with geothermal energy. This . . . is not just a question of morality who ignore this crisis—for example, the We have done other things with re- or ethics, but a question of our own survival. oil baron Koch brothers and their allies newable energy. This old plant I just I believe him. in Congress—have a valid point. They talked about, where millions of tons of I ask unanimous consent that fol- don’t. Climate change is here. Climate coal came in every year, why are we lowing my opening remarks the fol- change has brought harsh and drastic getting rid of that? For lots of reasons. lowing Senators be recognized for up to situations all over our country. But one reason is this polluting power- 90 seconds in the order listed: DURBIN, In the last few years alone, the Mid- plant, built on Paiute Indian land in SCHUMER, MURRAY, BOXER, WHITE- west has experienced the most pun- Moapa, NV, about 35 miles outside of HOUSE, SCHATZ, FEINSTEIN, WYDEN, ishing drought since the Great Depres- Las Vegas, during the Johnson admin- NELSON, CANTWELL, CARDIN, KLO- sion. have ravaged the West, istration was closed. BUCHAR, UDALL of Colorado, UDALL of with places burning which have never Next week, a week from this coming New Mexico, SHAHEEN, MERKLEY, BEN- burned before. The mighty Mississippi Friday, we are going to have a NET, FRANKEN, COONS, BLUMENTHAL,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:41 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.018 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1379 HEINRICH, KING, KAINE, WARREN, MAR- about warming the planet is real. We The deniers have given in to the KEY, BOOKER, and GILLIBRAND. need to take action, much of which will power of wishful thinking, just as those The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without be outlined tonight. I hope my col- defending cigarette addiction did. objection, it is so ordered. leagues and the American people are To those who would say let China The assistant majority leader. listening. lead, I say this is shameful. In China Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, in this I yield the floor. 1.2 million people died in 2010 from air Chamber we spend a lot of time debat- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- pollution. That is a fact, not a fantasy. ing how our actions will affect future ator from Washington. America doesn’t sit around and wait generations and the obligations we Mrs. MURRAY. Mr. President, as a for someone else to protect the health have to leave future generations a bet- member of the Senate Climate Action and safety and the quality of life of our ter nation and a better world. Task Force, I am very proud to join people. It is wrong. So I am so proud Nowhere is this responsibility more with all of our colleagues to talk about tonight to stand with my resolute col- apparent than when it comes to the an action which is needed. leagues as we fight back against those issue of climate change. It is critical Climate change is real. We have seen polluters who would put their self-in- we leave our children and grand- it in the overwhelming scientific evi- terests ahead of the salmon we have children a sustainable planet with a dence which is occurring today. It is sworn to protect. promising, bright future. not just about science. It is impacting Thank you. We can no longer shy away from the all of us. We see the rise in asthma at- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- fact that over 98 percent of all working tacks. We see the impacts in my home ator from Rhode Island. climate scientists believe that human State of Washington. I hear this con- Mr. WHITEHOUSE. Thank you, Mr. activities have led to climate change. cern from my constituents, and we Presiding Officer. The Intergovernmental Panel on Cli- know rising sea levels are threatening The problem of carbon pollution mate Change has found it to be un- all of us. We see it in our rural commu- could not be more real for my home equivocal that the world is warming nities where we are seeing drought. We State of Rhode Island. It is real for our due to human activities. The existence are seeing it in our forests where the country’s future. I will be here in the of manmade climate change is not a dry weather is turning our into wee hours and I will yield my time so debatable issue, nor is it a vague or dis- kindling. We see it in our local fishing we can compress this. We have a lot of tant threat. It is a situation which re- communities where ocean acidification Senators who want to speak in a short is hindering our shellfish development. quires serious attention immediately. period of time. I have heard it said there is only one These impacts have enormous costs. I want to yield my time and express They are devastating to our families major political party in the world my gratitude to Senator SCHATZ of Ha- and communities who are suffering which denies what I just said: the sci- waii who has coordinated tonight’s from droughts, superstorms, and entific evidence which points to cli- event. mate change and the fact the world we wildfires. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- But it is not just an environmental are living in is changing with extreme ator from Hawaii. issue; it is not just a health issue. It is weather patterns the life we lead and Mr. SCHATZ. I rise with 29 of my col- a budget issue. It is not just about ris- leagues with a simple message for Con- the future for many generations. ing temperatures; it is about rising I hope, during the course of this de- gress and for our Nation: Climate costs. As chair of the Budget Com- bate, if the Republican Party comes to change is real; climate change is mittee, I can tell you this issue is a the floor, they will dispute what I just burden to our taxpayers. Federal dis- caused by humans; and climate change said. I am calling on them to name any aster recovery spending alone has in- is solvable. We will not rest until Con- other major political party in the creased year after year as the number gress wakes up and acts on the most world which agrees with the propo- and size of weather-related pressing issue of our time. sition that they stand for, questioning rise. These costs will continue if we Why are we doing this? Why are we whether there is scientific evidence don’t act. taking this particular action to take supporting climate change. I believe The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- the floor tonight and into the morning there is, and I believe we should act ator’s time has expired. right now? The answer is simple: This now. Mrs. MURRAY. We know the jobs we is the floor of the U.S. Senate, the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- can create with new economic opportu- greatest deliberative body in the world. ator’s time has expired. nities of climate change will help bring This is where historically America has The Senator from New York. us out of the budget deficits we face. addressed some of its toughest chal- Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, I I congratulate all of our colleagues lenges. Tonight has to be the historic thank my colleagues. They did an who are here tonight to talk, and I beginning of us facing the challenge of amazing job on the Climate Action yield the floor. our generation. The real question Task Force, particularly Senators The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ought to be: Why haven’t we done this BOXER and WHITEHOUSE, who led the ator from California. sooner and, perhaps more pointedly, task force, and the indefatigable new Mrs. BOXER. Mr. President, we know why isn’t every single Member of this Member Senator SCHATZ for organizing all Senators care deeply about their body down here with us? and coordinating this effort. constituents and their families. If any Tonight is just the beginning. We are The overwhelming majority of the one of us saw danger looming, we going to continue to push throughout world’s scientists believe humans are would do everything in our power to the year, and the public is with us— changing the Earth’s climate. Climate save them. Yet in the face of irref- Independents, Democrats, and Repub- deniers like to claim there are com- utable scientific agreement, the Senate licans. Americans are calling for ac- peting stories about whether this is does nothing to make sure polluters tion. The only place where climate true, usually pushing polluter talking pay for the carbon they emit, which change is still an open debate is within points that there is not a scientific would move us toward a clean energy the four corners of this Capitol. consensus on climate change. We know economy and away from catastrophic I have seen what can happen when this is utterly false, and I would pose climate change. there is a real commitment to clean the following question to my col- Yes, there is money, big money, be- energy and clear goals laid out. In my leagues who think ‘‘the jury is still hind the polluters. Yes, those polluters home State of Hawaii we set aggressive out’’ on climate change: If you went to are raging against us with layers of goals and doubled our use of clean en- 100 doctors and 98 of them said you lies. Yet and still the environment ergy in just 3 years. Tackling climate were sick and should take medicine, which used to be a bipartisan issue has change is going to require the entire but two told you that you were fine turned truly bitterly partisan, but we country working together. and should do nothing, what would you cannot and we must not and we will The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time do? not give in because it is our job. We of the Senator from Hawaii has ex- Climate change deniers need to wake must preserve our environment for our pired. up and realize the scientific diagnosis people, which is pretty basic. Mr. SCHATZ. I yield the floor.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:41 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.020 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1380 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- scallops, but it is killing our fishing Officer, we can enhance our Nation’s ator from Oregon. jobs. That is why we are here tonight, security with these new technologies. Mr. WYDEN. Thank you, Mr. Presi- because we know we need to act to save Let’s act now. I am here in this Con- dent. jobs and help our economy. gress and this Senate to protect our I thank Senator SCHATZ for all the I yield the floor. way of life. If we act now, we can pro- work he did to put together this effort The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- tect that special way of life. tonight. ator from Maryland. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- I simply want to say that when you Mr. CARDIN. Mr. President, as a ator from New Mexico. look at the data from the National member of the Climate Action Task Mr. UDALL of New Mexico. Mr. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- Force, I couldn’t be more proud of my President, thank you very much, and tion and the National Academy of colleagues on the floor tonight. I thank let me first of all congratulate my Sciences, I believe you reach a blunt Senator BOXER, Senator SCHATZ, and chairman, Chairman BOXER, Senator judgment: Climate change is the sci- Senator WHITEHOUSE for organizing WHITEHOUSE, and Senator SCHATZ for entific equivalent of a speeding Mack this evening. organizing this effort and what we are truck. So tonight it is appropriate that The information we want to present calling an up-all-night conversation. Senators start getting into these issues is clear. The facts are clear. Science in- New Mexico is in the bull’s-eye when with practical approaches. We have dicates what we do here on Earth is af- it comes to climate change. Everyplace done our part in a bipartisan effort to fecting the livability of our planet, and else, if it goes up 1 degree, New Mexico promote hydropower. I am very pleased we can do something about it. This is and the Southwest go up 2 degrees, so the President has a new approach in an urgent issue, from climate refugees we know we are hit really hard. I am terms of dealing with , which is around the world, the visible signs we going to talk later in this conversation also bipartisan, because fires we are see in China, to each of our individual about all of the impacts. seeing are getting bigger and hotter, States. It is clear, forest fires, as my cousin and there are steps we can take to deal I am honored to represent the people talked about, droughts, huge die-off in with those urgent problems. This of Maryland, where 70 percent of citi- terms of trees, extreme events evening is all about sensible action. zens live in coastal zones. The Chesa- after fires, and flooding are dev- I yield the floor. peake Bay is iconic to the survival of astating. But New Mexico has been at The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- Maryland as we know it today and yet the forefront of the solution. When it ator from Florida. it is at risk. comes to renewable energy, we are out Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, one of But here is the good news: We can do there—solar energy, wind, bio, ad- the places that is threatened most is a something about it. We can reduce our vanced biofuels such as algae. We are low-lying area such as Bangladesh, but carbon footprint. We can reduce our working in the direction we need all of do you know what area is threatened carbon pollution, and in doing so we us to be working in together in this most in the Continental United States? not only help our environment, we also country, to make sure we orient to- The Miami area. I am going to be tak- help our economy and job growth, help ward renewables and tackle this prob- ing the commerce committee during make America more energy secure, lem. I will be able to expand on this the April recess to have a hearing on which helps our national security. So later. climate change and sea level rise par- let’s take the reasonable steps nec- I would yield the floor. ticularly right in the heart of a city essary to help our future generations, The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- that has been experiencing flooding help our economy, and help our envi- ator from New Hampshire. over and over because of this climate ronment. Ms. CANTWELL. Thank you, Mr. change. I yield the floor. President. Florida is ground zero for sea level The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- I am pleased to join my colleagues rise. We have a compelling story to ator from Colorado. tonight in talking about the economic tell. Our leaders are making key deci- Mr. UDALL of Colorado. I am also and environmental imperative of ad- sions and investments today so that very pleased to talk about one of the dressing climate change. I thank all of our coastal economy will thrive. We most pressing challenges confronting the members of the climate task force, are going to pull all this together in our Nation and my State of Colorado, all my colleagues who are here, and the hearing. There are several members and that is climate change. We have particularly Senator SCHATZ from Ha- of the commerce committee here to- seen in my State this is not an obscure waii, for organizing tonight. night. I invite Senators during the threat or distant problem. We have had The fact is, as we have heard, climate April recess to come to this hearing. catastrophic and mega wildfires change is real and it is happening. Ac- Thank you all for organizing this all- that have been the result of drought, of cording to the U.N. Intergovernmental night event, and I look forward to the a whole series of changes in a way we Panel on Climate Change, a group of material that will be coming out this see climate systems operating in Colo- 3,000 scientists from over 130 countries evening. rado. It is threatening our way of life. who have studied climate change for Thank you. I have a powerful photograph here. over 20 years, global emissions must be The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- We have had in the past 2 years three stabilized by midcentury in order to ator from Washington. successive mega fires. Last year’s avoid the most catastrophic and irre- Ms. CANTWELL. Mr. President, cli- Black Forest brought destruction versible consequences of climate mate change is not a problem of the fu- to Colorado Springs. Over 500 homes change. ture. Climate change is drastically im- burned and we lost 2 lives. This fire Studies from the National Research pacting our oceans today. Acidification quickly surpassed the Waldo Canyon Council and the U.S. Global Climate is increasing at astonishing rates, and fire which was the most destructive Research Program reinforce that glob- our oceans take up 25 percent of our fire in Colorado history. al temperatures are steadily rising and carbon emissions. Carbon and ocean Now is the time to act. Now is the contributing to more acidification kill our oysters, crabs, time to grab the opportunity to create events and rising sea levels. Scientists and other shellfish, and impact the new emergency technologies, to en- from the University of New Hampshire shellfish that other sea life depends on, hance our national security and, by the have found that humans are respon- such as our salmon, so the impact to way, to keep faith with our children. sible for releasing large amounts of an industry in our State that is worth We do not inherit this Earth from our carbon dioxide and other greenhouse $30 billion and supports 148,000 jobs is parents. We are borrowing it from our gases into the that are serious. children. If we do not act on climate causing rapid climate change. I only Just last week there was a huge die- change, we will leave them a less need to look at New Hampshire to see off of scallops in British Columbia, re- bright future. If we do act, we can cre- the real economic and health implica- sulting in 30 percent of employees in ate jobs and protect the environment. tions. that region being laid off. So climate As a member of the Armed Services In New Hampshire, climate change is change is not only killing oysters and Committee, along with the Presiding contributing to sea level rise, which

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imperils businesses, homes, and coastal immense economic perils but also tre- evening, that talks about CO2 in the at- communities such as Portsmouth. mendous economic promise. There are mosphere for the last million years. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time immense economic perils but also tre- Yes, it varied over time between 150 of the Senator from New Hampshire mendous economic promise if we invest and 250 parts per million, but in the has expired. in the steps that have to be taken to 1860s, at the dawn of the fossil age, Mrs. SHAHEEN. The outdoor recre- stop climate disruption. it started to go up, and now it is at 400 ation community has less snow, result- We can take advantage of the im- parts per million. That number has not ing in fewer tourism dollars. Wildlife mense opportunity and obligation we been seen in this world for 3 million health is becoming increasingly vul- face by acknowledging the reality that years. The last time we were at that nerable to disease. What is happening our planet is at stake and defeating figure, the sea level was 80 feet higher. in New Hampshire is happening around and discrediting the climate change We are playing with the future of the world. We must take action now. deniers, who are as much a part of the this planet. We have to do something, I look forward to coming back later problem as any of the natural forces or and that is why we are here. this evening to talk more about what elements at stake. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- we are seeing in New Hampshire. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Massachusetts. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator’s time has expired. Ms. WARREN. Mr. President, as a ator from Oregon. Mr. BLUMENTHAL. That is why we member of the climate change task Mr. MERKLEY. Mr. President, Theo- are here tonight, and that is why we force, I am proud to join my colleagues dore Roosevelt said: will stay the course. today. I particularly wish to thank Of all the questions which can come before I yield the floor. Senators SCHATZ, WHITEHOUSE, and this Nation, short of the actual preservation The Senator from New Mexico. BOXER for getting us organized and of its existence in a great war, there is none Mr. HEINRICH. Mr. President, as a bringing attention to the urgent need which compares in importance with the member of the climate change task to address climate change. We are on great central task of leaving this land even force, I am pleased to join my col- the cusp of a climate crisis. We are at a better land for our descendants than it is leagues in calling for action on tack- a point of no return that will threaten for us. ling one of our Nation’s greatest chal- our health, our economy, and our plan- We should reconsider those words lenges. I wish to start by thanking et. now in the context of carbon pollu- Senator WHITEHOUSE, Senator SCHATZ, For the next several hours and all tion—carbon pollution which is a di- and Senator BOXER for their leadership through the night and into tomorrow, rect assault to our rural resources, on on this issue. dozens of Senators will add their voices our farming, fishing, and forestry. In Tonight we will illustrate that cli- to the millions of voices around the Oregon we had three worst-ever mate change is not theoretical and country of people who are committed droughts we have faced over a 13-year cannot be ignored. We will discuss how in the fight against climate change. period, devastating to the farmers, sound science can be used to better un- I got ready for this event by asking their families, and the farm economy. derstand and manage climate impacts. people for help. I sent out an email In fishing, everyone who goes to their We will highlight the moral imperative asking a simple question: What do peo- favorite trout stream knows that if that we have in Congress to implement ple think the world will look like 25 there is no snowpack, the stream is real solutions. years from now if we don’t do anything warmer and smaller in summer and a In my home State of New Mexico we at all to stop climate change? Nearly poor place to fish, and certainly worse are seeing bigger fires, dryer , 5,000 emails have already poured in for iconic salmon and steelhead. more severe floods when it finally does from workers, teachers, grandparents, The forests are burning, from pine rain, and less snowpack in the winter. and students. These Americans see beetles, which spread throughout the Our Nation’s second most extreme year what is happening to our environment. land in the context of not having those for weather on record was in 2012, but They see the paralysis of our politics. cold snaps in the winter, and in the in New Mexico we experienced the hot- They see that we are headed down a context of tinderbox conditions on the test year on record. Over the last 4 dangerous path. They see that we—our forest floor. Those forest fires have years alone, we have seen the two larg- country and our Congress—must been some of the worst we have seen in est fires in New Mexico’s history. change. a century, and more is yet to come. We The reality is that things are only This is where we start—a moment of cannot wait for 20 or 30 or 40 years to going to get worse if we don’t act. If we great peril for Massachusetts, for act. have any hope of reversing the effects America, and for the world, but also a The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- of climate change—and we truly moment of great opportunity. This is a ator’s time has expired. must—it is critical that we embrace time for us to come together. Mr. MERKLEY. We cannot wait for 2 this challenge now and lead the world During my time on the floor, I plan or 3 or 4 years to act. The carbon pollu- in innovation, efficiency, and clean en- to read letters from some of the people tion is real and the damage is real. It ergy. who have emailed me. is time for this Chamber to act. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ator from Maine. ator’s time has expired. ator from Connecticut. Mr. KING. Mr. President, Joe Sewall, Ms. WARREN. I yield the floor. Mr. BLUMENTHAL. Why are we here David Huber, Harry Richardson, Hoddy The Senator from Massachusetts. tonight. We are here because if we fail Hildreth, and Sherry Huber—those Mr. MARKEY. Mr. President, the to act, our planet will be destroyed. As names mean nothing in this Chamber, science proves there is a danger, the ec- exaggerated as that claim sounds, it is but they meant everything in Maine in onomics prove there is a solution, and strikingly, irrefutably true. We are the 1970s. They were the parents of the the politics tonight begin the process here because our future is at stake, and environmental movement in our State. of saying there is a way to deal with not only ours but our children’s. We What do they all have in common? this issue. are here because of climate change, They are all Republicans. The planet is running a fever, but which is really climate disruption and I rise tonight in puzzlement as to there are no emergency rooms for plan- planet destruction. It is real and it is how this issue became a partisan one. ets. We have to engage in the preven- urgent. It is a scientific issue. Light travels at tive care so that we deploy the strate- Anyone who lives in Connecticut 186,000 miles per second. That is gies which make it possible for our knows about the snowstorms and hurri- science. That is not a partisan or de- planet to avoid the worst, most cata- canes, Superstorm Sandy, the rising batable issue. The science on this ques- strophic effects of climate change. We tide that will eventually destroy our tion is definitive. can do it and do it in a way that helps coastline, the rising temperatures that I would not call myself a denier, but our economy. will emaciate our vegetation and our I was a skeptic until several years There are now 80,000 people working produce. There are real human effects when I encountered a chart, which I in the wind industry in the United but also economic effects. There are will show in a large version later this States. There are 142,000 people in the

VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:41 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00011 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.024 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1382 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 solar industry. That is 220,000 people. at least as to the fundamental truth of ator from California certainly knows There are 80,000 people in the coal in- the planet warming and why. Indeed, this as well. dustry. Most of the wind and solar jobs Abraham Lincoln was the President We have been working on this for a have been created in the last 5 years. when a scientist named Tyndall—over long time. This started with the Kyoto This is a job-creating revolution which in England—first presented to the Treaty. I think most people have for- is taking off. Royal Academy of Sciences his work gotten about that. During the Clinton- Tonight we are going to stay up all showing that carbon dioxide in the at- Gore administration, Gore came back night to talk about this climate change mosphere warms the Earth as it in- from Rio de Janeiro and said we are all issue in the hopes that tomorrow will creases its density. We are now more going to die from global warming. I be the dawn of a new era where the carbon dense. will say that he knows what he is Congress begins to do something about As Senator KING said, we spent about doing. The New York Times speculated this issue and where it responds to its 800,000 to 3 million years in a zone of that Al Gore is very likely the first en- historic duty to the next generation to 150 to 300 parts per million. We had vironmental billionaire in existence, so end this crisis. never been at 400 parts per million in I guess he knows what he is doing The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- the history of human habitation on the there. ator from New York. face of this planet until just a few In spite of the fact of what has hap- Mrs. GILLIBRAND. Mr. President, months ago when the first 400-parts- pened recently, I think it is probably climate change is real and it is here. per-million reading was recorded. We necessary to have something all night, Rising sea levels, disappearing coast- have to pay attention to this. something to get the attention of the lines, longer droughts, colder winters, I will close by saying that not only is American people, because they keep hotter summers, and massive so-called this a vital point for our home States, saying—and I hear it over and over— of the century are occurring it is vital for California, which is riven climate change is real, global warming routinely, such as Hurricanes Irene and by drought. It is vital for New Mexico is real; it is real; it is real; it is real. If Lee and, of course, Superstorm Sandy and Colorado, which have also seen you say it enough times, then people that devastated the Northeast. But drought and wildfires. It is also vital are going to think it is real. powerful special interests and too for New York, which was clobbered by Tonight, all night long, you can say many politicians who should simply Superstorm Sandy. It is vital for Ha- ‘‘it is real, it is real, it is real,’’ but I know better would have us believe that waii, which is seeing sea level rise and think people have heard that before it is a hoax or that any reasonable ac- acidification. It is vital for Massachu- and times have changed. A couple of tion would kill jobs. setts, where the sea level is up 10 things have happened, and I know a lot I, for one, refuse to believe that inches, and we are beginning to see of you regret this. somehow harmful pollution is the only fisheries move north and away from I remember so well when Lisa Jack- way to grow and sustain our economy. our waters to avoid the warming seas. son was the Administrator of the EPA. I, for one, know for a fact that what is It is vital for Connecticut, which has I have often said some very good good for our environment can be good virtually lost its lobster fishery be- things about her, even though she is for business when we act responsibly. cause of its warming . And, of very liberal and I am ranked most of It is time to invest in clean energy course, it is vital for Rhode Island. My the time as the most conservative with wind, solar, biofuel, and other Narragansett Bay is 3 to 4 degrees Member of the Senate. Yet when she is sources of energy that do not pollute warmer in the winter, and that means asked a direct question, she always our environment and contribute to cli- that fisheries, such as the winter floun- comes out with an honest answer. mate change. We have everything it der fishery, are simply gone—90-plus I asked my good friend Senator MAR- takes from sustainable resources, percent crashed. KEY just a few minutes ago, who was American innovation, and manufac- We have to face this as States, we there—first of all, let me say the turing know-how to produce new have to face this as a nation, and if we United Nations started all this stuff. sources of clean energy that are made fail, we will have failed the funda- They have one big annual party, and it here in America. That is how we can mental test of every American genera- is usually in very nice places. I think cut our dependence on costly foreign tion. The fundamental test of every at last count 190 countries were there. oil and make us more secure; that is American generation is, will you bring I remember talking to one of my good how we can spark new businesses, new the reputation of this country and the friends from one of the sub-Saharan Af- jobs, and a stronger middle class, all integrity of this democracy forward rican countries who was there with his while protecting the air we breathe and through your time so the next Amer- administration. I said: You don’t be- the water we drink and preserving all ican generation can carry it forward lieve this stuff, do you? the beauty of our most cherished with honor? He said: No, but this is one of the big- places for the next generation. We received our democracy from the gest parties of the year. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- ‘‘greatest generation.’’ They fought One of the big parties in 2009 was Co- ator from Rhode Island. world wars to make it safe for us. If we penhagen. They set a record of how Mr. WHITEHOUSE. Mr. President, fail now, we will not be the greatest cold it was in Copenhagen. I remember how much time remains under the con- generation; we will be a disgraced gen- that very well. I remember at that trol of our side? eration. I intend to do everything I can time—and I hope I get this right be- The PRESIDING OFFICER. There is to make sure we do not get there. cause we had several people from the 3 minutes 30 seconds. I yield back the rest of the Demo- administration. We had at that time Mr. INHOFE. If the Senator needs crats’ time Senator John Kerry, of course, Con- more time, I will not object. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- gressman ED MARKEY, NANCY PELOSI, Mr. WHITEHOUSE. That is kind of ator from Oklahoma. and President Obama, who was Senator the distinguished Senator, but I think Mr. INHOFE. Mr. President, all night Obama at that time—no, he was al- we have managed to come within our long? Well, that is going to be fun. ready President at that time. Their job time. By the way, the Oklahoma City was to convince the 191 other countries As we close, I wish to thank so many Thunders are not playing tonight, so that were in Copenhagen that we in the colleagues who have participated in we may get a few more viewers. United States were going to pass some this early round of state- It is nice to look over and see prob- type of real cap and trade legislation. ments by Senators. We expect to have ably the most articulate and knowl- So we had a hearing. At that time I 30 Democratic Senators speaking on edgeable of all of the alarmists histori- think the Republicans were in control. this issue during the course of the cally as our newest Senator from Mas- But I said to Lisa Jackson: I am going night, through the night, and into to- sachusetts, ED MARKEY. to go to Copenhagen tomorrow to be a morrow morning. You can be good friends and still dis- one-man truth squad. Everybody has It is a matter we are overdue in ad- agree. The Senator from Rhode Island been there talking about what we are dressing. It is a matter that is really certainly knows that because we had a going to do here in the United States beyond legitimate scientific dispute— little disagreement last week. The Sen- and somebody has to tell them the

VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:41 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00012 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.026 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1383 truth. So I said: I have a feeling when who is a very little-known Indian sci- temperature records were set around I leave tomorrow, you are going to entist. the country. In January of 2014, in my have a declaration and when you do, it Next, in 2005, the activist group city of Tulsa, it got down to minus 2 has to be based on some type of World Wildlife Fund cited the story in degrees, breaking a record that was science. I could tell by looking at her one of its climate change reports. Yet held since 1912—over 100 years; in Enid, that they were going to have the despite the fact that the World Wildlife OK, minus 3 degrees. In Bartlesville, it endangerment finding. Fund report was not scientifically peer went down to minus 14 degrees—colder I ask my friend if he remembers that, reviewed, it was still referenced by the than the South Pole, where it was only the endangerment finding. IPCC. Next, according to The Times, minus 11 on that same day. Anyway, I left the next morning for the Himalayan glaciers are so thick at February 2014: 5,836 cold temperature Copenhagen, and that afternoon they such high altitude that most records set around the country. March had the endangerment finding. Before I glaciologists believe it would take sev- 2014: Snow cover at third highest level left I said: When you have the eral hundred years to melt at the on record; 1969, 1978 were higher. The endangerment finding, it has to be present rate. Great Lakes, second highest ice cover based on some type of science. What Anyway, all of that was taking place. on record—91 percent; 1979 is highest at science are you going to use? It has to be really disturbing to a lot of 94 percent. She said: Well, mostly the IPCC, the those individuals who are alarmists, This is not surprising given the 15- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate that all of a sudden this backbone of year pause in global warming. Nature Change. the science they have been referring to magazine stated that over the last 15 So that is the kind of science they of the IPCC was exposed. years ‘‘the observed [temperature] have been using for a long period of I remember one of the emails in 1999. trend is . . . not significantly different time. These were the emails that were ex- from zero [and] suggests a temporary But, ironically, the timing couldn’t posed. These are the ones that are be- ‘hiatus’ in global warming.’’ be better. It wasn’t a matter of weeks hind—giving the information to the The Economist magazine said the after that; it was a matter of hours IPCC: same thing. after that, that climategate was ex- The President hasn’t acknowledged I’ve just completed Mike’s Nature trick of this. On multiple occasions he has posed. Climategate was the—it all adding in the real temps to each series for started with East Anglia University’s the last 20 years, i.e., from 1981 onwards, and said—this is a quote from the Presi- Climate Research Unit—the CRU—one from 1961 for Keith’s to hide the decline. dent: ‘‘The temperature around the of the main universities that helps put So they were actually adding higher globe is increasing faster than was pre- together the information about global temperatures to give the trends they dicted even 10 years ago.’’ Unfortunately for his talking point, warming for the IPCC. There it was wanted. the data that has been reported in Na- disclosed that the IPCC was systemati- In 2009: ture, The Economist, and even in the cally distorting the facts, cooking the The fact is that we can’t account for the United Nations IPCC report shows that science of global warming to either lack of warming at the moment, and it is a this simply is not true. Increases in cover up data that didn’t tell the story travesty that we can’t. global temperature have stalled over they wanted everyone to hear and ex- These are the people who were sup- the last 15 years. aggerating the impacts of changing cli- plying the information to the IPCC. This has to be really shocking to an mate to help drive people out of fear I could go on and on; there is not awful lot of advocates who put their into action. time to get to all of them. reputation and their lives on the idea There are three things one needs to Christopher Booker of the U.K. said: that this world is coming to an end and know about the IPCC. First of all, the ‘‘This is the worst scientific scandal of global warming is a reality. Obama administration has referred to our generation.’’ He was talking about Several weeks ago, in a hearing held the IPCC as the gold standard of cli- the IPCC. That is the basis of all of in the EPW Committee, Gina McCar- mate change science and global warm- this. thy—she is the one who is the current ing. Some say its reports on climate Clive Crook, Financial Times: The closed EPA Administrator—was pressed on change and global warming represent mindedness of these supposed men of science this point. Asked whether or not Presi- the so-called consensus of the science . . . is surprising, even to me. The stink of intellectual corruption is overpowering. dent Obama’s statement was true, she opinion about global warming. IPCC responded: ‘‘I can’t answer that.’’ and Al Gore were awarded the Nobel IPCC Prominent Physicist Resigns: Climategate was a fraud on a scale I’ve never With all this in mind—climategate, Peace Prize in 2007 for their efforts to seen. recent cold temperatures, and a 15-year build and disseminate greater knowl- U.N. Scientist Dr. Phillip Lloyd calls out hiatus—how could Congress, in good edge and doing so through the IPCC. IPCC ‘‘fraud’’—‘‘The result is NOT sci- conscience, move forward with legisla- Simply put, what this means is that in entific.’’ tion that gives EPA the authority to the elite circles, the IPCC is a big deal. Newsweek: Once celebrated climate re- regulate greenhouse gases? How could So as a result of climategate—when searchers feeling the used car salesman. Some of the IPCC’s most quoted data and EPA, more importantly, move forward they found they had been lying all this with regulations based off of this time—when ABC News, when The recommendations were taken straight out of unchecked activist brochures . . . cooked science? Economist, when Time Magazine, when There have been several votes on The Times of London, among many Now, I am quoting right now. This was in Newsweek. global warming-related legislation over others, report that the IPCC’s research the past decade since we first started contains embarrassing flaws and that George Monbiot—I probably mis- pronounced that. He is a columnist debating it here in the late 1990s, but the IPCC chairman and scientists knew they have all failed to show that there of the flaws but published them any- who is on the other side of this issue from me. He said: have even been the 60 votes required to way, we have the makings of a major pass cap and trade. scientific scandal. There are two exam- It’s no use pretending that this isn’t a In 1997 the Byrd-Hagel legislation, 95 ples of how the IPCC was cooking the major blow. The emails extracted by a hack- er from the climatic unit at the University to 0, the United States should not be a science. of East Anglia could scarcely be more dam- signator to the Kyoto Treaty. The The IPCC claimed that the Hima- aging . . . I’m dismayed and deeply shaken Kyoto Treaty was a treaty that was ne- layan glaciers would melt by 2035. Of by them . . . I was too trusting of some of gotiated with Al Gore down in South course, this is not true. It is simply those who provided the evidence I cham- America. false. Yet it was put into the IPCC’s pioned. I would have been a better journalist In 2003 we had the McCain-Lieberman fourth assessment report. According to if I had investigated the claims more closely. bill. It failed 43 to 55. Then we had the The Sunday Times, the claim about the We have the other problem, and that McCain-Lieberman bill again in 2005, Himalayas was based on a 1999 story in is that instead of increasing, we are and it failed 38 to 60. The trend is going a news magazine which, in turn, was going through now some cold spells in the wrong direction for them. based on a short telephone interview that are just shocking and setting new In 2008 the Lieberman-Warner bill with someone named Seyed Hasnain, records. In January of 2014, 4,406 cold failed 48 to 36.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:41 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.028 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1384 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 In 2010, a resolution of disapproval on greenhouse gases. It could increase The number and scope of delays under EPA’s greenhouse gas rule was 47 to 53. them because we would have to be Obama went well beyond those of his prede- In 2011, the Inhofe-Upton prohibition chasing our manufacturing base where cessors, who helped shape rules but did not on greenhouse gas regulation was 50–50. have the same formalized controls, said cur- they could find the generation of elec- rent and former officials who spoke on the In 2013, the Inhofe-Upton prohibition tricity; and that would be in countries condition of anonymity because of the sensi- on greenhouse gas regulations as a I just mentioned where they have no tivity of the topic. budget amendment was 47 to 52. restrictions at all. So it could increase, Those findings are bolstered by a new re- What I am saying here is the senti- not decrease, the greenhouse gases. port from the Administrative Conference of ment of the House and the Senate is This is very significant, but it is in the United States (ACUS), an independent going in the reverse direction. So it has the weeds to the point where it is rath- agency that advises the federal government been virtually impossible to try to pass on regulatory issues. The report is based on er difficult to understand. Under the anonymous interviews with more than a a cap-and-trade bill. Clean Air Act, the EPA—well, I want dozen senior agency officials who worked I know there are a lot of people who to talk about the timing just for a with the Office of Information and Regu- at one time were looking at this and minute because we are going through latory Affairs (OIRA), which oversees the im- feeling as though this was something this. Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA plementation of federal rules. that was going to be a reality. But I must finalize new rules within 1 year of The report said internal reviews of pro- have to say this. One of the reasons— its publication in the Federal Register. posed regulatory changes ‘‘took longer in this is kind of interesting. I am sorry 2011 and 2012 because of concerns about the What I am saying now is, what they agencies issuing costly or controversial rules my good friend from Massachusetts is could not get done through legislation prior to the November 2012 election.’’ not on the floor right now. But I can they are trying to do through regula- Emily Cain, spokeswoman for the Office of remember back when Republicans were tion. One of the things they are trying Management and Budget, said in a statement in the majority in the Senate, and I to do is have the greenhouse gas legis- that the administration’s ‘‘approach to regu- was the chairman of a subcommittee of lation come under the EPA. latory review is consistent with long-stand- the Environment and Public Works Anytime you have a new EPA rule, it ing precedent across previous administra- tions and fully adheres’’ to federal rules. Committee that was addressing this has to be finalized within 1 year of its Administration officials noted that they item. At that time everyone was talk- publication in the Federal Register. So issued a number of controversial rules during ing as though global warming was here the rule was released on September 20, Obama’s first term, including limits on mer- and it must be true, and I believed it 2013, but it was not published until cury emissions for power plants and Med- probably was true, until they came out January 8, 2014. Why do you suppose icaid eligibility criteria under the Affordable with the financial analysis. What that was? Had the new rule been pub- Care Act. would it cost if we passed cap and trade ‘‘OMB works as expeditiously as possible lished on September 30, the rule would to review rules, but when it comes to com- as a law? have gone into effect 6 weeks prior to plex rules with significant potential impact, At that time the scientists and the the midterm elections and people we take the time needed to get them right,’’ economists from the Wharton School of would have known how much it was Cain said. Economics and from MIT who partici- going to cost them. But Ronald White, who directs regulatory pated—all of the estimates were be- If there is any doubt in anyone’s policy at the advocacy group Center for Ef- tween $300 billion and $400 billion a mind, I have an article that was pub- fective Government, said the ‘‘overt manipu- year. That is something we want to be lation of the regulatory review process by a lished on December 14 in the Wash- small White House office’’ raises questions very careful about. I know every time ington Post that goes through the de- about how the government writes regula- we hear ‘‘billion dollars’’ it doesn’t tails as to why they did this so people tions. He said the amount of time it took the really register how much that is. In my would not know when they were voting White House to review proposed rules was State of Oklahoma, what I do at the how much all these regulations were ‘‘particularly egregious over the past two end of each year is I get the total num- going to cost. I ask unanimous consent years.’’ Previous White House operations have ber of people who filed a Federal tax this article be printed in the RECORD. weighed in on major rules before they were return, and then I do my math as to There being no objection, the mate- officially submitted for review. But Jeffrey what it is going to cost. For $300 billion rial was ordered to be printed in the Holmstead, who headed the EPA’s Office of to $400 billion a year, it would cost RECORD, as follows: Air and Radiation in the George W. Bush ad- each taxpayer in the State of Okla- [From the Washington Post, Dec. 14, 2013] ministration, said the effort was not as ex- homa some $3,000 a year. That could be ICYMI: WHITE HOUSE DELAYED ENACTING tensive as the Obama administration’s ap- really significant, but not if there is a RULES AHEAD OF 2012 ELECTION TO AVOID proach. ‘‘There was no formalized process by which problem they are addressing out there. CONTROVERSY you had to get permission to send them (By Juliet Eilperin) Getting back to Lisa Jackson, who is over,’’ Holmstead said, referring to rules the Obama appointee to be Adminis- The White House systematically delayed being submitted to the White House. trator of the EPA, I asked the ques- enacting a series of rules on the environ- The recent decision to bring on Democratic tion—and this was at a hearing, and I ment, worker safety and health care to pre- strategist John Podesta as a senior White am sure the Senator from California vent them from becoming points of conten- House adviser is likely to accelerate the remembers this as well because it was tion before the 2012 election, according to number of new rules and executive orders, documents and interviews with current and given Podesta’s long-standing support for in one of the hearings of that com- former administration officials. mittee, live on TV. using executive action to achieve the presi- Some agency officials were instructed to dent’s goals despite congressional opposi- I said: Right now we are looking at hold off submitting proposals to the White tion. different bills. We are looking at the House for up to a year to ensure that they Sen. Richard Blumenthal (D–Conn.), who Waxman bill and several others. The would not be issued before voters went to the chairs the Judiciary Subcommittee on Over- cap and trades are pretty much cap and polls, the current and former officials said. sight, Federal Rights and Agency Action, trades. If we were to pass this, any of The delays meant that rules were post- said he’s concerned about the real-world im- this legislation, would this have the ef- poned or never issued. The stalled regula- pact of the postponements in the first term. tions included crucial elements of the Af- fect of lowering the release of CO ? ‘‘Legal protection delayed is protection de- 2 fordable Care Act, what bodies of water de- nied,’’ Blumenthal said. ‘‘I’ve spoken to offi- Her answer was: No. The reason is served federal protection, pollution controls cials at the top rungs of the White House this is not where the problem is. The for industrial boilers and limits on dan- power structure and at OIRA and we’re going problem is in China, in India, in Mex- gerous silica exposure in the workplace. to hold their feet to the fire, and we’re going ico, and in places where they do not The Obama administration has repeatedly to make sure they’re held accountable in a have any regulations. said that any delays until after the election series of hearings.’’ In fact, you can carry it one step fur- were coincidental and that such decisions The officials interviewed for the ACUS re- ther. If we were to pass that either by were made without regard to politics. But port, whose names were withheld from publi- regulation or by legislation, and go seven current and former administration of- cation by the study authors, said that start- ficials told The Washington Post that the ing in 2012 they had to meet with an OIRA ahead and incur this huge tax in- motives behind many of the delays were desk officer before submitting each signifi- crease—the largest tax increase in the clearly political, as Obama’s top aides fo- cant rule for formal review. They called the history of America—if we were to do cused on avoiding controversy before his re- sessions ‘‘Mother-may-I’’ meetings, accord- this, as she said, it would not lower election. ing to the study.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:41 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.030 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1385 The accounts were echoed by four Obama cut the number of rules that were under re- Boiler MACT—and every manufac- administration political appointees and view for more than 200 days by more than turing company has a boiler; and three career officials interviewed by The half. ‘‘MACT’’ means ‘‘maximum achievable Post. But while the administration is pressing At the Environmental Protection Agency, ahead, activists say the delays took a toll. control technology’’—Boiler MACT is for example, a former official said that only Peg Seminario, director of safety and health costing $63 billion, and 800,000 jobs have two managers had the authority to request a for the AFL-CIO, points to an update of the already been lost. major rule in 2012: then-administrator Lisa nation’s silica standards proposed Sept. 12 The BLM fracking regulations would P. Jackson and deputy administrator Bob after a long delay. The rule, which would be $100,000 per well—duplicative of ef- Perciasepe. Perciasepe and OIRA’s director prevent an estimated 688 deaths and 1,585 fective State regulations, which have at the time, Cass Sunstein, would have silica-related illnesses each year, won’t be fi- been doing very well now since 1948. ‘‘weekly and sometimes semi-weekly discus- nalized until 2016. And there are greenhouse gas costs of sions’’ to discuss rules that affected the Jon Devine, a senior lawyer in the Natural Resources Defense Council’s water program, $300 to $400 billion. economy, one said, because they had polit- So I guess what I am saying here— ical consequences, the person said. said small streams and wetlands remain vul- ‘‘As we entered the run-up to the election, nerable because of the administration’s foot- and I know I am using up quite a bit of the word went out the White House was not dragging. The EPA recently withdrew a pro- time, but it is important to look and anxious to review new rules,’’ the former of- posal to outline what kind of water bodies see what has happened since the time ficial said. deserve federal protection that had been they were all talking about global Sunstein, who has returned to his post as a pending since February 2012 and announced warming. Everybody was talking about Harvard Law School professor, declined to it would issue a legally binding rule instead. it, and how they are going to have an comment. ‘‘What’s disappointing is it leaves waters Several significant EPA proposals were subject to the existing, weak state of affairs all-night thing to try to revive it be- withheld as a result of those meetings, offi- until they get the rule over the final hur- cause the public has gone in the other cials said, including a proposal requiring dle,’’ Devine said. direction. cleaner gasoline and lower-pollution vehicles Mr. INHOFE. There are more impacts George Mason University had a study that had won the support of automakers but that are taking place. The greenhouse where they actually interviewed sev- angered the oil industry. gas regulations for existing power- eral hundred of the TV meteorological That regulation, which would reduce the plants are expected to be released in people. Mr. President, 63 percent of amount of sulfur in U.S. gasoline by two- them said that if global warming is thirds and impose fleetwide pollution limits June of 2014. on new vehicles by 2017, was ready in Decem- The other regulations that are out taking place, it is from natural causes, ber 2011, said three officials familiar with the there—and I am not going to spend any not from global warming. proposal. But agency officials were told to time on this because there are too Polar bears. Everyone is concerned wait a year to submit it for review because many. But on the greenhouse gas legis- about polar bears. I know my good critics could use it to suggest that the ad- lation—even though when it started, it friend from California gave me a polar ministration was raising gas prices, they was Charles Rivers and the Wharton bear. It is my favorite coffee cup and I said. The EPA issued the proposed rule in School and MIT—they came out with use it all the time. But between the March. Other EPA regulations that were delayed the approximation of $300 to $400 bil- 1950s and 1960s, the number of polar beyond the 2012 election included rules on lion a year; and that is every year. The bears that were wandering around out coal ash disposal, water pollution rules for greenhouse gas regulatory costs under there was between 5,000 and 10,000. streams and wetlands, air emissions from in- the Clean Air Act are totally different. Today, it is between 15,000 and 25,000. dustrial boilers and cement kilns, and carbon No one has even calculated this yet. The threats. A lot of times when peo- dioxide limits for existing power plants. I would like to make sure we under- ple cannot win an argument, then they Ross Eisenberg, who serves as vice presi- stand that under the bill my good threaten. NASA’s James Hansen said dent of energy and resources policy at the this is ‘‘high crimes against human- National Association for Manufacturers and friend ED MARKEY and WAXMAN put has criticized several EPA regulations, noted forth, it would regulate the emissions ity.’’ Robert Kennedy, Jr., called me a that in the past year the administration of those organizations that emit 25,000 ‘‘call girl,’’ a ‘‘prostitute.’’ Robert Ken- moved ahead with proposals such as the tons or more. However, if you do it nedy, Jr., also said: ‘‘This is treason. rules on greenhouse gas emissions and boil- through the Clean Air Act, it would be And we need to start treating them as ers. 250 tons. So you are talking about in- traitors.’’ In other words, we need to ‘‘The agenda certainly did slow down, but stead of 25,000 tons—which might be start killing people. it doesn’t change,’’ he said. In 2006, the eco-magazine Grist called The administration also was slow to han- only the very large organizations; re- dle rules pertaining to its health-care law. fineries and that type of thing—under for Nuremberg-style trials for skeptics. Several key regulations did not come out the Clean Air Act, which is what they September 29, 2007: Virginia State cli- until after the 2012 election, including one are attempting to do today as we matologist skeptical of global warming defining what constitutes ‘‘essential health speak, it would be just 250 tons, which loses his job after a clash with the Gov- benefits’’ under a health plan and which would be every school, every hospital, ernor. ‘‘I was told that I could not Americans could qualify for federal subsidies every shop, and many residences. speak in public.’’ if they opted to enroll in a state or a federal So the greenhouse gas regulatory Barone: Warmists have a ‘‘desire to marketplace plan. costs—if it costs $300 to $400 billion to kill heretics.’’ The latter focused on what constitutes ‘‘af- The Weather Channel—Heidi Cullen, fordable.’’ Treasury proposed a regulation in regulate organizations that emit 25,000 August 2011 saying an employer plan was af- tons, how much would it be if they by the way, is a meteorologist on the fordable as long as the premium for an indi- emitted 250 tons? It is something that Weather Channel. She is off with an en- vidual was no more than 9.5 percent of the has not even been calculated yet. vironmental group right now, so she is taxpayer’s household income. Several So we have all of these impacts of the not around anymore. groups—including labor unions—argued that regulations that take place. But the Polling—where the American people the proposal did not take into account that greatest of all would be, if you think are going; I think it is important to the premium for a family plan might be about the cumulative impact study understand—this is a Gallup poll that much higher than that standard. back—I have introduced legislation, is a current one right now. According Unions represent a vital part of the Demo- cratic coalition, in part because they help along with several others. I know JOHN to a Gallup poll, climate change is the mobilize voters during elections. BARRASSO and several others have co- least important environmental issue The Treasury Department held the pro- sponsored legislation that would tell among the voters. posal back while finalizing all the other tax- the public the cumulative effect of all In March of 2010, the same Gallup credit rules on May 23, 2012. Treasury offi- these regulations. poll: Americans rank global warming cials later told those working on the regula- For example, as to the ozone regula- dead last, 8 out of 8 environmental tion that it could not be published before the tions: 77 Oklahoma counties would be issues. election, according to a government official out of attainment; 7 million jobs would In March 2010, Rasmussen: 72 percent familiar with the decision who spoke on the be lost. of American voters do not believe glob- condition of anonymity because of its sen- sitive nature. The department made the rule As to Utility MACT—that is some- al warming is a ‘‘very serious prob- on Feb. 1. thing that did pass—a $100 billion lem.’’ OMB has reduced the length of time that cost—1.65 million jobs lost. It has al- The global warmist Robert Socolow rules are pending this year. The agency has ready been implemented. laments:

VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:41 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00015 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\A10MR6.006 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1386 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 We are losing the argument with the pub- this warming period to a cooling pe- Mrs. BOXER. That is wonderful. I am lic, big time. . . . I think the climate change riod. That lasted until 1975. Then it so happy you did not use hoaxes, and activists, myself included, have lost the changed to a warming period. Now, maybe there is a way for us to come American Middle. since 2000, it has leveled off, and we are closer together on this issue. But let So there are definitely some things going into another cycle. You can al- my say this: People are listening. Peo- going on here that are not in their most set your watch by these cycles. ple care. Because when 97 to 98 percent favor. Here is an interesting thing about of the scientists say something is real, I would like to mention this, though. that. In 1948, when it changed from a they do not have anything pressing I think a lot of people have talked warming period to a cooling period, them to say that other than the truth. about the various scientists. On my that coincided with the greatest single They do not have any other agenda. Web site you can look up several thou- release of CO2 in history. That was They do not work for the oil compa- sand—this is a long time ago—I think right after World War II. nies. we passed through 1,000 qualified sci- So these are the things that are hap- I will tell you, as chairman of the en- entists way back in 2006, and it has pening. I know they are going to enjoy vironment committee, every time the gone up since that time to many, staying up all night. They will have an Republicans choose a so-called expert many, so it is something where there audience of themselves, and I hope on climate, we have tracked them to are a lot of scientists. One of my favor- they enjoy it. special interest funding, those 3 per- ite scientists is one because he is a But I have to say this in all sin- cent. They know where their bread is Nobel prize-winning Stanford Univer- cerity. When you see something, and buttered. I am sorry my friend left. I sity physicist. He said: instead of going right along with the guess he could not stand to hear the Please remain calm. The earth will heal public and saying, it must be true be- truth. So I will put that truth into the itself—climate is beyond our power to con- cause everybody is saying it—and ev- RECORD. trol. The earth doesn’t care about govern- erybody goes over and over again and I do not know how my Republican ments and legislation. Climate change is a talks about the climate is real and the colleagues can continue to deny that matter of geologic time . . . something the science is real, and all that—well, that climate change is happening. One earth does on its own without asking any- happens when it is not real, and that is would think they could see it out their one’s permission or explaining itself. window, because as my colleague says: Richard Lindzen of MIT was a former what we have been going through. Right now I know President Obama Oh, there was such cold weather. That U.N. IPCC receiver. He said: If the gov- is going through all kinds of efforts to has been predicted by the scientists, ernment wants carbon control, that is try to do through regulations what the extreme weather. Here is the U.S. the answer the NAS will provide. He is elected people would not do in the Global Change Research Program, the one who also said: The ultimate House, as well as in the Senate. When their National Climate Assessment controlling factor is once you control people realize—and they will be re- draft: Some extreme weather and cli- CO2, you control people. mate events have increased in recent The Harvard Smithsonian Study. The minded again, even though it has been a while—now, I think it might be clev- decades. We have seen heavy study examined the results of more downpours, more severe droughts, and than 240 peer-reviewed papers published er that after several years now where people have been talking about global some extremes. by thousands of researchers over the At the Senate Committee on Envi- warming that now they are trying to past four decades. The study covers a ronment and Public Works climate revive it, and that is what you are multitude of geophysical and biological change briefing, Dr. Marshall Shep- going to hear all night long here to- climate indicators. They came to the herd, president of the American Mete- conclusion that climate change is not night. orological Society, and a director of It is kind of interesting that this is real and that the science is not accu- the Atmospheric Sciences Program at happening at a time that we are going rate. the University of Georgia, said: through this cold spell. It certainly has Dr. Fred Seitz—he is the former Climate change is increasing the prob- president of the National Academy of not been much fun in Oklahoma. ability of extreme events, and in some cases So I think the American people are Sciences—said: ‘‘There is no convincing maybe strengthening their intensity or in- not ready to pass the largest tax in- evidence that human release of carbon creasing their frequency. We are loading the crease in the history of America, and dioxide, , or other greenhouse dice towards more Sandy or -type we will have to wait and see. storms. gases is causing or will, in the foresee- With that, I yield the floor. So when my friend says: The planet able future, cause catastrophic heating The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- of the Earth’s atmosphere and disrup- is not warming; it is cold, we all know ator from California. it is not about the weather. It is about tion of the Earth’s climate.’’ Mrs. BOXER. Mr. President, it was So we have a lot of scientists on both the climate. It is about the long term— with great interest that I listened to and, yes, we are going to see these ex- sides of this issue. I think the Amer- my friend. I suppose we are making ican people have woken up. I use some- treme weather conditions. progress. He used to call climate I would say that when my friends call thing quite often because it is a little change a hoax, and he did not say that. us alarmists, that is ridiculous. We are bit comical—and this is just kind of So maybe he is moving in our direc- trying to do our job. We are not sci- from memory, but this is something tion. entists. We are not doctors either, for that actually did happen. Mr. Presi- But I also want to point out, he says the most part, but we want to make dent, 1895 was the first time we had, in we are going to be talking to ourselves. sure people have health care coverage. recent history—we have had cold spells I am happy to report that I just We are not scientists, but we want to before, and we had the medieval warm learned of two petitions, one that has protect our people from the ravages of period and all of that stuff; that was a 65,000 signatures calling on us to act climate. long time ago—but in 1895—starting and another that has 30,000 signatures I would ask my colleague Senator with current, more modern history— calling on us to act, and the night is SCHATZ would he like me to go another they had a cold spell that came in. young. 5 minutes, 10 minutes or 2 minutes? It That is where, I say to my friend from Now, my friend from Oklahoma—— is up to him. I can withhold. I am going New Hampshire, they first came up Mr. INHOFE. Will the Senator yield to be here for quite a few hours. with a new ice age that was coming. for an observation, since the Senator The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- That was in 1895. That lasted from 1895 mentioned my name? ator from Hawaii. to 1918. Then, in 1918, they came along Mrs. BOXER. Mr. President, if the Mr. SCHATZ. If the Senator from with a warming period. That was the time is taken off their time, I am California wanted to go for another 2 first time we heard the term ‘‘global happy to yield. or 3 minutes, I could give remarks for warming.’’ That was in 1918, and that Mr. INHOFE. The reason I did not use about 10, and then the senior Senator lasted until 1948. the word ‘‘hoax’’ is because then I from Oregon has remarks to give as And get this. These are about 30-year might be guilty of advertising my well. cycles. That lasted until about 1945. In book, and I certainly did not want to The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- 1945, all of a sudden it changed from do that. ator from California.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 06:17 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00016 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.032 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1387 Mrs. BOXER. Absolutely. Will the down here and accuse the Democrats of claims. In December, they got very ex- Presiding Officer tell me when I have being alarmist, when all we are trying cited about a research vessel that was used 3 minutes and then I will yield the to do is protect the health and safety stuck in the summer sea ice in Antarc- floor at that time. of the American people, of their fami- tica, claiming it as proof that the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- lies and future generations, is extreme Earth is not warming. Here is the ator will be so notified. while we are in the mainstream. thing. It is an Antarctica. It is at the Mrs. BOXER. We just heard 45 min- I yield the floor. bottom of the Earth. It is one of the utes from my friend JIM INHOFE, whom The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- coldest places in the world. One sum- I have a very friendly relationship with ator from Hawaii. mer’s ice in Antarctica does not sud- but who I think is a dangerous denier, Mr. SCHATZ. Mr. President, I would denly invalidate millions of worldwide a dangerous denier in the face of 97 per- like to address some of the tropes that temperature measurements from all cent agreement among scientists. our climate deniers tend to use. I will over the planet. He talks about international groups. go through a couple of those before our They do this whether glaciers are I wish to talk about the National Acad- great senior Senator from the great growing or melting. Even though 90 emy of Sciences. Here is what they State of Oregon gives his remarks. percent of the world’s glaciers are said: ‘‘Levels of carbon dioxide and The first trope is: It is not warming. melting, they pick off one and use it as other greenhouse gasses in earth’s at- The ‘‘it is not warming’’ crowd will not proof that climate change is somehow mosphere are exceeding levels recorded even admit that the Earth is warming. not an established scientific fact, even in the past millions of years.’’ Their favorite tactic is to point out the though it is. That is our own National Academy of window during winter and say: Look at The fourth trope we hear, and this is Sciences. I guess if we went out and the snow on the ground. Climate a pivot, we are starting to hear it more asked the public do they support the change is bunk. and more: It may be warming, but National Academy of Sciences, I think That is not an adult argument. Under maybe we did not cause it. They be- it would come in at 90 percent, and the that theory, winter weather anywhere grudgingly admit that the Earth is other 10 percent would say, I will get disproves climate change. Snowstorms warming but say: Hey, this is part of a back to you. are weather. Weather is not climate. natural cycle. Natural cycles have hap- Then we have more from the Na- Weather is a local phenomenon over pened before and they will happen tional Academy: extremely short timespans. Weather is again. Climate change is occurring. It is very what it is going to be like tomorrow. Recently, Dr. James Powell, a likely caused primarily by the emission of Weather is not climate. Climate is greenhouse gasses from human activity. geochemist, former college president long-term weather trends over vast re- and National Science Board member, They go on: gions. This is not difficult to distin- studied all peer-reviewed articles on Human activities have increased green- guish among adults. It is easy to make climate change—all peer-reviewed arti- house gas concentrations in the atmosphere. a joke about how cold it is and there- Carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, is cles on climate change from 1991 to fore climate change is bunk. 2013. He found just over 25,000 articles emitted by human activities and it has risen But the vast majority of science dis- almost 40 percent over the past 150 years. written since 1991. Of 25,000 articles, proves that assertion. Pointing out the So when you hear my colleagues on only 26—only 26 rejected the premise of window on a cold day and laughing human-caused climate change. This is the other side of the aisle stand and about climate change is one of the deny this, how about the U.S. National no longer a real debate. It is only a de- most profoundly unserious things that bate in the four corners of this Capitol. Climate Assessment? This is the otherwise good and responsible leaders United States of America, our experts: People across the Nation, insurance in this Chamber do. Part of this coun- companies, the Department of Defense, Global sea level has risen by about 8 inches try’s greatness is our pragmatism. We most governments across the planet, since reliable recordkeeping began. It is pro- see the world as it is and fix the things jected to rise another 1 to 4 feet by 2100. our biggest corporations, regular peo- we can. For that, we need reliable in- ple of all political stripes and in every That is dangerous. We have already formation. When it comes to climate seen it happening. I could go on, and I State understand that this is what is change, we have reliable information. happening to us. will come back, but I will conclude We ignore it at our peril. with this. I am, in my concluding re- Some deniers also like to use respon- For those who say the Earth is not sible scientists’ methods against them. marks, going to tell you about every warming, I would like to talk about incredibly prestigious scientific group The truth about scientists is that they thermometers. They measure tempera- are scientists, which is to say they en- that has warned us about climate ture. We have them all over the world, change: The joint world science acad- tertain doubt; they ask questions; they very sophisticated ones run by very are not afraid to express their doubts; emies’ statement, the American Asso- smart people. They provide a lot of ciation for the Advancement of they observe and refine their theories. data that has proven beyond a doubt So deniers cannot in good conscience Science, the American Chemical Soci- that the atmosphere and that the ety, the American Geophysical Union, use the scientific process as evidence oceans are warming. Even prominent that doubt still exists. Sure, there is the American Institute of Biological climate skeptics such as American sci- Scientists, the American Society of uncertainty among scientists, but it is entist Richard Muller can no longer pretty much just about whether future Plant Biologists, the Association of argue. Ecosystem Research Centers, the Bo- impacts of climate change will be real- After exhaustive research, Dr. Muller ly bad or extremely bad. tanical Society of America, the Crop said in 2012: Science Society of America, the Nat- The sixth trope is: It is not a big Our results show that the average tem- ural Science Collections Alliance, the deal. Maybe it is even good. As deniers perature of the earth’s land has risen by two paint themselves even further into a Society for Industrial and Applied and a half degrees Fahrenheit over the last Mathematics, the Soil Science Society 250 years, including an increase of one and a corner, they become desperate. We now of America, the American Medical As- half degrees over the most recent 50 years. come to the category of those who sociation, the American Meteorolog- Moreover, it appears likely that essentially admit the Earth is warming, admit it ical Society, the American Geophysical all of this increase results from the human is caused by humans but claim the ef- Union—— emission of greenhouse gases. fects are negligible or, even more pre- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- This was a prominent climate denier posterously, they might be good for us. ator has used 3 minutes. previously. My colleagues and I have presented Mrs. BOXER. I ask unanimous con- Two, relying on anecdotes to dis- evidence from study after study after sent for 30 additional seconds. prove what is actually happening. A re- study showing that while the changes The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without search vessel got stuck in summer ice so far are manageable in some places, objection, it is so ordered. in Antarctica. More and more deniers if we do not change our ways, the bad Mrs. BOXER. The Geological Society are being forced to rely on out-of-con- news will start coming faster and fast- of America. All I can say is, to come text anecdotes to support their false er. Absent major reforms, the rate of

VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:41 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00017 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.034 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1388 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 change will increase. We may not no- cussion fully because what people want power grid more vulnerable also raise tice half a degree of average tempera- to know is the impact of climate the question of the implications for our ture increase here and there, but on a change in their community, what it grid and for taxpayers. geological timescale, these changes are truly means for them in their part of Much of that vulnerability comes occurring at recordbreaking speed. the country. from changes in water supply and In many cases, they may be hap- To get into those impacts, I will water temperature. Water plays two pening too quickly for nature or hu- start with one that is shellacking my critical roles in generating electricity. manity to adapt. A 2012 study commis- home State; that is, the wildfires that Water is needed for generating hydro- sioned by 20 governments, which was are burning longer, getting hotter, and power—something we do a lot of in the written by more than 50 scientists, starting earlier. Drought and high tem- Pacific Northwest. It is also needed for economists, and other experts, found peratures from climate change are cooling in many other types of genera- that by 2030 the cost of climate change driving all of this. During the early tion, such as nuclear, biomass, and and combined will rise to part of this past year’s fire season, in- coal. For those generators, water must 3.2 percent of global GDP, with the tense wildfires once again burned not only be available in sufficient world’s least-developed countries most across the Western United States, quantities, but it has to be cool enough impacted, possibly suffering losses of threatening population centers and de- to allow the plants to run safely and ef- up to 11 percent of their GDP. stroying hundreds of homes. This win- ficiently. That means climate change Developed countries will not be ex- ter, fires have already burned in west- poses a double threat to some of these empt from these impacts. The study ern Oregon—something that used to be facilities. finds that climate change could wipe very rare. The number of houses that This is not a hypothetical situation; out 2 percent of our GDP by the year have burned in our country from recent history has already shown the 2030. That is a big deal. wildfires has increased a staggering 400 power sector’s vulnerability to both Finally, the trope that China is doing percent in only the past couple of years drought and high temperatures. In 2001, nothing so our actions do not matter. and is projected to get far worse. In for example, severe drought in the Pa- This category of deniers accepts the re- 2012, 2 percent of my home State of Or- cific Northwest and California signifi- ality, causes, and seriousness of cli- egon burned in just one summer and cantly reduced hydroelectric genera- mate change, but then they say it is nearly 1.5 million acres burned across tion, causing tight electricity supplies hopeless because countries such as the Pacific Northwest. Wildfires, of and high prices throughout the West. China and others are doing nothing to course, have always been part of life in That drought was estimated to have an reduce their image. my home State, but the fires of recent economic impact of between $2.5 billion That is flat wrong. Here is the evi- years are getting hotter and are sig- and $6 billion. dence. In September, the Chinese State nificantly more threatening to homes. High temperatures have also made Council released its atmospheric pollu- Our country’s top scientists say the water too hot to actually be able to tion action plan, which called for a re- conditions that caused these recent fire cool some powerplants. In 2007 the Ten- duction in the construction of new to become more severe, includ- nessee Valley Authority had to tempo- coal-fired powerplants and a goal of ing drought accompanied by above-av- rarily shut down its Browns Ferry Nu- generating 13 percent of its electricity erage temperatures, are more common clear Plant because the intake water from clean energy from renewable now due to human-induced climate temperatures were too high. In 2012 the sources by 2017. change. Over the past 30 years the fire Millstone nuclear plant that powers Chinese officials have announced season has become 21⁄2 months longer half of Connecticut had to take 40 per- they plan to institute a tax on carbon and both the number and severity of cent of its capacity offline for almost 2 pollution in 2015 or 2016. Certain re- forest fires in the American West have weeks because the cooling water it was gions have also begun to implement increased several-fold. Scientists who getting from Long Island Sound was pilot cap-and-trade programs, and they have examined this issue say climate too warm. In that same year the have plans to create a national carbon change is a significant factor behind it. Braidwood nuclear facility in Illinois market by 2020. To their credit, the Obama adminis- had to get an exemption to use intake How about current investments? In tration has indicated that they want to water that was 102 degrees instead of 2012, the United States spent about $35 work with Senators of both political shutting down during a . billion on renewables, while China parties to tackle this issue. In par- When somebody has their air-condi- spent $64 billion. ticular, what they have suggested—and tioning on high because it is over 100 Finally, there is the nothing-we-can- Senator CRAPO, the Republican Senator degrees, that is not a time that we can do denial trope. Let’s throw in the from Idaho, and I have pushed this afford to be taking a base load power- towel. This crowd accepts the science, strongly—is that instead of shorting plant offline. accepts the impacts but seems to have the prevention fund, which is the heart just given up. of the problem—we have to go in and So far it has been possible to get When did we start thinking we thin out these overstocked stands—in- through the heat- and drought-related couldn’t solve America’s big problems? stead of shorting the prevention fund, shutdowns of these powerplants with- When did we start thinking we were which is what happens every year now, out major outages, but let’s make no too small or not important enough to because these fires are so big and so mistake about it—the ratepayers have make a difference? hot, what happens is the bureaucracy definitely felt them in their power I don’t believe that. I believe that comes in and takes money from the bills. In Texas during the summer of when America leads, the world follows. prevention fund in order to suppress 2011, for example, electricity was sell- For this country to lead, this Congress the fires, and the problem, of course, ing on the spot market for $3,000 per needs to act. gets worse because we don’t have the megawatt hour—well over 100 times I yield the floor. funds for prevention. the normal rate. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Ms. WAR- The administration wants to work Next I would like to talk about the REN). The Senator from Oregon. with Democrats and Republicans in the effects of climate on energy infrastruc- Mr. WYDEN. Madam President, ear- Senate and in the other body so that ture. The power sector isn’t the only lier this evening I touched on the num- the most serious fires—only the most bit of energy infrastructure that is vul- bers that underlie this debate—the serious ones—get handled from the dis- nerable to climate change. Recently, numbers from the National Oceanic aster fund. We believe this is going to I—along with the majority leader, Sen- and Atmospheric Administration, the free up additional support for efforts to ator REID, Senator FRANKEN, Senator numbers from the National Academy of prevent these fires, and that will be HARKIN, and Senator MARK UDALL— Sciences—and said they really drive beneficial to our communities. asked the Government Accountability me to the judgment that climate Second, I would like to focus on Office to look into the effects of cli- change is the scientific equivalent of a power sector vulnerability. The mate change on energy infrastructure. speeding Mack truck. But I believe drought and high temperatures that That report was just released. What numbers don’t really capture this dis- can lead to the wildfires and make our the Government Accountability Office

VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:41 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.035 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1389 found is that climate changes are pro- past few weeks where we brought to- It is my hope that it is possible to jected to affect infrastructure through- gether those who care about trying to work in a bipartisan way. I intend to out all major stages of the energy sup- promote clean and renewable energy in talk to Senator HATCH, the ranking Re- ply chain—of course, once again in- Federal buildings. We have been able to publican on the Finance Committee, creasing the risk of energy disruption. get common ground between Senators and colleagues on both sides of the In addition to power sector vulnera- of differing views. I look forward to aisle to work on a tax extenders pack- bilities, the GAO also found vulnerabil- seeing that bill, the Shaheen-Portman age that includes a variety of clean en- ities among the infrastructure for pro- bill, on the floor of the Senate. ergy and efficiency credits. Senator ducing and extracting natural re- The fact is a number of our renew- HATCH and I have been interested in sources, including oil and gas plat- able energy sources have been on a roll moving forward this spring through the forms, refineries, and processing over the past several years, dem- regular order and markup of this kind plants. This infrastructure is often lo- onstrating their potential. of energy package in the Finance Com- cated near the coast, making it vulner- For example, onshore wind has in- mittee. able to and sea level stalled tens of thousands of megawatts I will close by talking about natural rise. of capacity in recent years when the gas because to capture all of the cli- Fuel transportation and storage in- policy support has been in place. As ex- mate benefits we also have to factor in frastructure, including pipelines, pected, the costs have come down with the dramatic shale gas revolution. We barges, railways, and storage tanks, technology improvements, experience, understand that natural gas has turned are also susceptible to damage from se- economies of scale, and as a deep do- the energy equation upside down over vere weather, melting permafrost, and mestic supply chain has built up to the past few years. Along the way, it increased . manufacture all of the components of has provided a low-cost way to reduce I close by outlining some of the steps the wind turbines and towers. The pol- greenhouse gas emissions at the same that can actually be taken to deal with icy support has been working, and wind time. Increased usage of natural gas these issues. I am sure people who are is now knocking at the door of com- has helped our country to reach its following this discussion tonight are petitiveness with fossil technologies. lowest level of greenhouse gas emis- saying: All right, they are making a Offshore wind is also picking up sions since 1994, even as the economy good case about the nature of the prob- steam, even off the coast of my home has been picking up steam. Manufac- lem. So what else. What comes next in State, where the waters have always turing and industrial operations have terms of our ability to take action to been too deep for offshore wind to be been moving back to the United States deal with this. possible. A company called Principle to take advantage of cheap reliable I have said before that there are a Power is trying to solve that problem gas. host of areas where we are going to by demonstrating floating offshore This is good news that was almost have to work in a global kind of man- wind turbines just off the coast of Coos unimaginable just a few years ago, but ner to build support with other coun- Bay in my home State. Putting a tur- we have some major challenges as well. tries for tackling climate change, but bine on a floating platform instead of I am concerned that methane emis- there is no question that this Senate mounting it on a tower on the ocean sions from leaky compressors and can put points on the board this year in floor has the potential to dramatically leaky pipes could undermine the emis- the fight against climate change. change the potential for offshore wind. sion benefits of natural gas in a way I am very pleased to have been able It would let developers tap into the that isn’t being accounted for. A recent to work with our colleague Senator huge windy resource above the deep report which showed a leakage rate of MURKOWSKI, the ranking Republican on waters off the coast of Oregon and else- just 3 percent through the entire nat- the Energy and Natural Resources where but without the footprints on ural gas supply chain can make burn- Committee, over this past year. Until the ocean floor and without affecting ing natural gas the same as burning recently I served as chairman of the views from the coast. It is a promising coal from a climate perspective. So I Energy and Natural Resources Com- technology, but, like all first-of-a-kind have been pushing hard with colleagues mittee, and we were able to pass a technology, it is going to cost a bit here in the Senate to keep that leakage major law to spur development of hy- more. That is why we ought to get pol- rate below 1 percent from production dropower, which is one of America’s icy support—so we can realize the po- to usage to make sure that climate forgotten renewables. Hydropower al- tential of commercial-scale energy. ready makes up two-thirds of our coun- Finally, the costs of solar power have benefits come to reality. try’s renewable power, so this is obvi- also been dropping like a rock. The po- There are technologies that can ad- ously a vital renewable source of en- tential for sustainable biomass to pro- dress the issue of leakage, and they al- ergy. Our legislation makes it easier to vide a quadruple win of low-carbon en- ready exist. They can be put in place at put hydro on existing dams, irrigation ergy, increased forest health, reduced almost no net cost, with many of the canals, and conduits, and we believe it danger of forest fires, and economic measures paying for themselves. There is going to spark big investments in growth is still there waiting to be fully has been a comprehensive survey of the clean renewable power. The National developed. measures for reducing methane leaks Hydropower Association estimates that I wish to touch on two remaining through the natural gas supply and there are 60,000 megawatts of potential issues, and one is before the Senate Fi- usage chain, and it found emissions new hydropower in our country yet to nance Committee. It is my strong view could be reduced by 40 percent with be harnessed. that the tax treatment of all energy technologies that already exist and are In addition, our committee passed an production in the United States ought practical today. important bill to cut redtape associ- to be modified so that all energy The scale of this problem is, of ated with developing geothermal power sources compete on a technology-neu- course, immense, and it is what Sen- on public lands. tral level playing field. That ought to ators are talking about here tonight. It My colleagues and I urge the admin- be one of the major goals of com- is going to take everyone pulling to- istration to take steps to have tools at prehensive tax reform, which, in my gether at every level to make the their disposal to invest in energy effi- view, is really the grand bipartisan meaningful changes actually happen. ciency and use the savings to pay for prize for Senate Finance Committee We are going to need continued leader- those upgrades. members. ship from our entrepreneurs, who I look forward, here on the floor of In the short-term, we have another aren’t sitting idly by but are inno- the Senate, to being able to pass what challenge. We shouldn’t let the renew- vating to come up with solutions to cli- I would call the platonic ideal of con- able energy industries that are so im- mate change. We are going to need sensus energy legislation; that is, the portant simply fall off the cliff just savvy consumers demanding lower car- bill that has been sponsored by our col- when the supply chains have been de- bon and more efficient goods and serv- leagues, Senator SHAHEEN and Senator veloped and just when they are reach- ices. We will need leadership from re- PORTMAN. I am very pleased that we ing a level of competitiveness where tailers who are going to ask more of had a promising development over the they can really take off. their suppliers and supply chains to

VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:41 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00019 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.037 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1390 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 give them products to sell to those con- entific facts actually have been conclu- they say? They said the ‘‘warming of sumers. Of course, the key is always in- sive for some time now. Most people I the climate system is unequivocal, and novation in the private sector—the pri- have found don’t realize that the green- since the 1950s, many of the observed vate-sector leaders working with our house gases we put into the atmos- changes are unprecedented over dec- national labs and universities. phere just don’t go away. They do not ades to millennia.’’ I am especially proud that my home dissipate. These gases can stay for dec- Average temperatures over lands and State of Oregon is going to lead the ades. Our actions—the greenhouse gas ocean surfaces globally have increased State efforts in trying to promote sus- pollution we put into the air and the 1.53 degrees Fahrenheit from 1880 to tainability, renewables, and efficiency forests we cut down—are changing the 2012, with the highest rate of increase at the local level. composition of Earth’s atmosphere, in- in the past 3 decades. To wrap up my remarks, let me state creasing the concentration of carbon Just look at this. See the line indi- the obvious. It is going to take new dioxide in the atmosphere to above 400 cating carbon dioxide concentration. leadership from the Congress. The Con- parts per million. Start from here. Now notice that the gress is going to have to lead if we are Just look at this chart. As this chart temperatures are still down. Watch the going to get a long-term framework for shows, these are global warming gases. line start to go up and notice the cli- a low-carbon economy that innovators, This is carbon dioxide. You can see how mate warm up to where it is today. entrepreneurs, and others can use in it has run quite along at this level, and The IPCC report continued: ‘‘The at- the days ahead to address the global then in the last few years it has begun mosphere and ocean have warmed, the nature of this problem, and I think we to jump up, so much that the average amounts of snow and ice have dimin- are up to it here in the Senate. I think in 2013 was 396 parts per million. People ished, sea level has risen, and the con- we are up to doing it in a bipartisan don’t know this—that all these gases centrations of greenhouse gases have way, and that is what I look forward to remain in our atmosphere year after increased.’’ This makes that clear. If we don’t re- being part of in the days ahead. year, decade after decade, and century duce the greenhouse gas emissions, the I yield the floor. after century. Mr. WHITEHOUSE. Madam Presi- This change is altering how our at- National Research Council predicts the average global temperatures will in- dent, Senator FEINSTEIN is scheduled to mosphere interacts, with massive crease by as much as 11.5 degrees—11.5 speak next, and we are delighted that amounts of solar energy radiating out degrees by 2100. Such a dramatic and she is. from the center of our solar system. It rapid increase would be catastrophic to DINNER INVITATION is well known within the scientific our planet Earth. It would change our I just wanted to make a public serv- community that the Earth’s blanket— world permanently. ice announcement at this point in the our atmosphere—is getting more effec- As temperatures have increased, we evening. Any staff, Senators who are tive at trapping heat. The full effects have seen that ice sheets that cover here through the night, any floor staff, of this stronger blanket—or shield or the North and South Poles have begun Republican floor staff as well, all are whatever you want to call it—must be melting. The average annual Arctic sea invited; and for any of the parliamen- projected into the future. Different ice area has decreased more than 20 tary staff who are interested, there is projections show different effects, but percent since 1979. That is when sat- dinner available in Room S. 219, and we know this. Change is coming, and it ellite records first became available. better to get it while it is hot. has already begun. The Greenland ice sheet has melted by That is the end of the public service A lot of people also believe our Earth nearly 30 percent. announcement. is immutable, that we can’t destroy it Here we can see the Arctic, the red The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- and that it can’t change. They assume line shows what it was in 1979, and cur- ator from California. our planet has always been pretty rent picture shows what has been lost ORDER OF PROCEDURE much the same. But the last time the and what is left. Mrs. FEINSTEIN. I ask unanimous Earth’s atmosphere contained 400 parts The melting of glaciers and ice caps, consent that the order with respect to per million of carbon dioxide was more along with expansion of ocean water alternating blocks of time be vitiated than 3 million years ago when horses due to the increase in temperature and that the Senate remain in a period and camels lived in the high Arctic in have caused the global sea level to rise of morning business until 8:45 a.m., conditions that averaged 18 degrees by 8 inches since 1870, with over 2 Tuesday, March 11, with Senators per- warmer than today. Seas were at least inches just in the past 20 years. If we mitted to speak for up to 10 minutes 30 feet higher, at a level that today do nothing to stop climate change, sci- each. would inundate major cities around the entific models project that there is a The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without world and the homes of a quarter real possibility of sea level increasing objection, it is so ordered. of the United States population. by as much as 4 feet by the end of this Mrs. FEINSTEIN. Madam President, Concentrations of carbon dioxide century—4 feet. I ask unanimous consent to speak for have risen, as I said, from the 280 parts Now, what would 4 feet do? At risk between 20 and 30 minutes. per million to more than 400 parts per are nearly 2.6 million homes located The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without million in just the last 150 years. Sci- less than 4 feet above high tide nation- objection, it is so ordered. entists tell us there is no known geo- wide. Mrs. FEINSTEIN. I want to begin by logic period in which concentrations of Let me speak about my home State thanking my friend and colleague, Sen- carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have of California. We have, within those 4 ator BOXER, for her leadership. It was 2 increased as quickly. Bottom line: feet, the homes of 450,000 people, 30 years ago that she began a climate ac- Never has our planet faced a faster or coastal power plants with generating tion task force that took place at noon, more ecologically devastating change. capacity of 10 gigawatts, 22 wastewater when all our stomachs were grumbling To settle the scientific debate over treatment plants with capacity of 325 for food, but it provided some very in- climate change, the Bush administra- million gallons per day, 3,500 miles of teresting advice, very interesting tion appointed a National Academy of roadway, 280 miles of railway, 140 knowledge, from interesting scholars Sciences Blue Ribbon Panel. The schools, and 55 hospitals and other who came to speak. She was then group, which included former climate health care facilities. These could all joined by Senator WHITEHOUSE, when change deniers, reported to Congress in be inundated by the end of the century. he came. Now there is Senator MAR- 2001 that greenhouse gases are ‘‘caus- Oakland and San Francisco Inter- KEY, and there is quite a large num- ing surface air temperatures and sub- national Airports are susceptible to ber—certainly of Democratic Sen- surface ocean temperatures to rise.’’ flooding, and both are today studying ators—who attend these Tuesday meet- They said: ‘‘Temperatures are, in fact, expensive new levy systems to hold ings at noon. So I want to thank them rising.’’ back the tides. very much for this leadership. The United Nations created its Inter- Sea level rise in California would As we have heard already, debate governmental Panel on Climate also cause flooding of low-lying areas, over climate change has raged for Change, a group of more than 600 lead- loss of coastal wetlands, such as por- years here on Capitol Hill, but the sci- ing scientific experts; and what did tions of the San Francisco Bay Delta,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:41 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00020 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.038 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1391 of cliffs and beaches, and salt- I believe we can attack this problem ally funded research, and a dramati- water contamination of drinking by: establishing aggressive fuel econ- cally improving permitting process water. Bottom line: Rising seas put omy standards to reduce emissions have led to a recent shift away from California’s homes, public facilities, from the transportation sector; ena- coal-fired power plants and toward re- and environmental resources in great bling a shift to renewable sources of newable energy and lower emission peril, and adapting to this change will power; limiting the emissions from sta- natural gas. impose great cost. tionary sources, especially power Additionally, renewable energy pro- Temperatures in California have in- plants; and, most important, putting a duction has more than doubled since creased 1.26 degrees Fahrenheit over price on heat-trapping carbon pollu- 2008, and it continues to boom. Last the past 4 decades. The warmer climate tion. year 4,751 megawatts of solar were in- could be particularly devastating to us Let me mention some steps we have stalled nationwide. This is a 41-percent where threats from catastrophic wild- taken because we have begun a transi- increase over the previous year. Power fire and reduction in water resources tion to a cleaner energy economy. The plant carbon dioxide emissions have will likely make sunny California a good news is that carbon dioxide emis- dropped 17 percent since 2005. desert State. The Sierra Nevada sions have dropped 12 percent since The lesson is clear: We must continue snowpack—and we are hearing a lot 2005, due in part to the policies we have the policies which are working, such as about that now—which includes Lake adopted. the wind and geothermal production Tahoe—is the State’s largest source of One of my proudest achievements tax credits, the solar investment tax water. It equals about half the storage was working with Senators Snowe, credit, and a project-permitting proc- capacity of all of California’s man- Inouye, Stevens, CANTWELL, Lott, Dor- ess which advances projects on dis- made reservoirs. If we do nothing, the gan, CORKER, CARPER, and many others turbed and less sensitive lands expedi- Sierra Nevada spring snowpack could in the 2007 Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy tiously, but we must also take longer drop by as much as 60 to 80 percent by Act, raising the corporate average fuel term steps to ensure that power plant the end of the century, eliminating the economy known as CAFE at the max- emissions continue to drop. water source for nearly 16 million peo- imum achievable rate. I support the President’s plan to use ple. Let me say what these new standards Clean Air Act authorities to limit Only four States have populations as mean. They mean we will have a greenhouse gas emissions. The Su- large as 16 million people, and the larg- fleetwide average of 54.5 miles per gal- preme Court’s landmark global warm- est agricultural State in the United lon in 2025. These standards will cut ing case, Massachusetts v. EPA, found States—California—needs water re- greenhouse gas emissions from cars greenhouse gases are pollutants with sources to farm and grow crops. The 38 and light trucks in half by 2025, reduc- the potential to endanger human million people living in California also ing emissions by 6 billion metric tons health and welfare. President Obama need water to drink, to bathe, to water over the life of the program, more than and EPA have an obligation to comply flowers, for businesses to flourish. the total amount of carbon dioxide with these directives to limit such Major fire is another danger because emitted by the United States in 2010. emissions. So I very much look forward the size, severity, duration, and fre- Better yet, these standards will save to the President advancing a strong quency of fires are greatly influenced American families more than $1.7 tril- rule which will use market-based by climate. This is the Rim Fire, from lion in fuel costs, resulting in average mechanisms. not too long ago. It gives us an idea of fuel savings of more than $8,000 per ve- I also believe Congress could act to how things burn. Fire seasons in the hicle. reduce greenhouse gas emissions from West are starting sooner and lasting Our legislation also directed the ad- power plants by putting an explicit longer. The average length has in- ministration to establish the first ever price on pollution. It has taken me a creased by 78 days since 1970, a 64-per- fuel economy standards for buses, de- long time to get there—approximately cent increase. This isn’t a coincidence, livery trucks, and long-haul 18 wheel- 20 years. I supported various other and climate change is suspected as a ers. The first standards, which apply to mechanisms—and will continue to sup- key mechanism for that change. The trucks and buses built from 2014 to port—but I am convinced, based on in- change is apparent. 2018, will reduce greenhouse gas pollu- formation by the Energy Information During a recent Senate hearing, U.S. tion by approximately 270 million met- Administration, a fee on greenhouse Forest Service Chief Tidwell testified: ric tons. gas emissions from power plants start- On average, wildfires burn twice as many I am very sorry Senator Snowe from acres each year as compared to 40 years ago, ing at only $10 per ton could reduce and there are on average seven times as Maine isn’t here today because I began emissions 70 percent to 80 percent by many fires over 10,000 acres per year. this effort with a simple sense of the 2050, if the fee steadily increases over I believe this: We cannot stop cli- Senate resolution in 1993 with Senator time. This is the emissions reduction mate change from happening. We do Slade Gorton from Washington, Sen- level experts say is necessary to sta- not have a silver bullet. There is no ac- ator Bryan from Nevada, and myself, bilize the climate at less than 2 degrees tion we can take to stem the tide. But and we couldn’t get a simple statement Celsius warmer than today. If we can if we can hold the warming to less than passed. We then tried an SUV loophole do this, we save planet Earth. If the 2 degrees Celsius, we can accommodate closer, which was to bring SUVs down climate goes 5 degrees to 9 degrees for it. But if the warming reaches 5 de- to the mileage of sedans and we warmer by the end of the century, we grees to 9 degrees Celsius, the effects couldn’t do this. have lost. are catastrophic for our planet Earth. We then did the Ten-in-Ten and we Such a fee could be responsive to Dramatic and catastrophic effects are didn’t think it was going to go any- emissions performance. If emissions far more likely. Through a series of in- where. Senator Stevens and Senator were falling consistent with science- cremental but somewhat aggressive Inouye put it in a commerce com- based emissions targets, the fee would policy steps, we can slow the change. mittee bill. Senator Stevens changed not have to go up every year. It is esti- The of fossil fuel—coal, his view on it, put it in a commerce mated a fee on power plant emissions oil, and natural gas—accounts for 78 committee bill, and it swept through would be nearly as effective in reduc- percent of greenhouse gas emissions in the Senate and through the House, was ing heat-trapping emissions as an econ- our country. Most of the fossil fuel signed by the President, and is now the omy-wide fee. The difference is 2 per- emissions come from the smokestacks law. Today President Obama has made cent. So both policies deserve consider- of our power plants and the tailpipes of completing CAFE standards for trucks ation. our vehicles. built after 2018—which are required by Such a fee would provide industry The bottom line: To address climate our 2007 law—a key part of his Climate with cost certainty, and the revenues— change, we must take steps to use fos- Action Plan. exceeding $20 billion annually—could sil fuels more efficiently, and we must Power plants are our largest single help address our Nation’s debt. They initiate a shift away from fossil fuels source of greenhouse gas emissions. It should go back to the general fund. The where we can and toward cleaner alter- is fair to say Federal tax incentives revenue could finance other important natives. and financing, State mandates, feder- national priorities, such as tax reform,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 04:41 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00021 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.039 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1392 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 income inequality, energy research de- it was at the University of East Anglia, Which is exactly what one would ex- velopment. the University of East Anglia did an in- pect from the science of climate An MIT study found that if the fee vestigation. Because it involved sci- change. revenues were used to cut other taxes entists at Penn State, Penn State did Now the National Academy of or maintain spending for social pro- an investigation. Both of those univer- Sciences recently did a report on this grams, ‘‘the economy will be better off sities gave a complete clean bill of very subject about 6 months ago, and a with the carbon (fee) than if we have to health to the underlying science that quote on that report says: keep other taxes high or cut programs was at the base of this. The report examines how changes to gla- to rein in the deficit.’’ The House of Commons—the British ciers in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region, Science has clearly shown the planet House of Commons did its investiga- which covers eight countries across Asia, is warming and now at a faster rate tion. That is how much fuss the deniers could affect the area’s river systems, water than ever. We know this. Now we as supplies, and the South Asian population. kicked up about this. They came back The mountains in the region form the head- leaders must make a choice: Do we act, and they said: Nothing wrong with the waters of several major river systems—in- do we lead, do we tackle the problem or science there. Nothing wrong with the cluding the Ganges, Mekong, Yangtze, and do we wait until it is too late? Do we science. The U.S. Environmental Pro- Yellow rivers—which serve as sources of continue the progress we have made on tection Agency and National Science drinking water and irrigation supplies for fuel economy by taking on other large Foundation also did investigations, as roughly 1.5 billion people. So the irrigation emitters or do we simply claim it is did the inspector general of the Depart- and drinking water for 1.5 billion people is impossible, it is intractable, we can’t ment of Commerce. Three for three, nothing to laugh about. do anything about it? Do we blame the those investigations came back as well, Here is the conclusion: problem on China? And China has a big saying: If they did say anything inap- The entire Himalayan climate is changing, problem. Do we deny undeniable facts propriate, nothing wrong with the but how climate change will impact specific due to current politics? science. places remains unclear. . . . The eastern I believe we have an obligation to Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau are warm- After all that, after six published re- ing, and the trend is more pronounced at lead. There is no question it is difficult views whose results confirmed that higher elevations. Models suggest that desert and there is no question there are hard there was nothing wrong with the dust and black carbon, a component of soot, choices, but we have an obligation to science as a result of these emails, for could contribute to the rapid atmospheric control our own pollution. Our Nation people to continue to come to the floor warming, accelerated snowpack melting, and has the opportunity to demonstrate to and to suggest that the email chain re- glacier retreat. the rest of the world it can be done, vealed some flaw in the data or some The Senator also mentioned the cost and tonight shows there are some lead- flaw in the science, it is untrue. It is as of a carbon fee. Just to make the ers. simple as that. It is just not true. record completely clear, I would pro- I thank Senator BOXER, Senator In fact, if you wanted to nickname pose a carbon fee whose every dollar of WHITEHOUSE, Senator MARKEY, and this properly, you would actually call revenue was returned to the American Senator SCHATZ for their leadership, it climategate-gate because the real people if as a result of a carbon fee not only on this evening but for the scandal is the phony scandal that was they end up paying more in their en- years they have led on this issue. So whipped up about these emails when ergy bill somewhere. let’s get it done. the underlying science had been con- Every dollar of that should come Before I end, I would note that my firmed by every single investigation back to the American people. It could legislative assistant, the young man that followed. So much for climategate come back in the form of a check to sitting next to me, is leaving to work or climategate-gate, more properly the head of a family. It could come for the Department of Energy. He has said. back in the form of lower tax rates. It worked on fuel efficiency standards, He also indicated that because the could come back in a variety of ways, climate change, energy, transpor- IPCC report had said the Himalayan and I hope soon we are actually having tation, and a number of other issues. glaciers were retreating, but they that discussion. But do not think there Matthew Nelson, I want you to know weren’t, that there was something ob- is any need for this to be a net cost to your expertise, your unique creativity viously wrong with the science. Let us the economy. Every dollar can go back and capacity, and your dedication will start with some glaciers closer to to the American people. Because of the be missed. home. This is Grinell Glacier in Mon- nature of this tax, it is actually prob- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- tana. Here is what it looked like in ably more efficient than others, so it ator from Rhode Island. 1940. That is all snow. Here is what it should create economic lift for a net Mr. WHITEHOUSE. Madam Presi- looks like in 2004. It is melted down to economic gain if you are truly offset- dent, may I thank the distinguished this little puddle of snow and ice. ting the revenues. So I reject the prop- Senator from California for her speech. We are indeed losing our glaciers. osition that this would create a cost. It For those who know of her history with Have a look in Washington at Lillian would be easy to design it in such a this issue and her leadership on pollu- Glacier in Washington’s Olympic Na- way that it is actually net improve- tion issues over many years, this was tional Park. This is in 1905. Look at ment. an important speech, and I thank the the size of that glacier. Here it is, the Finally, I will agree with something Senator very much. same bowl, virtually dried of snow— Senator INHOFE said. He said this has Before we turn to Senator BOXER, I glacier gone. to be international; and indeed it does wish to say a few things about the The fact that glaciers are dis- have to be international. India has a comments the Senator from Oklahoma appearing is something people see in vote. They have a lot of powerplants. made earlier, I suppose in an effort to front of them all around the world. All China has a lot of powerplants. They suggest climate change is not all that you have to do is go to mountains with have to work together. We can do that. we shake it up to be. The first point he glaciers and look. I went with Senator America can lead in the world. If the made was about a group of emails that BOXER to the glaciers in Greenland. others are slow to come, we can erect came out of East Anglia University, You could see the glaciers retreat. You tax adjustments at our border that pro- which the climate denier community could see the increased speed as the ice tect us and our products. We can make seized on and nicknamed climategate, moved more rapidly down and out to this happen, and we should. as if like Watergate there was a big sea because of the melt. The last is job loss claims. If you go scandal in those emails. There were Now the question of the Himalayan back through the history of regulation some probably not entirely appropriate glaciers has also been reviewed. A re- of big industries, every time you roll comments that were said in the emails, cent article in Nature said: something out they say it is going to be a huge economic . They said but the question is, Was the science un- The Tibetan plateau and surroundings con- derlying it affected or compromised in tain the largest number of glaciers outside this about the ozone layer; the Clean any way? polar regions. These glaciers are at the head- Air Act; the Clean Water Act. In fact, So-called climategate was actually waters of many prominent Asian rivers and in some cases such as in the Clean Air looked at over and over again. Because are largely experiencing shrinkage. . . . Act, subsequent review showed the

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:19 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00022 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.045 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1393 amount that is saved from not being we have beat back those naysayers and Since when does the greatest country polluted exceeds the cost of compliance those voices of the polluters. on Earth sit back and allow China to by as much as 30-to-1. Why would we One of the major functions of the lead us out of a climate change im- not want a deal like that, particularly Senate Climate Action Task Force is pending disaster? Since when do we where the costs of climate change are not just rallying around the scientists cede that authority? going to be so severe? and calling attention to climate I want to talk about that. All you The Senator said it is important to change, but it is clearly to play defense have to do is take a look at China to look at what has happened since the when we see attempts to roll back the see what happens to a country that original IPCC report. Here is what hap- President’s plan. throws the environment under a bus. pened since the original IPCC report. We have already seen a CRA, which Let’s take a look at some of the people They doubled down. They are even stands for congressional review act, in China and what it looks like. These more sure than they were of their find- that is in the works to overturn what are people on their bicycles. You can’t ings on climate change. Other sci- the President is trying to do to clean see anything around them. They have entific organizations such as NASA up coal-fired plants before they even masks on. We are going to wait for have chimed in in unflinching lan- finish the rules. Senator MCCONNELL is China to lead us out of the climate guage. I happen to have a lot of respect talking about a race to repeal it before change problem? I don’t think so. for NASA. If you can put a vehicle the it is even put into place. I do not un- I went to China on a very interesting size of an SUV up and out of our atmos- derstand this—well, I understand it, trip with Leader REID a couple of years phere, into orbit, send it to Mars, land but it is wrong. ago. We were there for a good 10 days. it safely on Mars, and then drive it We have to stand up for our families. We really saw the country. It is fas- around, I think there is a pretty safe As I said in my earlier remarks, if you cinating. There are a lot of interesting bet that you have some good scientists saw any member of your family or any things going on there with transpor- who know what they are talking about. one of your constituents standing in tation and so on. We never saw the I will put them up against the sci- the wake of a disaster, say an oncom- Sun—never. One day the Sun was behind the entists paid for by the polluters every ing car, you would do everything in smog, and the guy who was with us day. your power—everything in your I will yield the floor first to Chair- power—to save that constituent or that said: What a beautiful day. family member. I said: No, it is not. This is terrible. man BOXER. We went to the American Embassy. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- We are facing an out-of-control prob- They have a measuring tool that tells lem here with our climate. It is out of ator from California. them how dirty the air is in China. It Ms. BOXER. I wish to thank Senator control. If we do not wrap our arms is a hazardous duty post. People who WHITEHOUSE for his leadership. We are around it, we will have catastrophic were there with their kids were told now 30 minutes behind, so I would take warming. It has already started and it not to go out because it was too dan- up to 30 minutes, and then I will be fol- will lead to horrible pain and suffering gerous. China has hazardous levels of whether it is heat waves and deaths. lowed by Senator FRANKEN. pollution and toxic emissions which The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without We have already seen it in Europe. Col- have had very harmful effects on the objection. leagues from New Mexico and Colorado Chinese people. Ms. BOXER. Madam President, I have already talked about horrible We are supposed to wait for China to have been on this floor since early this floods and fires. I can tell you more clean up carbon pollution? I don’t evening and it is very clear that about fires in my State. think so. According to a scientific deniers are standing with 3 percent of I have never seen anything like it. study from the Health Effects Insti- the scientists while we Democrats who We have seen drought. All of this was tute, outdoor air pollution contributed are here tonight calling for action are predicted by the scientists back in the to 1.2 million premature deaths in standing with 97 percent of the sci- early nineties. I cannot believe that is China in 2010 alone. This is not fiction; entists. 20 years ago that they told us. I think this is fact. As I mentioned before, every time we have proven the point that deniers We have voices on the Republican the Republicans call a so-called expert are standing with 3 percent of the sci- side of the aisle who are begging us: to the Committee on Environment and entists and every major scientific orga- Don’t do anything on carbon pollution Public Works, I track their path and nization has warned us to act. until China acts. Air pollution was the they seem to be tied to the oil industry One of my colleagues, Senator fourth leading risk factor for deaths in or to major polluters. That is just a INHOFE, came down and said: Oh, it is China. The threat is expected to get fact. I am going to talk a little bit snowing. It is cold. It is called extreme worse. later about what has happened and why weather, and it is what was predicted. Urban air pollution is set to become this suddenly has become a bitter par- The vortex up in the Arctic, we are the top environmental cause of mor- tisan fight. It never used to be. It never feeling the impacts of a weakened jet tality worldwide by 2050—ahead of used to be, but it is and it is wrong. stream. We are seeing these terrible dirty water and lack of sanitation. It is No one party can put together the temperatures in an extreme fashion hit estimated that up to 3.6 million people votes needed. We have to share respon- the lower 48 States, some of which have could end up dying prematurely from sibility and that is critical. People never had it before. We have seen with air pollution each year, mostly in have said to me, the press: What is the our very own eyes snow in places such China and India. Think about that. point of this all-nighter? I said, very as Atlanta, people stuck on highways. Yes, we will hear our colleagues say simply: The Senate Climate Action No one knew what to do because it has China and India too. Task Force, which has membership of never happened before. I think we have I represent a very large and great getting toward 30 percent of the Sen- made the clear case. State with a population of 38 million ate, we want to wake up the Congress I say to my colleague Senator people. We are on the cutting edge of a to the fact that time is running out. SCHATZ, who has worked so hard with clean environment. We are tackling We have to act now. We have to do ev- Senator WHITEHOUSE to put this to- carbon pollution. We are seeing great erything we can legislatively in every gether, we have proven the point. I be- jobs being developed in solar, wind, and way. lieve that we stand with science in the geothermal. We are going to have one- The good news—and there is some mainstream, and our colleagues—most third of our electricity generation good news which has nothing to do of whom have not come to the floor to come from clean sources by 2020. I am with the Senate. It is all bad news for debate us—are standing with the ex- so proud of my State. The special in- the Senate, frankly. But the good news treme and, frankly, the special pol- terests came in there and they tried to is that we have a President who gets luting interests. Now, after they get repeal all of our laws that had to do this and who is moving forward with a done with denying, they have a fall- with cleaning up carbon pollution, and climate action plan. I am sorry to say back position, and they say: Well, even the people—even though they were every step he takes we have people try- if you believe there is climate change, faced with millions of dollars in oil ing to repeal what he is doing. So far we should not act until China acts. company ads—said no.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:19 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00023 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.047 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1394 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 So the people who say this isn’t real, damage—to our environment. The Cuy- entists, but we are humbled before the we have already disproved that. I put ahoga River in Ohio was on fire, mas- science. out the names of every possible organi- sive air pollution hung over our cities, We know our Nation has shown great zation. If you ask the American people and lakes were dying from pollution. leadership in the environmental move- about those organizations, they would The American people demanded action. ment for years. We started this back in say: We respect those organizations. So Guess what. We didn’t wait for China the 1970s when that river caught on fire that is out. or India or anybody else to act. We and we said: What are we doing to our Then they say: Wait for China. That came together as Democrats and Re- planet? is out. In January the U.S. Embassy publicans and said: This isn’t appro- We should not and we must not wait issued warnings to China’s citizens priate. for other countries to act. We must that the air quality in Beijing was so President Nixon helped on the envi- take action now, and that is the pur- bad it exceeded the upper limits of its ronment, President George Herbert pose of the Senate Climate Action measurements, and the exposure to Walker Bush helped on the environ- Task Force. I am so proud of my col- fine soot was many times above what ment, Jimmy Carter helped on the en- leagues who are here tonight and who the World Health Organization con- vironment, Bill Clinton helped on the go to those meetings every Thursday. siders hazardous. They call it an environment, and Barack Obama is ED MARKEY is leading us in meetings ‘‘airpocalyse.’’ It forced the Chinese helping on the environment. But now it on Tuesdays, which is the clearing- Government to close highways because has become a partisan issue. house. The clearinghouse is more of a the visibility was so bad. The Clean Air Act goes back to 1970, think tank where we bring in the ex- This goes on in cities across China. A and it was strengthened in 1990. Since perts. We listen and question them. On woman looked out her window in Har- 1990, the United States has cut fine Thursdays we meet with the task force. bin and said: ‘‘I couldn’t see anything particulate emissions. Those are the Members of the task force speak to the outside the window, and I thought it emissions that get into your lungs and Democratic caucus. was snowing.’’ Then she realized it cause all of our problems. Since 1990 we I say to HARRY REID, if he is listen- wasn’t snow; it was dangerous toxic have cut those particulates by 57 per- ing, how much I appreciate his leader- smog. That is what the people are liv- cent because Democrats and Repub- ship on this issue. He has seen some of ing with. They are beside themselves. licans came together. Now Republicans the horrible impacts of climate change They walk around with masks. They want to repeal all of that, but we won’t in his great State. His State has lead- can’t go out. They are suffering and let them. Fine particulate emissions is ers in alternative clean energy. They dying. And this is the country that my what is making the Chinese people are moving away from coal and toward colleagues say we ought to wait for be- sick. clean energy. They are creating good- fore we tackle climate change? You In 1976 there were 166 days when paying jobs. have to be kidding me. This is an em- health advisories were issued in south- When we put a price on carbon, the barrassment. Citizens of Harbin can see ern California to urge people with asth- dirty industries start to pay for the only 10 yards in front of them because ma and other people with lung sen- pollution they are causing, and that small particle pollution soared to a sitivities to stay indoors. That was in will move us toward clean energy. record 40 times higher than inter- 1976. The American people said: No, no, When we move to clean energy, we will national standards. no; this isn’t right. The people of Cali- see a tremendous difference in the By the way, the cost of environ- fornia said: This is terrible. There were amount of carbon pollution in the air, mental degradation in China was about 166 days where I couldn’t go out and and we will be able to avert the most $230 billion in 2010 or 3.5 percent of the breathe the air and take a walk and dire predictions for climate, which is 7 Nation’s gross domestic product. take my kids out. degrees Fahrenheit. We don’t want to We know that Superstorm Sandy Thanks to the action taken by Demo- see that for our children and our grand- cost us about $60 billion. One crats and Republicans who worked to- children and our great grandchildren cost $60 billion. So when you talk gether to pass the Clean Air Act and because that will literally change the about the economic impact of putting a carry it out, the number of smog-re- face of the way America lives. price on carbon polluters who are pol- lated health advisories in 2010 in south- We have it in our hands. Tonight we luting this country, put that into the ern California dropped to—drum roll— context of what happens if you let are saying: Wake up, Congress. Please, zero days. So anyone who stands here wake up. To my colleague from Okla- them continue polluting. Superstorm and says, ‘‘Oh, this problem is too big. homa, Senator INHOFE, who is my Sandy—we all lived through it. We all I can’t wrap my arms around it. China saw what happened. friend, who said: You guys are just and India have to act,’’ no, no, no, that talking to each other; good luck, good I have seen the fires in California. We is not America. have seen them in New Mexico and Col- night, I respond: I am proud to say We have brilliant people in this coun- more than 100,000 people have so far orado. We know the costs that come try with great technological skills. from those fires. We have seen the signed petitions calling on Congress to Many of our States—and I am so proud act, and this is just early in the drought. The President was out there. of my State—have the latest tech- Thank God he came out there to give evening. We are going to be going an- nologies to clean up the air and water, other almost 11 hours. some money. Do you know that our make cars fuel efficient. My friend To Senator WHITEHOUSE and Senator ranchers were destroying their cattle, Senator FEINSTEIN spoke about fuel ef- SCHATZ I say thank you for organizing killing their cattle because there was ficiency in cars, and I am so pleased we this. It is a little like herding cats, get- no feed? The President went out there have done that. President Obama is ting us all here, but it is working. It is and made sure that emergency help now applying it to trucks. working because Senators here get it. was delivered so they could buy feed We are literally saving lives because They know they are going to be here for those cattle. we know outdoor air pollution causes for a finite time, and when we get a When people say it is going to cost a cancer. We know that. Let me tell you challenge such as this, we stand up to lot to solve climate change, I beg them what the National Climate Assess- it. We find the solutions and we fight to think about the costs if we do noth- ment—that is our country—is saying for them, and we fight for the people of ing. Look at China. They did nothing about climate change: about clean air, and they are paying this great Nation. Climate change threatens human health Thank you so much, Mr. President. I the price with premature deaths, lost and well-being in many ways, including im- productivity, and people who are mis- pacts from increased extreme weather yield the floor. erable. events, wildfire, decreased air quality, dis- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Here is the thing: We learned a long eases transmitted by insects, food and water KAINE). The Senator from Minnesota. time ago that stepping up to an envi- . . . Some of these health impacts are al- Mr. FRANKEN. Thank you, Mr. ronmental challenge pays off. Decades ready underway in the U.S. President. I thank Senator BOXER and ago, the United States experienced Clearly we have proven tonight that Senator SCHATZ and Senator WHITE- damage and degradation—tremendous we stand with science. We are not sci- HOUSE for organizing this.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 06:17 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00024 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.049 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1395 I rise tonight to talk about climate American. As a result of this drought, pened when Hurricane Sandy hit New change, along with 25 to 30 of my col- Americans have to pay more and will York City and flooded the subways. My leagues who will be speaking through continue to pay more for groceries this colleagues do not need to be reminded the night. winter. of the cost of Hurricane Sandy. It cost The recent extreme weather events Unfortunately, droughts such as this taxpayers a staggering $60 billion. we have experienced across the United are becoming commonplace. In 2012, So when people talk about the harm- States are our call to action. We in this drought caused more than 70 percent of ful consequences of climate change and body need not just to talk about cli- U.S. counties to be declared disaster its costs in terms of homes and dollars mate change but to take action to ad- areas. The National Oceanic and At- and lives, they are not talking about dress it. If we fail to act, the extreme mospheric Administration estimated some far-off future problem. Climate weather events we have seen will only the economic impact of droughts to be change is already hurting us. grow more extreme in the future. $30 billion. The droughts destroyed or Unfortunately, only one of my col- This winter has been exceptionally damaged major crops all over this leagues from the other side of the cold in many areas of the United country, making corn and soybeans aisle—the ranking member of the En- States, including Minnesota. Some more expensive and increasing animal ergy and Natural Resources Com- deniers have taken this as a sign that feed costs. Again, Americans pay more mittee, Senator MURKOWSKI from Alas- climate change isn’t happening. They for meats and other animal-based prod- ka—attended that hearing. This has have pointed to the cold weather as ucts because of drought. been pretty much the case whenever we evidence that global warming is not oc- In the Midwest, the 2012 drought dra- have a hearing that even tangentially curring. But they are missing the matically lowered water levels in the relates to climate change. point. We already know that on aver- Mississippi River, seriously interfering A number of my colleagues in Con- age the Earth is warming. This isn’t with our ability to transport our agri- gress don’t believe human activity is complicated. We have been using ther- cultural goods to market to compete contributing to climate change. Many mometers to make measurements with those from other countries. So others, I suspect, don’t talk about cli- around the globe for a long time. We that barges wouldn’t run aground, ship- mate change because addressing it re- know average temperatures have gone pers sent them down the Mississippi quires that we make some difficult up significantly in recent years. only half full with, say, soybeans. This choices. But climate change isn’t just about made Minnesota soybeans less com- This is despite the fact that even the average temperature. As the aver- petitive with Brazilian soybeans. some of the major fossil fuel companies age temperature continues to rise, Climate change is also exacerbating that previously funded anti-climate most experts agree we will see ever our Nation’s wildfires, as we heard Sen- change efforts have turned the page on more frequent extreme weather events, ator WYDEN from Oregon describe this issue. ExxonMobil used to fund the including drought, storms, floods, and about his State. When Forest Service Heartland Institute, one of the leading other extreme events. It is important Chief Tom Tidwell testified in 2012 be- organizations spreading climate to remember that we are not attrib- fore the Senate Energy Committee, I change denial propaganda. But if we go uting any one event to climate change, asked him about the link between cli- to ExxonMobil’s Web site today, it but we can say there will be more ex- mate change and forest fires. He told states: ‘‘Rising greenhouse gas emis- treme weather events as the Earth us that throughout the country we are sions pose significant risks to society grows warmer. seeing longer fire seasons—more than 2 and ecosystems.’’ That is ExxonMobil. As the Presiding Officer knows, we months longer—compared to fire sea- Shell Oil states on its Web site: ‘‘CO2 have seen the polar vortex bring Arctic sons in the 1970s. Wildfires are also emissions must be reduced to avoid se- weather to much of the United States larger and more intense. I asked Chief rious climate change.’’ That is Shell during this winter. According to White Tidwell whether scientists at the For- Oil. House Science Adviser Dr. John est Service thought climate change So even the major oil and gas compa- Holdren, we can expect to see more of was causing this increase in the size nies have begun to acknowledge that this kind of extreme cold as global and intensity of wildfires and extend- climate change is real. I would respect- warming continues. This is going to ing their season, and without hesi- fully suggest that my colleagues on the have serious consequences—it already tation he said yes. The Forest Service other side of the aisle here in Congress has. is spending more and more fighting also need to engage in a serious con- In my home State of Minnesota, the wildfires—now about half of its entire versation on climate change. extreme cold has contributed to very budget. At a time when Americans are deal- serious propane shortages. Many rural Longer fires and larger, more intense ing with record droughts and other ex- residents are unable to properly heat fires are going to eat up more and more treme weather events, the Senate can- their homes. Turkey growers are find- of that budget. In addition, these not afford to simply ignore climate ing it difficult to heat their barns and, wildfires—especially ones that occur at change. Ultimately, we have to come therefore, their turkeys. This is not the wildland-urban interface—are in- together to start addressing climate just a problem in Minnesota. Other creasingly threatening homes and change before its damage and costs to areas of the country have been af- property. Most importantly, more in- society get out of control. fected. We in the Senate have to talk tense fires are costing lives. The 19 I know this is not going to be easy. about what is happening and start tak- brave who perished in Ari- Some will point out that climate ing action in the face of climate zona last June should be a reminder of change is a global problem—sometimes change threats. the gravity of this issue. called global climate change—and that The ongoing drought in California Of course, we cannot talk about cli- we can’t solve it alone. They are right. and other States is another example. mate change without talking about sea Emissions in the developing world are The situation is particularly grave in level rise. As I said, I serve on the Com- on the rise. China now surpasses the California where vast regions have mittee on Energy and Natural Re- U.S. in total greenhouse gas emissions. been classified as D4, which is the most sources. In 2012, I attended a hearing on But China is also starting to wake up severe drought category. This has cost sea level rise and heard testimony to its serious pollution problem. In farmers their crops and livestock and about how rising sea levels are increas- fact, at the opening of the annual created severe water shortages for resi- ing the size of flood zones and increas- meeting of its parliament last week, dents and businesses. Farmers have ing damage from storm surges. One ex- the Chinese Premier stated that his had to stop farming half a million ample they used—they said this is a country is declaring a war on pollu- acres of what normally is irrigated possibility—is that a few inches of sea tion. Overcoming pollution challenges land. That is about 6 percent of the en- level rise could result in a will require China to invest heavily in tire State of California. According to that could flood the renewable and other environmentally the California Farm Water Coalition, it subway system. It sounded like some- friendly technologies. It is going to is already costing that State $5 billion. thing out of science fiction. Yet 6 make the global clean energy race even These costs get passed on to every months later, that is exactly what hap- more competitive. If we are going to

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:19 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00025 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.051 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1396 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 win this race and create good-paying Unfortunately, it has been difficult In fact, we learned during my hearing jobs for Americans, we have to invest for Congress to pass comprehensive that there was universal agreement in clean energy. clean energy legislation, even though among witnesses—both Democratic and We know that government invest- this is an essential prerequisite if we Republican witnesses—that giving ment in energy can pay off. Take the are going to win the global clean en- States more flexibility to implement example of natural gas. We are cur- ergy race. The good news is that many these regulations would be good. rently experiencing a natural gas boom individual States, which really are the So when we talk about taking on cli- in this country. Sometimes my col- laboratories of our democracy, have mate change, let’s start with what we leagues forget that this boom happened gone forward with their own clean en- can all agree on. Let’s do that stuff in large part because of years of Fed- ergy programs. first. Let’s do Shaheen-Portman. eral support to develop hydraulic frac- As chair of the Energy Subcommittee The stakes are simply too high to ig- turing technology. The Eastern Gas on the Energy and Natural Resources nore this issue. We cannot leave it to Shales Project was an initiative the Committee, I recently held a hearing future generations. Last year my first Federal Government began back in on lessons from State energy programs. grandchild Joe was born, and I do not 1976, before hydraulic fracturing was a Among the innovative programs devel- want to look back in 20 years and tell mature industry. The project set up oped by many States are goals and Joe that when we were in a position to and funded dozens of pilot demonstra- mandates for renewable energy produc- do something about climate change we tion projects with universities and pri- tion as well as for increased energy ef- chose not to because it involved some vate gas companies that tested drilling ficiency of government and commercial difficult choices. and fracturing methods. This invest- buildings. Now, Joe is going to live through this I say to the Presiding Officer, you ment by the Federal Government was century and, God willing, into the probably know this because you are instrumental in the development of the next. Unless we act now, his generation Senator MERKLEY and you know a lot. commercial extraction of natural gas will pay a very high price for our inac- You probably know this. But over half tion. Tonight, throughout the night, from shale. In fact, microseismic imag- the States have renewable portfolio you are going to be hearing about that. ing—a critical tool used in fracking— standards. These standards are improv- You are going to be hearing about the was originally developed by Sandia Na- ing the air, creating jobs, and growing Department of Defense research into tional Laboratory, a Federal energy the economy. this and the costs that we will pay laboratory. My home State of Minnesota is one when we have to address this. The industry was also supported of the leaders in this area. We have a I do not want to have to have my through tax breaks and subsidies. In 25-by-25 renewable portfolio standard grandson think of me long after I am fact, Mitchell Energy Vice President in place, which means that 25 percent gone and ask: Why didn’t we do any- Dan Stewart said in an interview that of the State’s electricity must come thing to address climate change while Mitchell Energy’s first horizontal well from renewable sources by the year we could. was subsidized by the Federal Govern- 2025. Excel Energy, Minnesota’s largest So I invite my colleagues from both ment. Mr. Mitchell said: utility, is following an even more am- sides of the aisle—both sides—to join in DOE— bitious plan of generating over 30 per- this endeavor. We really owe it to the That is the Department of Energy— cent renewable energy by the year 2020, Nation, and we owe it to future genera- DOE started it, and other people took the and they are on track to do that. tions. ball and ran with it. You cannot diminish I believe the Federal Government Thank you, Mr. President. DOE’s involvement. should follow what the States are al- I yield the floor. This is from one of the pioneers of ready doing and put a comprehensive The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- horizontal drilling: ‘‘You cannot dimin- and long-term clean energy plan in ator from Vermont. ish DOE’s involvement.’’ place. Mr. SANDERS. Mr. President, as I So the basis of the natural gas revo- One of the issues we discussed in my begin, I thank Senator BOXER for her lution that is helping make America subcommittee was the upcoming EPA wonderful leadership of the Environ- more energy independent can be traced rules to reduce greenhouse gas emis- ment Committee and for her strong ac- tivism regarding climate change. I back to Federal research and Federal sions from existing coal-fired power- thank Senator WHITEHOUSE and Sen- support. plants. I know that a number of my ator SCHATZ, as well, for organizing In the same way, we have to support colleagues are concerned about these this important discussion tonight. the renewable energy sector now. We regulations and have argued that they will increase the cost of electricity, es- The scientific community has been have to be the ones who will develop extremely clear—no debate—climate these technologies and the ones who pecially in areas that are heavily de- pendent on coal and coal-fired plants. change is real, climate change is man- sell them to other nations. We need to made, and climate change is already lead the world in clean energy innova- I understand these concerns. I believe these regulations should be crafted causing severe damage in terms of tion. drought, floods, forest fires, rising sea (Mr. MERKLEY assumed the Chair.) using common sense. For example, if levels, and extreme weather disturb- At the moment, we are not doing you give flexibility to States to imple- ances. Given that reality, I find it ex- enough. Last year the Senate Energy ment these regulations, you can allow tremely disturbing that virtually all— Committee heard testimony regarding powerplant operators to offset their not all but virtually all—of my Repub- a report from the American Energy In- emissions by investing in energy effi- lican colleagues continue to ignore the novation Council entitled ‘‘Catalyzing ciency in homes and buildings. Build- scientific evidence and refuse to sup- Ingenuity.’’ The report, authored by ings consume about 36 percent, 37 per- port serious legislation which will ad- Bill Gates, Microsoft; former Lockheed cent of the energy in this country. If you retrofit our buildings, you will get dress this planetary crisis. My hope is Martin CEO Norman Augustine; and the same environmental result at a that my small State of Vermont will be other business leaders, states: lower cost to powerplant owners. And a national leader, will be a model for The country has yet to embark on a clean just as important, you will unleash en- the rest of the country in transforming energy innovation program commensurate with the scale of the national priorities that ergy efficiency manufacturing and in- our energy system, moving us away are at stake. In fact, rather than improve stallation jobs throughout the country. from fossil fuels and into energy effi- the country’s energy innovation program It will reduce our energy use. It will ciency and sustainable energy. And and invest in strategic national interests, benefit the environment and send a sig- doing that, by the way, will not only the current political environment is creating nal throughout the business sector that help the United States become a leader strong pressure to pull back from such ef- we are serious about deploying long- in reversing climate change but can, forts. term energy-efficient solutions. That is over a period of years, create millions The report is a wakeup call and why NORESCO, a major energy service of good-paying jobs in this country. makes a convincing case for why gov- company that testified at my hearing, And that has to be the goal. ernment needs to support innovation in was a strong proponent of this pro- Some people ask—many people ask— the energy sector. posal. they say: Well, why aren’t you guys

VerDate Mar 15 2010 06:17 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00026 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.052 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1397 doing anything on this issue? The sci- Research Letters in May of last year, 2013 was the fourth warmest year entific community is almost unani- more than 97 percent of the peer-re- ever recorded since 1880. The World mous about the causation of climate viewed scientific literature on climate Bank, no bastion of left-leaning envi- change or about its severity. What are supports the view that human activity ronmental thinking, is among those ex- you doing? is a primary cause of global warming. pressing grave concern about the trend. Let me answer that by just very I believe I read yesterday that the minor- The World Bank concluded that lim- briefly reading an exchange that took ity leader, Senator McConnell of Kentucky, iting the global temperature increase place in the Senate Environmental and was saying: Well, for every person who be- to 2 degrees centigrade might allow us Public Works Committee on April 11, lieves that climate change is real, there is to keep sea level rise by 2100 to less 2013. Let me preface my remarks by another person who disagrees. Well, the poll- than 2.3 feet. ing indicates that is not quite accurate. But saying Senator JIM INHOFE of Okla- Unfortunately, the World Bank also what is really important is not what this homa is a friend of mine. I like JIM person feels or what that person feels, it is acknowledges we are on track for a 4- INHOFE. He is an honest person, a what those people who have studied the issue degree centigrade increase, which straightforward person. But on this extensively believe. That is really what mat- would result in extreme heat waves and issue, he is dead, dead wrong. This is ters. And for those people—the 97 percent of life-threatening sea level rise. Since the exchange that took place on April the peer-reviewed scientific literature on 1901, the global sea level has risen 11, 2013. I was in a committee hearing, this issue—they say very clearly that cli- about 7.5 inches and it is getting worse; and this is what I said: mate change is real and that human activity over the last 20 years seas have been is a primary cause of global warming. What Senator Inhofe has written— rising nearly twice as fast. And he has published a book on this issue— I am reminded—I think Senator All over the world glaciers and ice- BOXER made this point a while ago— What Senator Inhofe has written and packs are melting. Glaciers in the talked about is his belief that global warm- that the debate we are having now is Mount Everest region have shrunk by ing is one of the major hoaxes ever per- very reminiscent of the debate we had 13 percent in the last 50 years. Glaciers petrated on the American people. That it’s a 30 or 40 years ago about the role to- on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania hoax pushed by people like Al Gore, the bacco plays in cancer, emphysema, have already shrunk by 80 percent and United Nations and the Hollywood elite. heart conditions, and so forth. We had are expected to be completely gone by Senator INHOFE was also in this com- people, well-funded by the Tobacco In- 2020. Greenland’s ice sheets lost ice at mittee hearing, and I said: stitute, coming before the American a rate of about 60 cubic miles per year I think that is a fair quote from Senator people, putting ads on television, say- between 2002 and 2011. This is six times Inhofe. Is that roughly right, Senator ing: You know smoking is okay; there faster than the ice was melting during Inhofe? is no evidence linking smoking to can- the decades before that. All of these He was right here, and Mr. INHOFE cer. impacts and more can be traced di- said: Well, they were lying, as a matter of rectly to carbon emissions and their ef- Yes, I would add to that list: Moveon.org, fact. Many of these people were being fect on the atmosphere. George Soros, Michael Moore and a few oth- funded by the Tobacco Institute. I In 2013, as the Presiding Officer ers. think we are in the same position now. knows, we witnessed an ominous mile- So that is where we are. We have a A lot of the information—misinforma- stone: The daily mean concentration of gentleman—again, a very honest, de- tion—which is coming forward is fund- carbon dioxide in the atmosphere sur- cent man whom I like—a former chair ed by the fossil fuel industry. We passed 400 parts per million. The last of the Environment Committee, a should be clear about that. time CO2 levels were this high was former ranking member of the environ- Is there still a scientific debate about probably between 2.2 million and 3.6 ment committee, who believes that anything related to climate? What is million years ago, when it was so warm global warming is a hoax pushed by the debate? Well, the only remaining there were forests in Greenland. people like Al Gore, the United Na- scientific debates are about just how What does climate change mean? tions, and the Hollywood elite. So devastating climate change will be. Of What are the consequences of global when people ask me why we are not that, the scientists are not exactly warming? How is climate change al- doing anything, I would say that is sure. There is a disagreement. Are we ready impacting our lives—not in 5 pretty much the reason. on track for a 2-degree change by the years, not in 50 years, but right now? But let me respond to that, to Mr. end of the century? Will the planet For one thing, climate change is mak- INHOFE’s views, by saying the fol- warm by 2 degrees? Will it warm by 4 ing droughts in the Western United lowing: Climate change is real, and degrees? Will it warm by 6 degrees? States and in other parts of the world there is no longer a scientific debate People are not exactly sure. But they more severe, longer lasting, and more about that. In the words of the U.S. are certainly sure that it will warm. frequent. Scientists expect the precipi- Global Change Research Program, Will sea levels rise by 1 foot? Will they tation pattern will continue shifting, which includes EPA, NASA, the Na- rise by 3 feet? By 4 feet? Again, sci- expanding the geographic extent of the tional Science Foundation, and the De- entists are not clear. But they are ab- dry subtropics, leading to warmer and partments of Defense, Energy, State, solutely clear that sea levels will rise. drier weather, which then causes air Health, Interior, Transportation, and As a result of industrial greenhouse temperatures to increase even more. Commerce: ‘‘global warming is un- gas emissions, Earth’s climate warmed This helps explain why drought- equivocal and primarily human-in- more between 1971 and 2000 than during stricken Texas saw the hottest summer duced.’’ any other 3-decade interval in the last ever recorded for a U.S. State in 2011, It is not my view. It is not Senator 1,400 years, reports a paper in the jour- leading to a combination of drought BOXER’s view, not Senator SCHATZ’s nal Nature Geoscience, based on re- and wildfires, costing $10 billion in view. That is the view of the U.S. Glob- search conducted by 78 scientists from damage, and the drought continues. As al Change Research Program, which in- 24 nations, analyzing climate data from of last month, Texas had only received cludes some of the major agencies of tree rings, pollen, cave formations, ice 68 percent of its normal rainfall be- the U.S. Government. By the way, cores, lake and ocean sediment, and tween 2011 and 2013, and reservoirs are clearly it is not just the U.S. Govern- historical records from around the sea. at their lowest levels since 1990. ment or agencies that believe that. The globe has already warmed 1.5 de- We should be very clear about this: There are agencies representing vir- grees Fahrenheit from 1880 to 2012, and When we talk about global warming, tually every country on Earth that the vast majority of that warming, 1.1 we are talking about the globe, the have come to the same conclusion. degrees Fahrenheit, has happened since global community, not just the United Now, when some people say: Well, 1950. According to NOAA, November States, not just Texas, not just Cali- there is a debate; the evidence is not 2013 was the hottest November on fornia. Australia last year endured an yet clear; the scientific community is record, and 2012 was the warmest year ‘‘angry summer,’’ which is what it was not quite sure, let me clear the air on on record in the contiguous United called, which brought both the hottest that one. According to a study pub- States, and saw at least 69,000 local month and the hottest day the country lished in the journal Environmental heat records set. had ever witnessed, and a 4-month heat

VerDate Mar 15 2010 06:17 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.054 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1398 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 wave, severe wildfires, and torrential New Orleans, Massachusetts, Boston, The answer and the good news is that rains and flooding, causing $2.4 billion New York City, what we are looking at we—right now, today—have the tech- in damage. is seas rising, which actually threatens nology to begin the process of signifi- Last year’s heat wave in China was the very existence of parts of those cit- cantly transforming our energy sys- the worst in at least 140 years. These ies. tem. We know how to do it with to- droughts have very real consequences Experts are predicting that cities day’s technology, and that technology for water availability. Many regions in such as Miami, Fort Lauderdale, New will only be improved in months and Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Sub- York, and New Orleans will face a years to come. Saharan Africa, for example, are ex- growing threat of partial submersion I will give a few examples of some of pected to experience a decline of 20 per- within just a few decades as sea levels the good news that is happening in cent in water availability if the cli- and storm surge levels continue to terms of the ability that we now have mate warms 2 degrees centigrade and a climb. What will it mean if the seas to move to sustainable energy. 50-percent decline if the climate warms continue to rise and extreme weather The cost of solar—which certainly by 4 degrees centigrade. What we are events—severe drought, wildfires, will be one of the major sustainable en- talking about here is the inability of storms, flooding—become much more ergy technologies that we look to in people to get water to drink, the in- common? One of the most important the future—continues to plummet. ability of people to get water to farm. consequences will be massive human The Solar Energy Industries Associa- This then leads to other problems, in- dislocation all over the world. tion, in a report issued only last week, cluding mass migrations and struggles More than 32 million people fled their reported that the average weighted of limited natural resources. homes in 2012 because of disasters such cost of a solar PV system was $2.59 per With sustained drought and heat as floods and storms. An estimated 98 watt, a 15-percent drop from the year waves comes wildfire. As Thomas Tid- percent of this displacement was re- before. well, Chief of the US Forest Service, lated to climate change. So when you According to the Solar Energy Indus- explained to Congress last year: Amer- look into the future—and one of the tries Association, utility-scale solar— ica’s wildfire season now lasts 2 reasons that agencies such as the CIA perhaps the best comparison to utility- months longer than it did 40 years and the Department of Defense and scale conventional electricity genera- tion—now costs on average 7.7 cents ago—2 months longer than just 40 years other security agencies worry very per kilowatt hour compared to about 10 ago—and burns up twice as much land much about climate change is they see cents per kilowatt hour on average for as it did then because of the hotter, the national security implications of power plants now operating across the drier conditions from climate change. massive dislocations of people in dif- We are seeing this very horrendous United States. ferent States or regions of the country and expensive situation of wildfires in The cost of wind energy is also com- fighting over limited resources, water, the southwest of this country. The parable to or even less than the cost of land, in order to survive. other more traditional energy sources. wildfires, in fact, are expected to in- The Department of Defense, in its The average cost of wind power coming crease 50 percent across the United 2010 Quadrennial Review, called cli- States under a changing climate, while online between now and 2018 is esti- mate change a potential ‘‘accelerant of mated to be 8.6 cents per kilowatt some studies predict increases of more instability or conflict.’’ The potential than 100 percent in parts of areas of the hour, even without including the value economic impact of climate change on Western United States by 2050. When of the production tax credit. agriculture, for example, is huge. you think about climate change and Moving to sustainable energies such Water scarcity will make it harder to you think about drier forests, we are as solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, irrigate fields, and higher temperatures looking at very serious problems re- and hydropower clearly is something will make some areas unsuitable for garding wildfires. that we should be doing very aggres- Rising sea levels, another great con- growing crops. A study from the Inter- sively. cern and impact of climate change, national Food Policy Research Insti- When we do that, we not only cut also lead to more destructive storm tute found that globally climate greenhouse gas emissions, we not only surges. According to NOAA, Hurricane change will greatly increase prices for significantly cut air pollution but in Sandy’s storm surge exceeded 14 feet in staple crops such as corn, wheat, rice, the process we create many jobs as we places, which was a record for New and soybeans, including an approxi- transform our energy system. But sus- York City. The National Academy of mately 100-percent increase in the tainable energy is only one part of the Sciences estimated every 1.8 degrees price of wheat. equation. What we must also do is in- Fahrenheit increase in global average What this means for Americans, for vest very significantly in energy effi- surface temperature could be a twofold people all over the world who are al- ciency and in sustainable energy. to sevenfold increase in the risk of ex- ready struggling economically, is that Every dollar invested in efficiency and treme storm surge events similar to climate change will mean less areas low-income households through the Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy. being farmed and higher food prices, Weatherization Assistance Program re- When some people tell us: Well, gee, something we cannot afford right now. sults in $2.53 in energy and nonenergy we cannot afford to address the prob- I think the question some viewers benefits for a community. lems of climate change, I would sug- may have is, if the science is so clear— I suspect the story is the same in gest we cannot afford not to address and it really is quite clear here in the Maine as it is in Vermont, but I can re- this crisis, if only for the kinds of United States and around the world— member meeting with two older women money we are going to have to be why do we not fix it? Why do we not who were sisters. They lived in Barre, spending repairing the damage of hur- come up with the bold strategy we need VT, and they were able to get their ricanes like Sandy, and maybe hurri- so America is a leader in the world in homes weatherized. Their home, as canes that are even worse. cutting greenhouse gas emissions and many of the homes in Vermont, was We heard during a recent Senate en- transforming our energy system? The old, leaking energy, not well insulated, vironment committee hearing that the good news here is the transformation did not have good windows, did not State of Florida has already seen 5 to 8 of our energy system is going to be less have good roofing, and the heat was inches of sea level rise in the past 50 expensive, if you like, than doing noth- just going right through the walls. As a years, with no end in sight. In the Flor- ing. result of a weatherization project in ida Keys we expect that nearly 90 per- Doing nothing means that we will see their home, their fuel bill went down cent of Monroe County would be com- higher food prices, we will see by 50 percent. pletely inundated at high tide, with wildfires, we will see scarcities of food, These were seniors and low-income just 3 feet of sea level rise, and New Or- and we will see weather disturbances citizens. When we move in this direc- leans can expect to see an ocean level wreaking havoc on communities all tion, we can save Americans substan- increase of well over 4 feet by the end over America and around the world, re- tial sums on their fuel bills. We create of the century. quiring huge amounts of monies to ad- local jobs. We cut greenhouse gas emis- In other words, what we are looking dress those problems. What is the al- sions. If that is not a win-win-win situ- at here, in Florida, Miami, Louisiana, ternative? What do we begin to do? ation, then I don’t know what is.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:19 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00028 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.055 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1399 It seems to me that we should be in- portantly, in the event that folks are My colleague from Vermont has vesting substantially in subsidies such paying increased costs for electricity talked a lot about some of the evi- as the Investment Tax Credit and the or for other areas, much of the money dence. It is important to pay attention Production Tax Credit. Every dollar we is returned directly to taxpayers. to patterns. In Virginia, we have huge invest in these efforts yields many Let me conclude by saying we can areas of risk of the negative impacts of more in savings. have an honest debate about the best climate change, especially sea-level It is also true that when some of my path forward to transform our energy rise, all effects that can be traced to friends object to the government help- system. This is complicated stuff, and I carbon pollution. ing to assist sustainable energies or don’t think anyone has the magic an- The Hampton Roads area of Virginia putting money into energy efficiency, swer, but we can debate that. What we is the second-most populous part of our they seem to forget that the very ma- can no longer debate is whether cli- State, 1.6 million people, and it is the ture and very profitable fossil fuel in- mate change is real, whether it is second-most vulnerable community on dustry benefits very substantially from caused by human activity or whether it the east coast after New Orleans, the the subsidies that we have provided is today causing serious harm to our eastern half of the United States, to them. In fact, American taxpayers are country and serious damage all over sea-level rise. set to give away over $100 billion to the this planet or whether that devastation Our second-largest area, which is the oil, gas, and coal industries over the will only get worse in years to come. home of the largest concentration of next decade through a wide range of Right now we have to summon up the naval power in the world, and critical subsidies, tax breaks, and loopholes. courage to acknowledge that we are in to our defense, is deeply vulnerable to If we can subsidize the coal industry, a crisis situation and that bold action climate change. if we can subsidize ExxonMobil and the is needed now. I happen to believe that In fact, I have friends who live in oil industry, if we can subsidize the gas with the United States playing a lead- Hampton Roads in a historic neighbor- industry, we sure as heck can subsidize ership role, China, India, Russia, and hood where homes have been occupied and provide support for wind, solar, other major consumers of fossil fuels for 150 years. In the last 15 years, their and other sustainable energies. will follow our leadership. Our credi- home has become completely unable to I come to the end of my remarks and bility is not much if we are not what be occupied. They cannot sell it. There suggest the following: The time is now we are talking about. If we want to is no way the bank will take it back, and there is no way anyone will issue for us to take bold and decisive action. lead the world, we have to act. This is insurance to them. As my colleague Senator FRANKEN something our children, and our grand- In addition to being vulnerable be- mentioned, those of us who have kids— children expect of us and something I cause of our coast, our largest industry and I have four—and those of us who hope we can, in fact, do. in Virginia is agriculture and forestry. have grandchildren—I have seven beau- With that, I yield the floor. If we want to talk about an industry tiful grandchildren—they will look us The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. that is affected by climate, that is our in the eye 20 years from now and say: KING). The Senator from Virginia. industry, $70-plus billion a year of eco- Why did you let this happen? Didn’t Mr. KAINE. I thank my colleagues nomic activity in our State—our larg- you know what was happening? Didn’t for drawing attention to this critical est industry affected by climate. you understand what lack of action issue and problem. Tourism is big in Virginia industry— I want to start with the solution. The would do for our country and the plan- outdoor tourism. That is $20-plus bil- et? solution to climate change is American lion a year. We are directly affected by That is the issue we face. We need to innovation. The solution to climate climate, and we see extreme weather have the courage now to stand up to change is American innovation. patterns. It is not only a Katrina, a We have to get beyond the idea first extremely wealthy and powerful forces Sandy or an Ike. It is the pattern of in big energy—and that is the coal that we need to choose between a clean one after the next, droughts one after companies, the oil companies, the gas environment and a strong economy. We the next, fire damage one after the companies—and come up with an alter- all want cleaner air and water. We all next. native vision for energy in America. want jobs. They don’t have to con- To use a recent example, we are hav- In that regard, I am proud to have tradict each other. ing to deal with this in these halls. We joined with my colleague, the chair of When we frame the debate as a con- passed a flood insurance bill to delay the environmental committee, Senator flict between an economy and the envi- sharp premium increases for flood in- BARBARA BOXER, to introduce last year ronment, we talk past one another and surance policies that are subsidized by the Climate Protection Act. we are not realistic about our own his- the National Flood Insurance Program. Our bill does what, at the end of the tory. This is, at the beginning, kind of For those who weren’t around when day, every serious person understands a math problem. According to the we had that debate, these increases in must be done, and that is to establish EPA’s annual inventory of greenhouse premiums were not because of new a fee on carbon pollution emissions—an gas emissions, the U.S. pumped about 6 beach homes that millionaires are approach, by the way, endorsed not billion tons of greenhouse gases into building on the flood plain out on the only by progressives but also by mod- the atmosphere in 2005—6 billion tons. beach. No, these were policies for erates and even prominent conserv- The overwhelming scientific con- homes whose owners had lived in them atives such as George Shultz, Nobel sensus is that putting this much pollu- for decades. They were never in flood laureate economist Gary Becker, Mitt tion into the air is bad for the planet, plains before, but they are now in flood Romney’s former economic adviser bad for our kids, and bad for our plains because of sea-level rise. Gregory Mankiw, former Reagan ad- grandkids. Most scientists tell us we My Portsmouth friends are people viser Art Laffer, and former Repub- need to reduce emissions about 17 per- who fit into that category, with a lican Congressman Bob Inglis. cent from that peak by 2020 and over 80 home that never had these challenges— In other words, there is an under- percent by about 2050 in order to con- that is now a home that they cannot standing that if we are to be serious tain climate change to manageable lev- sell because of the sea-level rise in that about addressing the need to cut car- els. area. bon emissions, there has to be a tax on So the question is this. How do we es- The debate in the Chamber focused those emissions. tablish the appropriate incentives to on what it would cost to delay pre- Our legislation, which has been en- get that number lower to produce en- miums, how many people would be af- dorsed by, I believe, almost every ergy more cleanly, at prices we can af- fected and impacted by the solvency of major environmental organization, ford, in quantities that support modern this national program. The larger point does several things. What we do in a life. is this: Premiums are higher because very significant way is to invest in en- We have to reduce pollution. We need flood risk is higher. When we see flood ergy efficiency and weatherization be- to create jobs. Instead of arguing which risk getting higher in every coastal cause that is the low-hanging fruit. is more important, let’s figure out how area of the country, we have to pay at- What we also do is invest, very signifi- we can use American innovation to do tention to what the pattern tells us. If cantly, in sustainable energy. Also, im- both. we don’t, we are foolish.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:19 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00029 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.057 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1400 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 Now, we have naysayers. There are mosphere. That was our base year. We Remember, it is a math problem—6 two kinds of naysayers. There are have now actually dipped down to 5.6 billion tons a year. We have 6 more science deniers and leadership deniers, billion tons. We have reduced it since years to reduce it 17 percent, 36 years and I want to talk for a minute about 2005 thanks to greater energy effi- to reduce it by more than 80 percent. both. The first are a group of people ciency, natural gas, uptick in renew- So we have our goal. We have our goal. who, despite the overwhelming sci- ables, and better fuel standards in our We have to give innovators the tools entific consensus, say: Oh no, there is vehicles. So we are already on a posi- they need to meet it. Since innovators no scientific evidence that humans af- tive path. We are actually on the way will solve this problem, here is the fect climate change or that there is to meeting our goal of reducing emis- really fundamental challenge. This is even any change in the climate going sions 17 percent by the year 2020. We the fundamental challenge. Will Amer- on at all, despite this overwhelming are on the right track; we just have to icans be the innovators? See, innova- scientific consensus. The Senator from take more steps forward. tion will solve this problem. Will Vermont mentioned some quotes from So what is the strategy we need? I Americans be the innovators or will we Members in this body who deny science hear the President sometimes and oth- bury our heads in the tar sands and let exists. ers—and I may even use these words on other nations’ innovators be the ones To science deniers, I am happy to say occasion—talk about an ‘‘all of the who grab leadership in this new energy that Virginians are pro-science. We are above’’ energy strategy, and I have de- economy. I don’t want to bury my head pro-science. The quintessential Vir- cided I really don’t like that phrase. in the tar sands. I want us to be the ginian, Thomas Jefferson, was the pre- When I hear somebody say ‘‘all of the leader. Will we create the new tech- eminent scientist of his day. You can- above,’’ it is like when I ask one of my nologies and sell them to other nations not be a proud Virginian and be anti- teenagers something and he says: or will we be late to the game and have science. We accept the science in Vir- ‘‘Whatever.’’ I don’t like ‘‘whatever’’ as to buy all the technologies from other ginia. In fact, the polling overwhelm- an answer because it kind of sounds in- nations? ingly, among the Virginia public—and different and anything goes and who The good news is, as I said, we are al- we are not the bluest State in the cares and what difference does it make. ready on our way to the 2020 goal, so country; we are a coal-producing State, ‘‘All of the above’’ kind of has that at- we don’t have to make it all dire. Let’s which I will get to in a minute—even in titude a little bit. celebrate a little success and then fig- coal-producing Virginia, the polling Now, sure, we should use all of our ure out how to accelerate our success. shows overwhelmingly that the Vir- energy resources—I get that—in a com- The transportation sector, the fuel ginia public accepts that humans are prehensive strategy, but what we real- economy standards for cars, changing affecting climate, causing bad things ly need is a comprehensive strategy to natural gas in power production—all to our economy, and we have to do that reduces CO2 emissions—that re- these things have helped us move to- something about it. duces CO2 emissions. Such a strategy ward lesser emissions. Wind is the fast- Now, there is a second argument. It to reduce emissions does mean every- est growing source of new electricity is not science denial; it is leadership thing: wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, capacity in the world and in the United denial. These folks may not deny the and advanced biofuels. I think it also States, even above natural gas, which climate science, but they deny that the means natural gas as bridge fuel to re- is growing rapidly. In a few years Vir- United States can or should be a leader duce our carbon footprint; nuclear, if ginia will be contributing, with some of in taking steps. They say: Look, even if we can reduce costs and resolve dis- the first offshore wind turbines near we reduce U.S. emissions to zero, it posal issues; and, yes, coal, so long as Virginia Beach. wouldn’t offset world emissions unless we always work to make it burn clean- I would like to talk now for a second China or India did something, so let’s er. about a specific Virginia issue because just not do anything. This is my punch line of what we I am not sure how many folks who are It is just not the American way, have to do: We have to do everything in this all-nighter speaking on this folks, for us not to lead on something cleaner tomorrow than we are doing it come from States that have coal and as important as this. It is true that we today—everything cleaner tomorrow have produced coal, and Virginia does. need every country to reduce emissions than we are doing it today. I want to talk about coal for a second. in the long run, but that is not an ar- We will have fossil fuels with us for EPA is expected to issue standards gument for the United States to do some time, and we won’t bring emis- later this year on reducing pollution nothing; that is an argument for the sions to zero anytime soon. But just from coal-fired powerplants, and, in United States to step up and be lead- because we can’t immediately go from fact, there is already talk on the other ers. 6 billion to zero tons of CO2, we can’t side of introducing a bill to repeal the Part of leadership is sending the rest in our effort to reduce our CO2 regulation before the regulation has right signals into the market at the every day a little bit more. On fossil even come out. I am not exactly sure right time. That is one of the reasons I fuels, we have to take any progress we that is kosher, but I suspect we will be think it would be very good if the can that replaces dirty with less dirty having that debate later. President rejected the proposal to ex- even if it doesn’t get us the whole way. There is a natural anxiety in a coal- pand use of tar sands oil in the Key- Over time, the portion of our total en- producing region such as southwest stone Pipeline program. We ought to ergy footprint that is carbon based will Virginia. That is where my wife’s fam- send the right message right now. That get smaller as we develop more non- ily is from. It is five counties in south- is one of the most powerful things we carbon alternatives, and it will also get west Virginia. They are hard-hit coun- could do in our country and beyond to cleaner as we reduce carbon-based en- ties. Coal is a big part of their econ- show we are going to be leaders. ergy emissions with better technology. omy, and traditionally it has been. We It is very difficult to lead and impos- This is why I am against dirty fossil mine as much coal today in Virginia as sible to get people to follow if you are fuels, such as tar sands, which make us we did 50 years ago with one-tenth of not willing to take a step as the most dirtier tomorrow than today. I want to the workers because it is a heavily powerful and innovative economy in be cleaner tomorrow than today. Tar mechanized industry, but there are the world. We are the largest economy sands oil is about 15 to 20 percent dirti- jobs at stake. And it is not just jobs; in the world, and we have been since er than conventional oil. Let’s not be coal has been traditionally low priced, 1890. We are the global economic lead- dirtier tomorrow than today. We have and so the issue that is important—and er. We have a burden of leadership. And the trendline moving in the right direc- even States that don’t have any coal if we lead, we will succeed. tion. We are reducing CO2 emissions. often use a lot of coal to produce It is not too hard to reduce emis- Let’s be cleaner tomorrow than today. power, and the low price has been help- sions. We can reduce them. In fact, we Why would we embrace tar sands oil ful to consumers who rely on cheap and are already starting. The Senator from and backslide to be dirtier tomorrow? abundant electricity made possible by Vermont mentioned this. I mentioned The bottom line is that we have to cre- coal. that in 2005 the United States was put- ate energy cleaner tomorrow than Coal has been hit hard in some recent ting 6 billion tons of CO2 into the at- today. years, but I disagree fundamentally

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:19 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00030 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.059 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1401 with the cynical argument that is We have to make sure the upcoming any new law would be a burdensome made by some—mostly in the coal in- standards the EPA will put out are am- job killer, just as they are saying dustry—who blame coal’s woes on a bitious and appropriate incentives to today. But President George H.W. Bush regulatory ‘‘war on coal.’’ When I talk get cleaner and disincentives to get worked with Congress to pass a cap- to folks in the industry, they are al- dirtier and at the same time avoid cat- and-trade law to bring down these ways talking about there is a Federal astrophic disruptions in reliability or emissions. After the new law, some- ‘‘war on coal.’’ affordability. body invented the catalytic converter. I am going to tell you what is hurt- I am going to come back and con- After the new law, somebody invented ing coal. What is hurting coal is inno- clude where I started. Remember, when the sulfur scrubber. Not only weren’t vation and natural gas. Innovation in I started I said I am going to give a so- they burdensome job killers, they im- the natural gas industry has brought lution. The solution to climate change proved air quality, and they created natural gas prices down, and utilities is American innovation, and I want to jobs for American companies that man- are deciding to use natural gas rather finish there. ufacture catalytic converters and sul- than coal. That is what is hurting coal Reducing CO2 emissions is a hard fur scrubbers, and our economy and en- these days, and we ought to take a les- problem, maybe harder than any pollu- vironment are better off as a result. son from that. Innovation is driving tion problem we face because most pol- Not long ago we heard requiring environmental cleanliness. Innovation lutants tend to come from a particular automakers to make cars which got is driving lower cost. The solution is economic sector, but CO2 comes from better gas mileage would be dev- not to stop innovation. The solution is transportation and buildings and man- astating to the American auto indus- not to shake your fist and blame regu- ufacturing and power production—all try. But President Obama struck a deal lation. The solution is to innovate. sectors. So the solution won’t be sim- with the industry, and guess what. The Coal currently accounts for 37 per- ple. But we do not have to accept the quest to build more fuel-efficient vehi- cent of U.S. electricity generation and false choice of an environment against cles helped revitalize an American auto about the same percentage in Virginia. the economy. Instead, we just need to industry which was on its back. Plants Today we don’t have 37 percent of any- innovate to find the solution. That is operating with skeleton crews just thing else that can step right in and re- the innovation challenge we have. sweeping the floors at night now have place coal, which means we need coal I make it a habit—apparently unlike multiple shifts making better vehicles and we are going to be using it for a some of my colleagues here—to never which save drivers more money every while. bet against American innovation. We day. The skeptics were loud, but we Since we need to reduce emissions— are the Nation that said we would put moved ahead with smart regulation do it cleaner tomorrow than today— a man on the Moon in a decade with and American innovation, and our en- and we are going to need coal for a computers that had less in them than vironment and economy are better off while, the challenge is to convert coal your cell phones do, and we did it. We as a result. to electricity more efficiently and with are the Nation that harnessed the It is the skeptics and the deniers who less pollution than we do today. We power of the atom. We are the Nation fight against these strategies who are have to innovate to make coal cleaner that unwrapped the riddle of DNA and actually naive, because again and for that portion of the pie chart. I are now using that knowledge to cure again they always claim that taking learned this as Governor working to disease. Nobody should ever bet against steps to help the environment will hurt permit a state-of-the-art coal plant in American innovation. the economy, and again and again they Wise County, VA. It opened in 2012. It In fact, we have already shown it have been proven wrong. Protecting is designed in a way that dramatically again and again, that innovation and the environment is good for the econ- reduces sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, regulation—smart regulation—can help omy and good for the planet. mercury emissions, and water use. It us tackle pressing environmental prob- So I say to the skeptics of whatever was also a plant that was only per- lems. variety, climate denier or leadership mitted when the company that wanted When we were kids and my wife was denier, don’t underestimate American it agreed to take a dirty coal plant— growing up in Richmond, where we now innovation. We can solve the problem one that preexisted the Clean Air Act live, nobody—and I mean nobody— of climate change for the good of the and was grandfathered in for all of its fished or swam in the James River in economy and the good of the planet. pollution—and to convert that to nat- downtown Richmond. You would be The story of American innovation is a ural gas. That was innovative. The fuel taking your life into your hands if you story of solving the hard problems, and mix of this plant needed to run the swam or if you ate fish you caught in I know we can solve this one. burners accommodates biomass and that river because of ketone pollution, I yield the floor. waste coal as well. other industrial pollution, and poor The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- If we can use innovative practices to treatment of municipal solid waste. ator from Minnesota. reduce these emissions, we can do the But the Nation passed the Clean Water Ms. KLOBUCHAR. Mr. President, I same with carbon emissions. But coal Act and we got serious about cleaning appreciate the words of my colleague cannot stand still, let others innovate, up our rivers. from Virginia, especially his focus on and then complain if it is not competi- Naysayers said: It will damage the innovation and how it must be a major tive. Coal has to be as innovative as ev- economy. It will bring our economy to part of the solution to our climate erything else, and we have to figure its knees. change problem. out ways to assist. But come and see what the Clean As I look around the Chamber and That is why I support Federal invest- Water Act has meant to my hometown. see Senators from Vermont, Virginia, ments in advanced fossil energy re- You can swim or fish in the James Hawaii, California, we may be 5,000 search and development. Last fall the River today, and you can eat the fish miles apart, but what unites us today— Energy Department made available $8 you catch. You can see herons and bald including the Presiding Officer’s home billion in advanced fossil energy loan eagles there that were never there be- State of Maine—is the focus on climate guarantee authority for low carbon fos- fore. You can see residents and tourists change and the recognition we are con- sil technologies. I advocated for appro- who flock to the James River because nected by the impact of global climate priations for fossil energy R&D, and they enjoy it. change. It is time for Congress to wake there is a strong boost for those pro- It took a law, it took some tough up and tackle this issue. This is why we grams in the omnibus budget bill. regulations, it took American inge- are staying up all night tonight to There is a great Center for Coal & En- nuity in finding new ways to clean up make that major point. ergy Research at Virginia Tech that is industrial and municipal waste, but we The consequences of climate change doing some of this research that can did it, and our environment and econ- include rising seas and larger tidal help us take that portion of the pie omy are better off as a result. surges for seaside communities, the chart, make it cleaner, and over time When we needed to reduce nitrous devastating drought and water short- make it smaller as we expand non- oxide and sulfur dioxide emissions be- age we are seeing in California, ex- carbon energy. cause of acid rain, industry said that treme weather harming the habitat for

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:21 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00031 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.060 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1402 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 native animals in Hawaii, but it also In 2012 Lake Superior was near its believe it warmed up this quickly. I impacts the Midwest, which I don’t lowest level in the last 80 years, im- can’t believe the ice is melting this think is the first area of the country pacting our ability to transport cargo. quickly. people think about where we are seeing It is simple: The heat was there, the The debate on whether climate climate change problems. water wasn’t. The barges couldn’t be change is happening should be over. We have seen increased potential in filled all the way because the water The facts are in and the science is my home State of Minnesota for ex- was simply too shallow. Why is this clear. treme weather wreaking havoc on our happening? In the years when we don’t The National Academy of Sciences local economies, particularly those an- have solid ice cover, the ice is melting finds climate change is occurring, is chored in forestry and farming. In Min- more quickly so the water evaporates very likely caused primarily by the nesota we export about one-third of our and you see lower water levels in emission of greenhouse gases from agricultural production which contrib- places such as Lake Superior. human activities, and poses significant utes significantly to our country’s This isn’t just a problem for Lake risk for a range of human and natural record high agricultural trade surplus Superior; it is also a critical issue im- systems. We know certain kinds of of $38 billion. This is a major part of pacting the shipping industry on the gases, including carbon dioxide, meth- our economy and the second biggest in- Mississippi River. The Mississippi ane, and nitrous oxide, absorb or trap dustry in my State. moves hundreds of millions of tons of the Sun’s heat as it bounces off the The 2012 drought in Minnesota goods, such as corn, grain, coal, and pe- Earth’s surface. threatened our ability to produce the troleum. The Mississippi River starts This wouldn’t be such a big problem food needed to feed a growing world. in Minnesota. In Minnesota one can ac- except that carbon dioxide doesn’t dis- Look at our lakes and our rivers. For tually walk over the Mississippi at sipate quickly. It stays in the atmos- many years our snowmobilers, the Itasca State Park. The 2012 drought led phere for five decades or more, causing tourism industry, and ice fishers to low water conditions which made Earth’s temperatures to rise. This couldn’t even get out. They had to can- barge travel down the Mississippi very means most of the carbon dioxide pro- cel many activities because—not this difficult. If shipping were completely duced in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and year but many years before—we had cut off, as was possible, the economic 1980s is still in the atmosphere. It issues with the heat in the middle of repercussions would be severe. If barge means carbon dioxide produced today the winter. We certainly have issues traffic is disrupted, cargo valued at will still be in the atmosphere in 2050 with the heat in the summer. over $7 billion could experience ship- and beyond. This carbon dioxide-trap- What is this industry? Every year ping delays, including 300 million bush- ping heat is in our atmosphere. Over nearly 2 million people fish in our els of farm products, 3.8 million tons of time, it means global temperatures lakes and streams, and close to 700,000 coal, and 5 million barrels of domesti- rise; in turn, sea levels rise, both be- people hunt our fields and forests na- cally produced crude oil. A prolonged cause water expands and glaciers melt. tionwide. The hunting and fishing in- shipping delay would be devastating to The 2013 draft National Climate As- dustry is valued at $95.5 billion a year the bottom lines of farmers, businesses, sessment found human-induced climate and brings in $14 billion in direct tax and common citizens. These are just a change is projected to continue and ac- revenue. This is why, as a member of few examples of the economic costs of celerate significantly if emissions of the farm bill conference committee, we climate change. these heat-trapping gases continue to worked very hard with conservation Global climate change is a challenge increase. groups such as Ducks Unlimited and with so many dimensions, some moral, In short, there is robust scientific Pheasants Forever to make sure we some economic, some scientific, and I evidence that human climate change is had strong conservation protection in will spend a few minutes talking about occurring. Climate change is impacting the bill and new ideas, such as the sod the science. My colleague from Vir- our Nation’s systems in significant saver provision Senator THUNE and I ginia talked about Virginia being the ways, and that is likely to accelerate introduced and got signed into law. home of science. I kind of wanted to in the future. The result is ocean levels For the people of our State, the eco- break in and say we have the Mayo are rising, glaciers are melting, violent nomic impact of climate change is Clinic. Minnesota is truly a home of weather events are increasing, and cer- about their livelihood. It is about a science. We are the home of great med- tainly we have seen them in my State. way of life. I mentioned the 2012 ical institutions. We helped launch the When it comes to climate and envi- drought. It was the worst drought since green revolution in agriculture with ronmental policy, I think we all know 1956 and cost over $30 billion in damage University of Minnesota alumni Nor- we have seen gridlock in this country, nationwide. The drought was uneven in man Borlaug one-half century ago. We just as we have seen in so many ways— our State. For one farmer their crops have brought the world everything despite the Presiding Officer’s good ef- were fine; in the next county crops from the pacemaker to the Post-it forts as the Senator from Maine in try- would be devastated. At the same time, note. We believe in science. ing to break through and mine as as some farmers were experiencing not As we know, climate change doesn’t someone who came out of a background enough rain, farmers in other parts of mean every day we will have a hurri- which wasn’t at all partisan. I was in- our State actually lost their crops due cane in the Gulf of Mexico or every day volved early on in Kent Conrad’s bipar- to flash floods. will be as hot and sticky as a 100-de- tisan energy group during my first few Research which looks at weather gree, humid Minnesota afternoon. But years in the Senate, where we were try- changes in Minnesota indicates that scientists say we are sure to see more ing to forge some kind of a compromise extreme weather events, which include days outside the range of normal, on a policy approach to energy and the heavy rainfall, are becoming more and which includes extremes of all kinds. environment which brought people to- more frequent. These are costs borne In fact, scientists at NASA found gether. We were stymied in our effort. heavily by farmers, ranchers, and con- that at 2013, factoring all the cold tem- I served on the environmental com- sumers. These production costs lose peratures Minnesotans bravely endured mittee for many years under Senator revenue, they lose supply, and they last year, the United States was still BOXER’s leadership. We were again sty- drive up costs at the grocery store for warmer by 1.1 degrees Fahrenheit than mied in our efforts. everyone. the mid-20th century average. As I look back at the moments where One of the things I don’t think people The last time the United States had we could actually move on the issue, always think about when they think a below-average annual temperature where the Nation was captivated, I about the economic connection with was 1976. Climate change means sim- think we blew it. climate change—in the Midwest we ply, over time, the average tempera- We blew it when President Bush think about our crops; we think about ture is getting warmer and weather stood before the American people after extreme weather, with tornadoes, flash patterns are changing and becoming 9/11; and if he had truly sold the Nation floods, and extreme heat and drought. less predictable. How many times have on energy independence from the coun- But it actually affects the transpor- we heard in our States: This is the hot- tries involved in that tragic historic tation of goods to market. test summer I can remember. I can’t moment, if he had made the case for a

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:21 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00032 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.064 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1403 new American energy agenda, I believe unique challenge of greenhouse emissions, it efficiency technology means that Xcel 80 percent of Americans then would has left the EPA and the courts with a is actually on its path to reduce its have said sign me up. That didn’t hap- strong but sometimes ambiguous law that greenhouse emissions by 31 percent. pen. applies imperfectly to greenhouse gas emis- Xcel will cut its emissions a full 11 per- sions. The second moment we lost was dur- centage points by 2020, more than the ing the summer of 2008. The Presiding That is true, and that is why we have standards proposed by the passed cap- Officer wasn’t a Senator then; I was a something to do here. and-trade law that came out of the en- brandnew Senator. We actually took Given the current mix right now, vironment committee. action. We raised gas mileage stand- given what we are facing on this issue, Minnesota Power is another utility ards for the first time since I was in I still believe. in our State that is working to meet junior high. We also made some energy What can we do this year? This year the State’s renewable portfolio stand- efficiency improvements. I called them we can be pragmatic. We can foster ard by bringing more wind energy onto ‘‘building a bridge to the next cen- leadership. We passed the farm bill. It the grid. They are looking to keep tury.’’ But we fell short of one impor- had good measures in it for conserva- costs low to their consumers by using tant thing, and we didn’t just fall tion and the environment. Canadian hydropower to back up their short. We fell one vote short of beating Another example is the Shaheen- wind resources. Because the wind the filibuster to get a national renew- Portman energy efficiency bill which doesn’t always blow in Minnesota, the able electricity standard like we have contains a range of policies that would hydropower will act as a battery, stor- in Minnesota. That was a lost moment reduce residential, commercial, and in- ing energy when there is too much on by one vote. dustrial use. Not every bill is supported the grid, and providing electricity The third moment we lost was when with everyone from the Chamber and when it is needed. By working together President Obama first came into office. NAM to many environmental groups. we can get more wind and solar energy We had some new Senators. We were in This bill is. on the grid in a way that provides reli- the middle of a downturn. It was an in- This leads to my third reason for able service and keeps prices low for credibly tough time. But I still believe, hope. There are a lot of businesses out our consumers. as I have said many times, if we had there that realize they cannot afford The Rural Electric Co-op also imple- moved forward on a renewable elec- the pure cost of the old way of doing mented another way to make better tricity standard at that time in those things. More and more businesses are use of wind energy in Minnesota, to first 6 months with those new Sen- seeing the good in going green, whether make our goal of 25 percent by 2025. ators, we would have passed it with the it is Walmart in its push toward energy They installed large capacity hot water House of Representatives. We chose to efficiency or Apple which is working heaters in people’s basements. How can do some other things with the environ- toward a goal of getting 100 percent of something as basic and boring as a hot mental committees. We passed a bill, its energy from renewables. water heater play a role in reducing en- but we were, unfortunately, unable to The fourth reason to be positive is ergy consumption and climate change? get it done on the Senate floor. That is because there are some current eco- The hot water heaters are only turned where we are. nomic positives and market changes on at night when the wind blows the So when is the next opportunity? The out there that are actually moving in strongest and the demand for energy is next opportunity is now. We have the the right direction. We have reduced the lowest. In the morning when people potential for leadership on energy. We our dependency on foreign oil in just wake up and turn on their lights, the have the potential because of the peo- the last 7 years from 60 percent to 40 heater is already off. The wind energy ple in this country—the innovators percent. It is a combination of things. is stored in the form of hot water that Senator KAINE so eloquently talked Yes, some of the natural gas and drill- can be used throughout the day. Heat- about. I continue to be optimistic. I ing in North Dakota is a major force, ing water is a major source of energy wouldn’t be standing here late at night but we also have stronger vehicle gas consumption and our co-op could find a if I wasn’t. This desk is the desk of Hu- mileage standards. We have biofuel. We way to provide an important service in bert Humphrey, who was known as the have cleaner fuel. We are moving on a a way that incentivizes wind develop- Happy Warrior. He was willing to tack- number of fronts. ment and saves consumers money. le anything which came his way. Look at the efforts on the State level It was the Supreme Court Justice Why am I optimistic? The first is the ranging from the rules in Texas that Louis Brandeis who said that ‘‘the leadership of Gina McCarthy at the are helping to encourage the construc- states are the laboratories of democ- EPA. Her background working with tion of transmission lines bringing racy.’’ We are certainly seeing that Republican Governors, her reputation wind energy from the plains to the right now with energy and environ- among business leaders as being tough homes and businesses, to Colorado’s mental policy. but fair, and her experience navigating strong renewable portfolio standard I would like to see a major Federal the ways of Washington make her well and the use of woody biomass for policy back at those moments that I suited to look at the bigger picture power. went through back when Bush was issues. I would add my own State of Min- President and the tragedy of 9/11 oc- As someone who comes from an agri- nesota where we have a renewable elec- curred, back when we had that vote in cultural state, I understand full well tricity standard requiring 25 percent of the summer, when we missed the re- how the EPA can sometimes get electricity coming from renewable newable electricity standard by just bogged down in minor issues from my sources by 2025. Xcel Energy, our larg- one vote. But I am hopeful that we are perspective, taking on things that cre- est utility, is on its way to meet their going to get back to a point where ate a huge firestorm that actually do even more ambitious standard. By law compromise is possible in Washington, not solve the problem. I believe this they will get 30 percent of their elec- and we will get there just as the Amer- Administrator, Gina McCarthy, is tricity from renewable sources by 2020. ican people have demanded. And when going to look at the larger mission of I have met with their CEO. They are we get there, we know that the States the EPA, especially when it comes to more than on their way to meeting are useful models for how to get this climate change. that standard. They believe in wind. done. Secondly, I am optimistic because we They believe in renewable. Before we can act on a comprehen- still have some good happening here. The bill we passed in Minnesota, sive national blueprint for climate pol- There is some realism going on in Con- which could be a model for the Nation, icy in this country, we need to bring gress. The Washington Post ran an edi- has overwhelming bipartisan support. together Americans who share these torial last fall where the editorial It had bipartisan support, and when it values and speak with a common voice. board wrote: passed, nearly every legislator voted We are starting that discussion to- The overriding problem is that Congress for it and it was signed into law by night. The message is to get Congress hasn’t faced up to the global warming former Governor Tim Pawlenty. to wake up and get this job done. threat. Instead of updating clean air rules What does this mean? The invest- As I close, I think about this chal- and building a policy that addresses the ment in renewable energy and energy lenge and I recall a prayer from the

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:21 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00033 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.065 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1404 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 Ojibwe people in Minnesota. Their phi- times that, until Major League Base- al temperatures are warming, glaciers losophy told them that the decisions of ball decided that they were going to are melting, sea levels are rising, ex- great leaders are not made for today, test for steroids. A very strange thing treme downpours are increasing. The not made for this generation, but lead- started to happen. The average number ocean is becoming more acidic. ers must make decisions for those who of players hitting more than 40 home- But climate change is more than just are seven generations from them. That runs went right back down to the tradi- numbers in a scientist’s book. In my would be an Ojibwe philosophy, that tional average. home State of Massachusetts it is hav- led them to take care of their land. Well, ladies and gentlemen, NOAA ing tangible impacts now. My State, This is now a part of our burden and has the same kind of chart for our cli- Massachusetts, loses an average of 49 our challenge as we approach this mate. NOAA has been able to do the football fields of land to rising sea lev- issue. I have always believed we should calculation going back to 1880 of what els each and every year. Rates of sea be stewards of the land. the average temperature is on the plan- level rise from North Carolina to Mas- In the past, leaders from both par- et. As you can see, it stayed at a pretty sachusetts are two to four times faster ties—you know this so well from me— current level until all of a sudden, es- than the global average. Extreme have worked to protect our land, keep pecially beginning in the 1970s, there is downpours and snowfall in New Eng- our air and water clean. President a dramatic spike. As we all know, 20 of land have increased by 85 percent since Theodore Roosevelt took executive ac- the warmest 30 years ever registered 1948. tion to create the National Parks Sys- have occurred in the last 30 years. As According to scientists at the Uni- tem which Ken Burns famously called we all know, the fourth warmest year versity of New Hampshire, New Eng- ‘‘America’s best idea.’’ of all time ever recorded occurred just land winters have become 4 degrees Congress has come together to make last year, 2013. But we haven’t applied warmer on average since 1965. In other great progress to protect our natural the same steroids equivalent test for words, we now have in New England resources. The 1970 Clean Air Act this change in temperature. We have a the same weather that Philadelphia passed in the Senate 73–0 and the House pretty good idea of what has happened had in 1965. We are 4 degrees warmer by a vote of 371–1. The Clean Water Act because scientists all across the United than we were in New England in 1965. in the House, the final vote was over States agree on this issue: It is man- We have Philadelphia’s weather. Thank 10–1 in favor of this landmark legisla- made. The chemicals we are putting God in Boston we do not have their athletic teams, but we do have their tion to protect our water. into the atmosphere are causing the weather and it is getting warmer. Global climate change is our genera- same kind of chemicals ballplayers tion’s challenge to solve. It is our gen- In Massachusetts and most of New were putting into their bodies were England, spring has sprung 5 days ear- eration’s challenge. I believe if we causing in the dramatic rise in the work together constructively, we can lier on average than it did in the latter number of homeruns that were being part of the 20th century. address this threat. We can be stewards hit in Major League Baseball. Around the iconic Walden Pond, of our world. (Ms. KLOBUCHAR assumes the plants now flower 10 days earlier on av- Thank you, Mr. President. Chair.) erage than they did in the 1850s, ac- I yield the floor. This is basically an obvious correla- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- cording to the careful records kept by tion between what we are doing as Henry David Thoreau. Our iconic cod ator from Massachusetts. human beings and impact on the world Mr. MARKEY. Mr. President, I am have been moving north as ocean tem- in which we live. And just as those peratures warm. Cod need cold water. honored to be joining Senator SCHATZ homeruns went up when the players who has been working with Senator As the ocean warms, they are moving used chemicals, so too has the tem- farther and farther north. In Massachu- WHITEHOUSE and with Senator BOXER perature on the planet. And the same setts, Cape Cod is our iconic beach to put together this very important distortions that occurred in our na- front, ocean front, and fishing front. discussion, very important evening. tional pastime are now occurring on While we are discussing climate The cod are moving north and away our planet. from our State because they need cold change, I thought I would first talk a Ladies and gentlemen, the planet is water. little bit about baseball. Something running a fever, but there are no emer- The coastal communities that depend very funny happened in baseball. From gency rooms for planets. There are no upon them are being affected nega- 1920 all the way through the entire hospitals to go to. We have to engage tively by the absence of these fish. Sci- modern baseball history, the average in preventive care. We have to put in entists are just beginning to under- number of players who hit more than place the measures that reduce dra- stand the consequences of the increas- 40 homeruns in a season was 3. That is matically the likelihood that we are ingly acidic ocean on scallops, lobsters, all—Babe Ruth, Hank Greenberg, going to see the worst catastrophic ef- and plankton, which are the base of the Willie Mays, Mickey Mantle, Ted Wil- fects of this dangerous warming of our food chain in the gulf of Maine. liams, Joe DiMaggio. No matter who planet. As Dr. Aaron Bernstein, from the was playing in the United States, the If you are still skeptical, perhaps the Harvard School of Public Health, has average number of players was 3.3 who findings of another skeptic, Dr. Rich- written, climate change is a health made it over 40 homeruns in a season. ard Muller and his colleagues at the threat, no less consequential than ciga- Then something very strange started Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature rette smoking. Increasing tempera- to happen. All of a sudden there was a Project, will reassure you. Let me tures increase the risk for bad air days, dramatic spike in the number of play- quote from Dr. Muller’s July 2012 New and in turn it increases the risk of ers who could hit more than 40 home- York Times column entitled ‘‘The Con- asthma attacks. It is worse for people runs. In 1996 it went up to 17 players all version of a Climate Change Skeptic.’’ with lung disease. of a sudden, with an average of only 3.3 Here is what he said: I have two stories. Rachel is from who hit more than 40 homeruns. Year Our results show that the average tem- Cambridge and Sylvia is from Amherst. after year the same thing was occur- perature of the earth’s land has risen by two Their moms talked about the impact of ring. and a half degrees Fahrenheit over the last pollution on the health of their chil- Then it occurred to someone, maybe 250 years, including an increase of one and a dren. I think it is important for us to they are injecting these players with half degrees over the most recent 50 years. understand that asthma and other ill- steroids. Now some people said, no, the Moreover, it appears likely that essentially nesses that are created by pollution are ballparks are getting smaller, maybe all of this increase results from the human preventable but only if we here in the they are corking the bats, maybe they emissions of greenhouse gases. Senate put in place the policies that are juicing the baseball. But, no, it Our current understanding of human make it possible for us to reduce the turned out that they were injecting influence on climate change rests on risk to these young people all across steroids into baseball players. And all 150 years of wide-ranging scientific ob- our country. of a sudden the average of 3.3 players servations and research. It is informed I strongly support all of the efforts averaging more than 40 homeruns in a by what we see today with our own the Members are putting together to- season had spiked to three and four eyes measured by our own hands. Glob- night to focus on this issue. It is not

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:21 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00034 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.066 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1405 just the planet, it is the children of the 2007, there was a production of perhaps about the fuel economy standards we planet who are negatively impacted by 200 megawatts of electricity from solar. put on the books. Look what happened all of this additional pollution. Left It was at the dawn of the solar indus- since the fuel economy standards were unchecked, the impacts of climate try. It wasn’t as though the Sun had put on the books and implemented by change will only become worse in the not been up there or that the tech- Barack Obama. George Bush did not future. nologies did not exist or could not have implement them. I am proud to be the An analysis by the Sandia National been created in order to capture it, but host author of those fuel economy Lab found that changes in rainfall the tax policies were not there. standards, but it took Barack Obama alone could cost Massachusetts $8 bil- In 2008, Congress passed a law which to put them on the books—54.5 miles lion in GDP and nearly 38,000 jobs be- added an 8-year tax incentive for the per gallon by the year 2026. Look what tween 2010 and 2050. That is Massachu- solar industry. We can see what hap- has happened. We are now nearing setts alone. New England could see a pened to this industry. It had been 600,000 hybrids, plug-in vehicles, and $22 billion hit to our GDP and almost denigrated for years—up until last year all-electric vehicles per year. It is sky- 100,000 jobs lost from changing precipi- when there was 5,000 new megawatts. rocketing. Ford, General Motors, and tation patterns. Sea-level rise will also Think of five Seabrook nuclear power- Chrysler are reporting record profits threaten coastal communities where plants of electricity generated by solar and record sales. People will buy them, one-third of the Massachusetts popu- in 1 year. That tax break stays on the but you have to create the policy in lation lives. books until the end of 2016, and by the the country. The seas are getting hotter and they end of 2016, there is an expectation that By the way, that one policy—the fuel are getting higher. Those hotter, high- 10,000 new megawatts of solar will be economy standards that were put on er seas are making storms more dam- installed in the United States in 1 year, the books in 2007 in this body, and over aging. Storm surges on top of sea-level ladies and gentlemen, if we keep those in the House of Representatives—backs rise could cause hundreds of billions in tax breaks on the books. We can see out 4 million barrels of oil per day that damages to cities on the Massachusetts what happens when there is a con- we import into our country by the year coast during the next decade. sistent, predictable tax policy on the 2040 when all of these standards that In 1775 Paul Revere warned Massa- books. we put on the books are finally imple- chusetts revolutionaries of an invasion Let me show you another tax policy. mented. coming from the sea. With climate This is the tax policy for the wind in- How much is that? The United States change, Boston and the Bay State dustry. The wind industry has not had imports 3 million barrels of oil a day could face an invasion of the sea itself the same good fortune which the solar from the Persian Gulf. We are backing in Massachusetts and all across New industry has had. Every time there is a out 4 million barrels just by putting to- England. tax policy that is put on the books, gether a policy that incentivizes the As sea levels rise and storms become wind starts to build upwards of 2,000 industry to invest in the kinds of tech- more severe, many of Boston’s best megawatts in 2001, but then the tax nologies that Americans want to buy known landmarks will be threatened, policy evaporated and it collapsed as and citizens around this planet want to including Faneuil Hall, Quincy Market, an industry. When we put it back on buy. Wind, solar, hybrids, all-electric North Station, Fan Pier, Copley the books, it went back up to 2,000 vehicles—it is all there. It is what we Church, John Hancock Tower, the Pub- megawatts. It expired at the end of can do in order to create jobs and at lic Garden. The Back Bay will revert to that year and collapsed again. the same time save the planet. its original personality as a bay. In 2005, we put a policy on the books I will talk about some other numbers We have to be realistic about this. that began to see the kind of installa- that I believe are really relevant. The The threats are there. The scientists tion of wind that we knew was possible coal industry now has 80,000 employees. are warning us. This can happen. There from the beginning of time. We all The wind industry has 80,000 employees but for the grace of God and a few de- knew it. We all knew the Dutch were in the United States. We saw how low grees, Hurricane Sandy would have right with those windmills. We all it was in 2007. Well, they now have damaged the city of Boston. We have knew there was something to it, but 80,000 employees. The solar industry been warned. Anyone who hasn’t been there was no tax policy that was con- has 142,000 employees. Coal only has hit by a Hurricane Sandy yet has been sistent, until we reached 2012 when, un- 80,000 employees. We saw what hap- warned. It is coming, and it will be believably, 13,000 new megawatts of pened from the moment that predict- worse than Hurricane Sandy. wind was installed in the United able tax policy went on the books until By the end of this century, Massa- States—13 nuclear powerplants. There today, and it is continuing to go off the chusetts summers could feel like North is only 100,000 megawatts of nuclear charts, but we know there will be peo- Carolina’s summer—not Philadelphia. power in the United States after 70 ple who are going to be out here fight- By the end of the century, the tem- years of tax subsidies. Look at what ing to take away those tax breaks and peratures are going to keep warming. happened with wind in 1 year—13,000 will compromise the ability of the EPA By 2100, Maine could be the only State megawatts. But then it expired, and it or the Department of Transportation in New England that still has a skiing collapsed down to only 2,000 megawatts to keep those standards on the books. industry. That is how rapidly the in the year 2013. Back in the 1990s, I was the chairman snows are disappearing. The economic That is our challenge, ladies and gen- of the Telecommunications Committee impact of climate change isn’t confined tlemen. If we give the same kind of pre- in the House of Representatives, and I to New England because we already dictable tax and policy treatment to was able to put three bills on the feel the cost of climate disruption. The these renewable energy resources that books. One bill created the 18-inch sat- GAO added climate change to its 2013 were given to the oil industry over the ellite dish, another one created the high-risk list based in large part on last century, they have a lot to worry third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cell phone two reports they did at my request. about. By the way, you don’t have to license. That is what drove the price of GAO found that climate change pre- worry about the oil or the gas industry. a phone call from 50 cents a minute sents a significant financial risk to the Their tax policies stay the same. down to 10 cents a minute. It was 1996 Federal Government. GAO could just Through the good times and the bad when you started to have one of these as easily say it presents a significant times, the oil industry keeps the same devices in your pocket. At 50 cents a financial risk for all of America. tax breaks on the books. They know minute, you didn’t have one. By the As daunting as the impacts of cli- they can rely upon that. Those two in- way, it was the size of a brick before mate change are, the good news is we dustries know the $7 billion in tax that bill passed. have the solutions to address it. We breaks they rely upon are going to be Finally, the 1996 Telecommuni- can generate good jobs in America that there year after year after year. cations Act moved us from analog to are also good for saving all of creation. Let’s talk about what else can hap- digital. It moved us from narrow band With wind and solar, we have a tale pen in other industries. Let’s talk to broadband. It created this revolu- of two tax policies. Here is the solar in- about the automotive industry. The tion of Google, eBay, Amazon, dustry in the United States. Back in Senator from Minnesota just talked YouTube, and Facebook. All of that

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:21 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00035 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.068 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1406 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 happened because of the policies cre- By the way, it is what has been lead- erations are going to look back and ated by the House and Senate and ing to manufacturers returning to the know that this Senate stood up and we signed by the President, and it un- United States. It is what is a big part had the debate on the most important leashed $1 trillion worth of private sec- of why there is a move towards natural issue facing this planet. tor investment. It revolutionized vil- gas vehicles, which also backed out im- Madam President, I yield the floor. lages in Africa and Asia. We invented ported oil. But the higher natural gas The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. MAR- those technologies and sold them prices are the more we undermine our KEY). The Senator from Maine. around the world. ability to make real progress on cli- Mr. KING. Facing challenges is hard. We have the same kind of economic mate change, on manufacturing, on The bigger the challenge, the harder it possibility for renewable energy and natural gas vehicles, on utilities mov- is to face it because facing a signifi- new energy technologies as we had in ing from coal over to natural gas. That cant challenge always involves risk, al- the telecommunication sector, and we is our challenge as a people. ways involves a little uncertainty, al- have a chance to cap another $1 trillion Then, finally, we are the leader, not ways involves effort, always involves to $2 trillion worth of investment in the laggers. The whole world is looking cost, always involves inconvenience, the private sector. at us. So much of that CO2 is red, and always involves change. The most Let’s move on to our Nation’s carbon white, and blue, and they look to us to profound observation I ever heard emissions from energy due to fossil be the leader. You started your indus- about change is that everybody is for fuels. The total amount of greenhouse trial revolution in the 19th century, progress and nobody is for change. gases in our country from energy they say to us. If you want us to reduce In the 1930s, Europe and particularly sources fell from 2005 to 2012 by 12 per- our greenhouse gases, you reduce England faced a challenge. They faced cent. We installed more wind, solar, yours. So we cannot abdicate this re- a challenge that was to their very sur- and fuel-efficient vehicles. We got more vival. But for almost the entire decade efficient and we reduced our coal use sponsibility. Last week I attended a conference of the 1930s, England didn’t face that from 2005 to 2012, but in 2013 that re- here in Washington called Globe. There challenge. They did not act, even versed, and the U.S. carbon dioxide though the data was overwhelming, emissions from energy sources in- were 100 legislators from around the world who came here—the key players even though the facts were compelling, creased by 2 percent in 2013. What hap- even though their greatest parliamen- pened? The price of natural gas in- on energy and the environment in each country in the world. We had a con- tarian, the greatest parliamentarian in creased in 2013 by 27 percent. As a re- English history—at least recent sult, U.S. electric utilities returned to ference over in the Russell Building. Each of these legislators said they are English history—continuously warned burning more coal and using less nat- them. Winston Churchill spent a good ural gas. U.S. energy-related carbon looking to us for leadership. Five hun- dred new laws have been put on the part of the 1930s warning his country emissions are still 10 percent below 2005 about the dangers of the rise of Nazi levels, but to keep driving them down, books over the last 15 years in these countries on climate change. But the Germany. But people didn’t listen, and we need to keep the price of natural they didn’t listen for much the same gas low and continue to drive the de- question comes to us. What are you going to do this year, next year, the reason I think people aren’t listening ployment of wind and solar up. now—because it is hard to take on a For the oil and gas industry, the cri- year after on these issues? Their coun- new challenge. It is hard to take on sis in the Ukraine is an opportunity to tries are even more vulnerable than throw open the doors to unrestrained our country. They do not have the re- something that will have a cost. It is exports of American natural gas. But sources which our country has. So that hard to take on something that will en- the notion that gas exports will help is our opportunity. tail risk. But ignoring warnings has Ukraine is an illusion. It is a talisman, HENRY WAXMAN and I built a coali- consequences. In the case of the 1930s some lucky charm. This is a simple tion of utilities, of businesses, of labor, in England and ignoring Winston matter of geo-economics, geology, and of faith and environmental groups, and Churchill’s warnings, the consequences geopolitics. We have already approved concerned citizens in 2009. The pieces were 55 million people dead. Most his- five export terminals that could send 4 are still out there, I say to my col- torians believe Hitler could have been trillion cubic feet of natural gas abroad leagues. We can do it again, but we are stopped in 1938, 1939, but instead of fac- every year. That is nearly equal to all going to need everyone’s help. ing the challenge, people said it was the gas consumed by every home in Recently, the books of Massachusetts too expensive; it was too inconvenient; America. Just take that slice of the author and national treasure Doctor it was too much of a change. They were pie, and we are going to export all that Seuss have been popular and read on exhausted from World War I. natural gas. That is twice as much as the Senate floor. I wish I had time to That was perfectly understandable, Ukraine consumes every year. read the entirety of his environmental but the consequences were cata- Exporting natural gas could raise classic ‘‘The Lorax.’’ But since there strophic. U.S. prices upwards of 50 percent and are so many Senators who want to talk That is where we are today. We are create an energy tax of $62 billion each about the impacts of climate change facing a daunting challenge. For all of year on American consumers and busi- and the benefits addressing it will us speaking tonight, this isn’t easy. We nesses, and it will put the coal industry bring our country, I will just have to can outline the problems, but the solu- back in business because coal will then close with this short portion. Here is tions aren’t easy, and the solutions be less expensive than natural gas. what it says: aren’t going to be free. The solutions Then our ability to meet this goal of But now says the Once-ler, now that you’re are going to involve change; they are reducing greenhouse gases will be re- here, the word of the Lorax seems perfectly going to involve investment; they are placed by a policy to export all the nat- clear. Unless someone like you cares a whole going to involve innovation; and they ural gas we can get to the ports of the awful lot, nothing is going to get better. It’s are going to involve facing up to a United States, and the lower our sup- not. challenge that is very serious. ply is, the higher the price is going to So to my colleagues in the Senate There are lots of ways to think about be for the remaining natural gas within and to everyone watching and fol- this. One way is this example: All of us our boundaries. The Energy Informa- lowing tonight, thank you for caring a have health insurance. We all have tion Agency says that just with the whole awful lot. This is not for us; it is homeowners insurance—even simpler terminals that are now being proposed, for all the subsequent generations of than health insurance. Homeowners in- it is a 52-percent increase in the price this country and this planet who are surance means basically we are insur- of gas here. We saw it last year. When looking to this Chamber for leadership. ing our home against burning down. gas went up 27 percent, coal replaced We are going to make things better What is the risk of our house catching natural gas, and our emissions went up, from tonight onward. This is a mo- fire? One in two? No. One in 365. Will not down. So we just have to be real- ment. The science is clear; the econom- your house burn down once a year. No. istic about this whole debate in ics are clear; and now the politics is One in 3,650? I suspect the risk is some- Ukraine about what it means for us in clear. We are going to have a big fight where around 1 in 10,000 or 20,000. But handling this issue. about this in 2014 because future gen- every family in America is paying an

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:21 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00036 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.069 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1407 average of $800 or $900 a year to insure I mentioned there were three ques- wrong. But what if I am right? What if against a 1 in 10,000 risk. But we are tions. No. 1, is something happening? the science is right. Are we willing to being told in this body—in this coun- Yes. No. 2, do people have anything to take that risk? Do you want to be the try—that we can’t take steps to insure do with it? Yes. person who says to your grandchildren: ourselves against a risk which 98 per- The third question is, So what. CO2 is We saw this coming. All these people cent of the scientific evidence says is a going up in the atmosphere. So what. talked. They talked all night in the dead certainty. I don’t want to take What does that mean? This answers Senate. But we decided not to do any- that risk. that question. This is the relationship thing because it would be expensive People say: You are wrong, Angus. between CO2 and temperature. The red and it would disrupt some of our indus- This isn’t true. It isn’t going to hap- line is carbon dioxide and the black tries and might cost us a few jobs, pen. Maybe I am. Maybe we are. Maybe line is temperature, an almost exact which, by the way, would be replaced that 98 percent of climate scientists correlation. If the CO2 goes up in the in other industries. who have spent their lives studying atmosphere, and we are at about 500,000 Do you want to be the person who this issue is wrong. I hope they are. I says: Well, we had this warning but, no, years, we can see CO2 goes up, tempera- hope I am. But what if we are not we didn’t feel we had to do anything. I ture goes up; CO2 goes down, tempera- wrong? The consequences are almost ture goes down. So this is the answer do not want to be that person. unimaginable. to the third question, so what. The an- Does it have practical effects? It does Although I have a long history of in- swer is temperature. have practical effects. There is not a volvement in environmental matters in One of the things that worries me, theoretical discussion. This is not just Maine, I was a climate skeptic. I heard and the reason I am here tonight, is a science lesson. This has effects in all all the arguments about it, and I said, some research that has been done at of our States. We have heard them here I don’t know whether this is really the University of Maine. We have a cli- tonight—about the water temperature true. We can argue it both ways. Then, mate study center at the University of in the streams in Minnesota, the forest about 5 years ago, I ran across a little Maine. I was there a year or so ago, fires in Colorado, the drought in the chart and the chart to me answered the and I was meeting with them. It was West, in California, that is rendering whole question. Here is the chart. one of these meetings where we are millions of acres potentially unproduc- This chart shows a million years of going around and we go to the univer- tive that have been the breadbasket of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. We sity, factories, and schools and meet America. often hear carbon dioxide naturally In Maine, it is the lobster, the iconic with people and they give us briefings, goes up and down in the atmosphere. product of the coast of Maine. What is and I was listening to a briefing on cli- Well, yes, it does. That is what these happening is the ocean is getting mate change when a word crept into figures show. But for 900,000-plus years, warmer. As the ocean is getting warm- that discussion that I had not heard be- it ranged between 160 parts per million er, the lobsters do not necessarily— fore, and the word was ‘‘abrupt.’’ to about 250 or 275. That is the range. they are not too unhappy about it get- Climate change, I always assumed, Then all of a sudden, we get up to the ting warmer, but the center of gravity happened in a very slow, long, historic, year 1,000, and it is still in the same of lobsters is going to go where the geological time kind of way. That is higher range. Then right here, 1860, water is colder, and that is what is not the case. when we started to burn fossil fuels in happening. That is what the These are two lines on this chart. large quantities, and there it goes. It lobstermen have told me. goes to levels that we haven’t seen on The yellow line is temperature; the red The center of gravity of lobstering in this planet for 3 million years. The last is the extent of the ice in the Arctic. Maine used to be right off of Portland time we saw 400 parts per million of The point of the chart is, look at these in what is called Casco Bay, where I vertical lines. That is in a matter of a CO2 in the atmosphere, the tempera- live. But over the last 10 or 15 years, it tures were 12 to 14 degrees warmer and few years. It is not a matter of 1,000 has slowly moved northward. Now the the oceans were 60 to 80 feet higher. years or 10,000 years; it is a matter of lobsters themselves have not moved This isn’t politics. This isn’t specula- a few years. It is as if someone throws northward, but the heavy catch has tion. These are actual measurements a switch, and I do not want to be moved northward. based on the Greenland ice cores. This around when that switch is thrown, Here is a dramatic picture of what and I certainly do not want to be the is what the CO2 concentrations were, has happened. In 1970, here was the and here we are at the beginning of the cause of the switch being thrown. hotspot for lobster: south of Massachu- industrial revolution. Abrupt climate change, that is what setts, south of Rhode Island, off the This chart, it seems to me, answers keeps me awake at night; that this is end of Long Island. This is where they two of the three basic questions on the something we are sort of assuming is were catching the most lobster. Here is subject. The first question is: Is some- going to be the next generation’s prob- where they are in 2008. They are up thing happening? Yes, inevitably. We lem or the generation after that or by along the coast of Maine, headed for just can’t look at this and say this 2100. Who knows about 2100? Who Nova Scotia. This is the center of grav- point and this point are so different, thinks about 2100? Well, it could be a ity of the lobster industry. and this is a million years. Something lot sooner than that. People around here may not know is happening. If things such as this cause a melt-off what is happening in the climate, but The second question about this whole in the Arctic ice and the Greenland ice the lobsters of Maine know it, and the issue is this. Do people have anything sheet, and it changes the currents in green crabs and the shellfish and the to do with it? This is when we started the Atlantic or anywhere else in the moose and the deer and the trees, they burning stuff. This answers that ques- world, for that matter, everything know it because that is what is chang- tion. Of course, people have something changes. ing in my State. to do with it. It is just too weird a co- Without the Gulf Stream, England, There is another thing that is hap- incidence to say all of a sudden, when Scotland, Ireland, and Scandinavia are pening that I do not think has been dis- we started to burn fossil fuels in large essentially uninhabitable. I do not cussed tonight; that is, that the ocean quantities and release them into the know about the Presiding Officer, but I is becoming a giant sink for all this atmosphere and increase the CO2, it have always thought of England as a carbon that is in the atmosphere. When just happened to happen at the same being to the east. It is not to the east; the atmospheric carbon dioxide goes time. One fellow I know said it is vol- it is way to the northeast. England is into the water and is dissolved in the canoes. I am sorry. We didn’t have an on the same latitude as Hudson Bay. water, it turns into something called outburst of volcanoes in the 1850s and The only reason it is of temperate cli- H2CO3—carbonic acid. Carbonic acid 1860s. We had little fires all over Eu- mate is because of the Gulf Stream. If attacks shellfish. Shellfish cannot rope, all over America. We had steel something happens to the Gulf Stream, form their shells because the ocean is mills. We had the beginnings of the in- Northern Europe is almost uninhabit- becoming acidic. This is a recent obser- dustrial revolution. We started to burn able. vation, and it is the result of the mas- coal and later oil. This is what hap- These changes can happen abruptly. sive load of carbon that we have been pened. Again, maybe I am wrong. I hope I am putting into the atmosphere.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:21 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00037 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.072 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 Here is another practical result, and now or pay me later. In this case, it is OK. I hate talking about problems the Presiding Officer talked about this pay me now or pay me more later. and not talking about a solution. What in terms of Boston. These are charts But there is a second level of risk are the solutions? that show what happens if the sea goes that is almost as significant as the eco- I believe in markets. I believe in free up varying levels—6 meters, 1 meter. nomic risk; that is, the national secu- markets as the best way to allocate One meter is shown in dark red on the rity risk. We have had panels of retired goods and services. But the market, in chart. Look what happens to Virginia judges and admirals who have looked order to be efficient, has to be accu- Beach in North Carolina at just 1 at this issue. Global climate change is rate, and it has to accurately reflect meter, and that is predicted in the next a major national security risk. Why? the true costs and price of the com- 100 years as the sea level goes up. Then Because it is going to lead to friction, modity. Right now we are not paying we look at all these communities: New to riots, to , to loss of agricul- those costs. The cost of climate change York, Boston, Savannah, and Charles- tural land, to loss of homes, to terri- is not factored into the cost of con- ton, Virginia Beach, Miami, Louisiana. torial disputes about water, and that suming fossil fuels. If you factor it in, Then we can multiply this all around increases our risk. then you have a free market and people will make their decisions based upon the world. I do not know the percent- I am on the Armed Services Com- age, but a very significant percentage their economic situation and also their mittee and Intelligence Committee. I commitment to the environment, but of the world’s population lives within have spent the last year and a half lis- about 40 miles of the coast—every- the real costs are not factored in. tening to testimony about Al Qaeda I am old enough to remember when where in the world. and what we are doing to confront Al These are real consequences, and this debate took place in the 1970s, Qaeda. Part of our strategy is to fight when I worked here. But the debate these are the kinds of consequences them and to kill them, but we cannot that are unbelievably expensive and then was about environmental law kill them all. It is like the Hydra. You itself, and the debate was characterized unbelievably destructive. cut off one head and two come back. There is another piece of evidence, as payrolls versus pickerel. I can re- What we have to do is get at the basis member that term, ‘‘payrolls versus which is the sea ice extent. We are now of why young people are joining an or- talking about the famous Northwest pickerel.’’ ganization such as that and change The idea was that if you clean up the Passage actually existing. Ships can their lives. This climate change, which water and clean up the air, it is going now go from the Atlantic to the Pacific threatens people’s livelihoods, particu- to put people out of business, we are across the Arctic because the ice is dis- larly in the developing world, is a going to lose jobs, industry is going to appearing. grave threat to our national security run away, we can’t possibly do it. Well, Here it is, as shown here, just from because it generates the very people a man named Edmund Sixtus Muskie 1979 to the present. This is evidence. who are dangerous. The most dan- from the State of Maine did not believe This is data. This is irrefutable. gerous weapons of mass destruction in that. He was raised in a paper mill Here is essentially a chart of the Arc- the world today are large numbers of town on the Androscoggin River—one tic sea ice. The red line was the extent unemployed 20-year-olds who are angry of the most polluted rivers in America. of the ice, the average place the ice was and dispossessed and have no hope and They used to say it was too thick to in 1979 through the year 2000, and here are willing to take up arms against any drink, too thin to plow. Muskie did not is where we are in 2012. As it continues authority they can find, and unfortu- believe it, and Muskie stood in this to shrink, several things happen: the nately that may be us. body and fought for the Clean Air Act ocean levels rise, the acidification of This is a national security risk. and the Clean Water Act. the ocean continues, and there is a Water, I predict, will be one of the Here is the amazing thing. I was threat of a change in the ocean’s cur- most valuable commodities of the 21st asked to do some research and to do a rents, which would be catastrophic for century. It is going to be something presentation about Muskie’s environ- many parts of the world. mental leadership. I went back and Another example is the Muir Glacier people fight about. It is going to be something people get into wars about. looked at the record. I could not be- in Alaska. These two photographs I lieve my eyes, particularly in light of have in the Chamber were taken from Water is an enormously valuable com- modity that global climate change where we are here today—tonight—in exactly the same spot. In 1941, here is this body and in this city. The Clean the glacier. In 2004, here is the lake. threatens. Finally, on the question of what are Air Act passed the Senate unani- The glacier is gone. That has changed, mously. In the midst of the debate, and that is a change that is the canary the consequences, it is an ethical risk. It is an economic risk, a national secu- Howard Baker, the minority leader, the in the coal mine. That is the change Republican leader, gave his proxy to that tells us something is happening rity risk, but it is also an ethical risk. Another aspect of this that has struck Muskie. Can you imagine that hap- and we ignore it at our peril. pening today? It passed unanimously. What are the consequences? What are me that is not strictly related to cli- mate change but is related to our con- We could not pass the time of day the consequences? I have talked about unanimously in this body. Yet it hap- the economic consequences: forest sumption of fossil fuels is what right do we have in two or three generations pened. fires, floods, lobsters, agriculture, all That brings me to a question that to consume the entire production of of those people living in low-lying really puzzles me. How did this become fossil fuels that the world has produced areas. Multiply Superstorm Sandy by a partisan issue? How did it come to di- two, three, four, five, and we are talk- in the last 3 or 4 or 5 or 10 million vide us so cleanly along environmental ing billions of dollars of economic years. lines? This discussion tonight is impor- costs; we are talking about lost jobs. It reminds me of a dad sitting down tant, but it is all Democrats and peo- Something like 30 percent of the busi- at Thanksgiving dinner, where all of ple—BERNIE and I, the two Independ- nesses that were wiped out by his children are sitting around the ents—Senator SANDERS, the Senator Superstorm Sandy never came back. table, mom brings in the turkey, puts from Vermont, and I, the two Inde- They never came back. To each one of it in front of him, and he says: This is pendents—no people from the other those businesspeople, to each one of all mine. None of you get any. I am party. I do not understand that. The those insurers that insured those busi- going to take it. leaders, the giants of the environ- nesses, to those families it is gone for- None of us would do that, but that is mental movement in Maine when I was ever. That is the result of these super- exactly what we are doing. We are say- a young man were all Republicans. storms we are seeing more and more ing this oil, this precious oil that is an When Ed Muskie got the Clean Air frequently. amazing commodity, can do all kinds Act and the Clean Water Act passed An enormous economic risk, an enor- of different things, we are going to through this body, it was with the sup- mous cost. Yes, it is going to cost burn it up in about 200 years. It takes port of the overwhelming majority—in something to prevent this, but it is millions of years to make it, and we the case of the Clean Air Act, all of the going to cost us either way. The old ad are going to burn it all up. I think that Republicans, including very conserv- I remember when I was a kid: Pay me is an ethical risk. ative Republicans. Senator Buckley

VerDate Mar 15 2010 06:17 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00038 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.073 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1409 from New York supported the Clean the air quality in China, they may be Then we have the insight from Theo- Air Act. I do not know how or why this ready to discuss this. They may be dore Roosevelt, who said, in terms of became a partisan issue. Maybe it was ready to take steps along with us. But our responsibility, ‘‘Of all the ques- because it was invented by Al Gore. I we are going to have to be the leaders. tions which can come before this Na- do not know. But somehow it has be- We are going to have to show what can tion, short of the actual preservation come this divisive partisan issue. It be done and how it can be done. We are of its existence in a great war, there is should not be. This is our future that is going to have to innovate our way out none which compares in importance at stake. This is our children and of this. But we have to do it with our with the great central task of leaving grandchildren’s future. This should not international partners. Movement of this land even a better land for our de- be a partisan issue. air does not respect boundaries. scendents than it is for us.’’ In my experience, if we can develop a When Ed Muskie was promoting the But right now we are failing that common understanding of the facts, we Clean Air Act, he would take a globe— challenge. Carbon pollution is a direct can find solutions. They will not be I do not think we are allowed to take threat to our resources on this planet, easy, but they are there. Right now the props onto the floor of the Senate—he a direct threat to our forests, to our problem is that we do not have a com- would take a standard globe—imagine I fishing, and to our farming. So I am mon, shared understanding of the facts. have it here—and everybody used to going to take a little bit of time to- So what are the solutions? The mar- have these in their library. On a globe night to talk about those aspects. ket is one. Innovation, as Senator is a coating of shellac to make it shine. I would like to start by taking a look KAINE from Virginia said, is another. That coating of shellac is the same at our forests. Indeed, if there is some- There are ways to use electricity and thickness in proportion to the globe as thing that symbolizes some of the dra- generate electricity through innova- our atmosphere is to our real globe. In matic impacts carbon pollution is tion that will be much cleaner, support other words, it is very thin and very making, it is the spread of the pine just as many if not more jobs, and help fragile. We destroy it and threaten it beetle. prevent this tragedy from befalling us. at our extreme peril. This is a picture of a forest dev- By the way, it does not mean we can- I can boil it all down to one simple astated not by fire, not by drought, but not burn coal. Coal is an abundant re- concept. This is a Maine concept. It is by the spread of the pine beetle. I have source that we have in this country the Maine rototiller rule. gone up in a plane and flown over a that is loaded with energy, but unfor- For those of you from urban States, a vast zone of the Cascades known as the tunately it is also loaded with CO2 and rototiller is a device that you use to red zone, where the pine beetle has other pollutants. So I think part of our turn the ground in your garden. I guess killed thousands of acres in my home commitment should be intense re- it is a homeowner’s plow. It turns the State. They start out looking red be- search on how to use coal efficiently, dirt. Not too many people own cause the needles turn red. That is why effectively, and cleanly. That should be rototillers, but enough do so that you it is called the red zone. Then the nee- part of the deal. We are not trying to can borrow one when you need it for dles fall off, and you have essentially put any region of the country out of that one day in the spring when you this brown desolate remainder of what business or control people’s use of valu- are going to put in your garden. was once a thriving forest. able resources, but let’s use them in The Maine rototiller rule is very Timber is something that is very the most efficient and effective and en- straightforward: When you borrow your close to our hearts in the State of Or- vironmentally safe way. That can be neighbor’s rototiller, you always re- egon. So many of us—myself included— done in part through innovation. turn it to them in as good shape as you are children of the timber industry. My I was a lobbyist in Maine 30 years got it with a full tank of gas. That is father was a millwright—that is the ago. One of the things I lobbied for was all you need to know about environ- mechanic who keeps the sawmill oper- to get rid of pop-top beer cans. The mental policy. We do not own this ating—a job he absolutely loved. He Presiding Officer probably remembers planet. We have it on loan. We have it used to say that if he did his job right, the first ones. You grabbed the ring, on loan from our children, our grand- then everyone had a job to come to, pulled it off, and it became a little children, and their grandchildren. We and the mill made money and everyone razor. People threw them on the are borrowing it from them. We have a was happy as long as the machinery ground. You would step on them. They moral, ethical, economic, and security ran. Oregon is still the top American were dangerous. obligation to pass it on to those people producer of plywood and softwood lum- I remember going to the lobbyist for in as good or better shape than we got ber. The industry certainly is a big the bottlers and I said: We want to get it. That is what this issue is all about. component of our gross domestic prod- rid of those things. I deeply hope we can put aside the uct in my State. He said: There is no way. Our engi- partisanship and the arguments, agree When this happens, then not only do neers have looked at it. It is impossible on the facts, and then have a robust we have zones that are not good envi- to make one that you do not have to and vigorous discussion of solutions. It ronmental zones, but they are not good tear off. is not going to be easy. It is not going timber zones either. It is a lose-lose Well, lo and behold we passed a law to be free. But it will make all the dif- situation. It happens, and it is spread- banning those pull-off tabs, and the in- ference in the world to the people to ing for one reason: The winters are not dustry found a way to do it safely and whom we owe our best work—the fu- as cold as they used to be, and the pine in an environmentally sound manner. ture of America and the world. beetle is very happy about that because Sometimes you have to help people The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sen- it is not knocked back and largely find a way. ator from Oregon. wiped out with cold snaps each winter, The final piece when it comes to so- Mr. MERKLEY. Mr. President, I ap- and it is easy to spread much more lutions is that this has to be inter- preciate so much the comments of my quickly, and it is able to spread to national. I agree with my colleagues colleague from Maine, bringing his in- much higher elevations. who say we cannot just do it here. We sights and his expertise through the Then these dead forests become a cannot just do it here. If we just do it years and his stories about how the component in another huge problem, here and nobody else in the world does land and waters of his home State are which is forest fires. it, if China and India do not do it, then being impacted and our responsibilities This picture you will see in a mo- it is not going to be effective. We will to the broader planet. ment is a picture of the Biscuit Fire in have imposed costs on our society that I am reminded of the comment that 2002—a wall of . will simply make their businesses more Henry David Thoreau said, which is, The summer before last, I went down competitive if they are ignoring these ‘‘What is the use of a house if you and flew about the State of Oregon to externalities, these realities of price. It haven’t got a tolerable planet to put it look at the innumerable forest fires has to be done through international on?’’ His comment now seems very that were burning. One of the reasons cooperation. much ahead of the time and the con- we had so many forest fires—10 years I think the moment may be right. text of the issue we are discussing to- after this fire—was because the floor of From everything I understand about night. the forest was so dry. It is estimated

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:21 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00039 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.075 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1410 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 that a 2-by-4 that you see in a Home Those snowpacks have another im- egon, a researcher at Oregon State uni- Depot has about a 6-percent moisture pact. I am going to skip forward to the versity. His name is Professor Hixon. content. The material on the floor of impact on our streams and our fish. Professor Hixon is recognizing that the the forest was even drier than that. Folks who like to fish for trout and coral reefs around the world are in Then you throw in far more lightning go to their summer streams know that trouble. As he said in a presentation, strikes due to the pattern of the weath- it is going to be better if the stream is he studied dozens of reefs. They are his er, and you have this magic combina- large and cold than if it is small and children. Then he said: My children are tion, this combination of tinderbox warm. But the last of those snowpacks dying. One of the key reasons is acidifi- dryness, pine beetle devastation, and means that the summer streams are cation, but another is the oceans are then lightning strikes. What you have smaller and warmer, and they are very getting warmer. are some of the largest fires we have bad for trout. That is what we are see- I have a chart showing the warming ever seen. Indeed, the Biscuit Fire in ing in this particular picture: dead of the ocean. The oceans are absorbing 2002—500,000 acres. Half a million acres. trout from the Deschutes River. Last carbon dioxide, and they are also ab- Fast-forward 10 years. In 2012, 750,000 fall thousands of fish died in the river sorbing heat. As they become warmer, acres burned in my State. With the from low flows attributed to drought. they create a real problem for coral combination of the ongoing effects of Clearly, not only is it bad for trout, reefs. Coral is an animal. We may carbon pollution—that being pine bee- it is bad for salmon; it is bad for think of it as a plant, but it actually is tle damage, more lighting strikes, and steelhead. It is certainly bad for our an animal, and it lives in a symbiotic far drier, drought-driven fire seasons— fishing industries. relationship with a type of algae. it is going to get worse and worse. Let’s turn to another part of our fish- They depend on each other. What The seven largest fire years since 1960 ing industry, and this is an impact that happens when the water gets warmer have all happened in the last 13 sum- we see over on the coast of Oregon. around a coral reef is that the algae mers. It is pretty amazing to recognize I specifically want to take a look at start to multiply in a fashion that how that transition is occurring. If we the impact that we see on our oysters. overwhelms the coral. think about projecting into the future, Oysters have to fixate a shell at the be- The coral, in an effort to survive, the National Research Council predicts ginning of their life. They are called ejects the algae, throws them out of that for every 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit oyster seed, the baby oyster. We have the host. Then the coral, having eject- temperature increase, the area burned hatcheries, and those hatcheries have ed the algae, dies. This is called bleach- in the western forests will quadruple. been having challenges. The Whiskey ing, and it is something we are seeing Creek oyster hatchery in Oregon has This led our Energy Secretary to tell in coral reefs around the world. That is had a big problem. Indeed, at one point me a few weeks ago about a draft of a why Professor Hixon noted: My chil- it had a huge impact. study that says the western forests will dren are dying. I will read part of an article: be dramatically impacted, devastated I will state something else about the in the course of this century due to Peering into the microscope, Alan Barton warming that is occurring, and this is thought the baby oysters looked normal, ex- these factors. more about warming that is occurring cept for one thing: They were dead. Slide in terms of the temperature of our We have a triple threat, that of after slide, the results were the same. The planet. It is affecting our recreation in- drought and bark beetles, increased entire batch of 100 million larvae at the dustry and our snow industry. temperatures, and the result is decima- Whiskey Creek Shellfish Hatchery had per- I am going to start by taking a look tion of an incredibly important world ished. at what is driving that in terms of a resource, our forests. It took several years for the Oregon oyster breeder and a team of scientists to find the chart related to carbon dioxide. Spe- But carbon pollution is not only an culprit: a radical change in ocean acidity. cifically, this chart shows the dramatic attack on our forests, it is also an at- This is why, because when we have change that has gone on. We see the tack on our farming. Indeed, drought greater carbon pollution in the air, fluctuations in carbon dioxide over across the U.S. is a huge and growing that carbon then is absorbed by the hundreds of thousands of years, into threat to agriculture. ocean, a significant portion of it. That the modern time and then, boom, 400 In the State of Oregon, we have had dissolved carbon dioxide combines with parts per million of carbon pollution. the three worst-ever droughts in the water and becomes H2CO3, otherwise What does this come from? It comes Klamath Basin in a 13-year period. It known as carbonic acid. from burning fossil fuels. was 2001, then the worst-ever drought That carbonic acid is preventing the This carbon—carbon dioxide, as a of 2010, then the worst-ever drought of baby oysters from forming their shells. component of the atmosphere, traps 2013—and now we are looking at the We can think of this as the canary in heat. To summarize, our planet has a possibility of a drought even worse the coal mine for our world’s oceans fever. The temperature is going up. than any of those—the worst-ever because if baby oysters are having a Let’s take a look at how that carbon drought of 2014. Hopefully, we will have challenge forming their shells because dioxide correlates with temperatures. a lot of precipitation and a lot of snow of a 30-percent increase in acidity since We have, in this case, showing since in the coming weeks and that won’t be the start of the Industrial Revolution, 1880—basically, the start of the Indus- the case, but if we are looking at the what other impacts are there going to trial Revolution—the increase in tem- snowpack, it is possible that we will be along in the shellfish world and the perature on our planet, the global sur- have the fourth worst ever in a 14-year food chains that depend on those shell- face mean temperature. We have seen a period. It is absolutely devastating to fish, not to mention the impact on our significant increase. our rural economy, absolutely dev- shellfish farmers. If we want to find a way that this im- astating. I was noting this in Washington pacts our economy, let’s take a look at Let’s look at the impact coming from State and I was told: You know, our how it impacts our recreation industry. smaller snowpacks. Snowpacks are a oyster farmers are experiencing a simi- This is an article that I grabbed from significant piece of this puzzle. If we lar problem, and they are going to Ha- the New York Times. It is a lengthy ar- were to look at the Pacific Northwest, waii and to Asia. This is not only an ticle, but it is the title and the picture we would basically draw a circle like Oregon problem. that I really wanted to show. It is from this. What we see are these zones where The manager of the hatchery in Or- the Sunday Review and it is called there is a huge percentage decrease in egon, David Stick, said in an article: ‘‘The End Of Snow.’’ those snowpacks. The snowpacks then I do not think people understand the seri- This article basically documents how provide far less irrigation and water ousness of the problem. Ocean acidification our ski resorts around our planet are available, and therefore dry their foun- is going to be a game-changer. It has the po- suffering because they don’t have as dation for the summer drought, which tential to be a real catastrophe. much snow as they used to have. There then has a devastating impact on agri- Let’s recognize another part of the is a picture of artificial snow being cre- culture. This is not good for our farm- planet that is having a problem with ated and put on the slope. It notes how ing families, and it is certainly not warmer waters and ocean acidification; much energy this requires, how many good for our farm economy. that is, our coral reefs. We have, in Or- dollars it costs to provide that energy,

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:21 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00040 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.076 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1411 how this is making many of our resorts sistently available production tax cred- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. not feasible, and how many of them its that the wind industry can depend HEINRICH). The Senator from Delaware. will go out of the business. This is just on. Mr. COONS. Mr. President, I would another angle on the impact that car- We give all kinds of subsidies to the like to thank my colleague from Or- bon dioxide is having, in this case, on fossil fuel industry. Why can’t we cre- egon, Senator MERKLEY, who has done our recreation industry. ate a steady, reliable source to pro- a tremendous job laying out the sci- Of course, it is having other impact mote renewable energy to help replace entific case, the compelling economic on our recreation industry. When we those fossil fuels. We have this policy case, the cultural case, and the global think of those smaller streams, we can potential in our hands, and we need to case for why we here in the Senate think of fewer kayaks, for example, exercise it. There are many other need to wake up, need to listen to the and rafting companies operating. forms of renewable energy. There is off- indisputable evidence of what climate Let’s turn from these multitudinous shore wind, there is geothermal energy, change is doing in our home States, to impacts. First, before we return to rec- and there is wave energy. Oregon has our country, and around the world. ognizing that we have the power to some of the best winds for offshore Mr. President, even now as we speak take on carbon pollution, let’s recog- wind energy and waves for wave en- in this Chamber, my own three chil- nize when folks say isn’t that global ergy, but we already have the ability dren—Maggie, Michael, and Jack—are warming issue about some computer through the technologies we have asleep at home. And as I reflected on programmer using some assumption today to dramatically reduce our con- this past summer, I was struck by and some model. Isn’t there some dis- sumption of fossil fuels. something—an experience we had—that pute about it; is it real. What this chart shows is that in dif- was a simple and telling reminder of Put all of that aside. We don’t need a ferent parts of the country the mix be- the steady changes wrought by climate computer model to show us the impact tween biomass and geothermal and change in our Nation. from the pine beetle. We don’t need a wind onshore, wind offshore, wave en- Last summer we took a family vaca- computer model to show us the impact ergy and solar energy, concentrated tion—a trip—to Glacier National Park. on our trout streams. We don’t need a solar power energy would be different For those who have had the oppor- computer model to show us the impact in different parts of the country, but tunity to hike in this majestic national today on droughts. We don’t need a everywhere around the country there is park in Montana, it is the site of many computer model to show us impact on the potential to essentially replace our striking and beautiful scenes, but there forest burning. We don’t need a com- appetite for fossil fuels. was one hike we took in particular puter model to show us the impact on Then there is the conservation side. that stayed with me. It was a hike to our coral. We don’t need a computer We can certainly do a tremendous historic Grinnell Glacier—a glacier model to show us the impact on the amount in our fuel standards for cars, that is by many photographs over dec- oyster industry, and we don’t need a a tremendous amount in our fuel ades documented in its steady reced- computer model to show us the impact standards for trucks, and a significant ing. In fact, since 1966 it has lost nearly on our snow-based recreational activi- amount in terms of energy-saving ret- half of its total acreage. We took a ties and the industries that are associ- rofits to our buildings. long and winding hike up the trail that ated with it. In the farm bill we just passed, we takes you to Grinnell Glacier. You In other words, carbon pollution is have a program for low-cost loans for can’t quite see until you come up over here and now. Global warming is here energy-saving retrofits, and that pro- the last rise that most of what is left of and now. It is making an impact wher- gram—the Rural Energy Savings Pro- Grinnell Glacier in the summers today ever we look. We can feel it, we can gram—will help retrofits occur in com- is a chilly pool of water. touch it, we can see it, and we can mercial buildings and residential build- For my daughter Maggie and for my smell it. It is here, and it is our respon- ings, and it will allow people to pay sons Mike and Jack, as I look ahead to sibility, our responsibility as American back the loan on their electric bill. the long-term future, I think we all citizens, our responsibility as policy Often, they will be able to pay back have to ask ourselves this question: leaders in this esteemed Chamber of that loan simply with the savings in How many more changes are we willing the Senate to take on this issue. energy—electricity consumption—from to accept being wrought on creation, There is so much we can do because the changes they make to their build- on this Nation, and on the world by the it boils down to this. We have to re- ing. So it is a win-win—creating jobs, steady advance of climate change? place our appetite for fossil fuels with saving energy, yet being paid for with- I know we can’t simply take the ex- renewable fuels, renewable energy. We out much additional expense for the amples of things such as Grinnell Gla- can do that. We can do that in a host consumer. cier or what to me seemed a striking of ways. All of these possibilities exist and change in the cap of Mount Kiliman- I will start. Let me start by noting a more. It is our challenge as policy- jaro. I first climbed it in 1984 and vis- little bit about the growth of solar en- makers to take on this issue, to work ited it again last year. There is a strik- ergy. When one realizes this chart is on how we can generate electricity ing change, a visually powerful change. just from 2001 to 2013, it is phenomenal with far fewer fossil fuels, how we can These aren’t scientific. the deployed amount of installed ca- conserve electricity in transportation. There are lots of other arguments, pacity in megawatts in solar energy. How do we conserve electricity and perhaps, as to why these two particular From 2012 to 2013, we have more than other fuels? In fact, in both cases— glaciers have retreated, but I still re- 3,000 additional megawatts of energy, transportation and heating our homes, member hearing a presentation at the solar energy, solar potential, deployed. energy consumed in our buildings—how University of Delaware by Dr. Lonnie A similar explosion of renewable en- do we do this with far fewer fossil fuels Thompson of Ohio State University, a ergy is happening in the source of and do it with renewable energy? glaciologist who presented a very broad wind. Let’s take a look at that. I applaud my colleagues for coming and I thought very compelling case We have deployed capacity in wind here tonight to raise this issue and say based on ice cores for the actual ad- energy. If we were to recognize that, we must come together and take on vance of climate change over many again, from 2001 to 2013 there was a these challenges. My colleague from decades. huge growth in the industry—and I Delaware is about to speak and share In fact, I see my colleague from want to point out a particular factor some stories from his experiences that Rhode Island has a photographic his- here going from 2011 to 2012. This large bear on this, but every Senator in this tory of Grinnell Glacier in Montana’s bump on the chart was 13,000 Chamber can talk about issues from Glacier National Park, so the point I megawatts of installed capacity and their home State and where they see was just making in passing he is able wind energy in 1 year. The next year the impact of carbon pollution and call to illustrate here. That is as of 10 years there was only 1,000. upon us, call upon our moral responsi- ago. The glacier has retreated even fur- The difference, as pointed out by one bility to tackle this issue. ther from that. But this striking gla- of my colleagues earlier on this floor, With that, I yield the floor to my col- cier from 1940 is now almost com- is the difference in tax credits, of con- league. pletely gone in just one generation.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:21 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00041 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.078 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1412 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 This and so many other glaciers that level in Delaware will have risen about mate is changing and will have real ef- were monuments in our national parks 1.5 feet. In another model, the water off fects on our planet and all of our com- are today receded or altogether gone. Delaware rises another full meter. In munities. The truth is that even if we Well, I think we have to ask our- another and the most disconcerting stopped all greenhouse gas emissions selves fundamentally, what is our path model, it is 1.5 meters or about 5 feet. today—if we shut down powerplants, forward? We have heard from other Unfortunately, at present, this broad stopped driving cars, stopped using gas- Senators. TIM KAINE of Virginia spoke group of scientists—inside and outside powered farm equipment, trains, and about the importance of innovation, of government—are estimating that is ships, and all the rest—the amount of and ANGUS KING, the Senator from the most likely scenario. greenhouse gases, of CO2 and others al- Maine, spoke about the importance of Let’s make this real. Here is a projec- ready in the atmosphere would still markets and of making sure our inven- tion of these three different scenarios take many years to dissipate. Changes tions and innovations in trying to in one area of Delaware. This is Bowers in the world’s climate are at this point solve these problems are also shared Beach. This shows how now this is a inevitable. It is already happening and internationally. I think these are great well-established beach community. The affecting communities, and we can ex- and important insights. most conservative model, we still have pect these impacts to intensify as the One of the things I wanted to bring to something of the land; in the middle, it rate of climate change continues to ac- the floor today first was insights from is completely cut off here from the celerate. We can modify our behavior my own home State of Delaware, where mainland; and then in the most likely, to prevent those effects from being cat- our Governor, Jack Markell, impaneled sadly, given the most current evidence, astrophic. We can and should make a sea level rise advisory committee there is literally nothing left except a better choices now to prevent disaster starting in 2010 that looked hard at little sandbar out by itself in the Dela- later. how climate change might affect my ware Bay. That gives one example of In Delaware, for example, we have home State. why the difference between these three had two laws on the books for now 40 At just 60 feet, Delaware has the low- scenarios matters so much. Unfortu- years that have helped us adapt. The est mean elevation of any State in the nately, there is no scenario in which first was championed in the 1970s by a country, and that already makes it Bowers Beach is still a viable Republican Governor, Russ Peterson, a more susceptible to sea level rise than beachfront community by the end of hero of mine and of our Governor’s and almost any State in the country. In my this century. This beach community of others. It is called the Coastal Zone State of Delaware, we have seen and Bowers Beach is very close to Dover Act, and passing it cost him his career will continue to see the impact of cli- Air Force Base and ends up under- in politics. It prohibited future indus- mate change on our businesses, our water. trial development on a long strip of communities, and our local environ- Now let’s take a look at South Wil- coastal land, allowing the State and ment. As the sea level rises, we are see- mington. The city in which I live is Federal government to preserve it and ing the effects more and more. Wilmington, DE, and South Wil- reduce the impacts of flooding and Sea level rises essentially for two mington is a neighborhood in the larg- coastal erosion. Ultimately, in the long reasons. First, as the planet’s ice est city in our State. As the water rises run, Governor Peterson has been prov- sheets melt—the much larger sheets in the Atlantic Ocean, it also rises up en a visionary in preserving this vital than Grinnell Glacier—they add to the the Delaware Bay, the Delaware River, barrier all along Delaware’s coast. amount of water in the ocean. Second, and the Christina River, which runs The second law empowered the State saltwater actually expands as it warms right through most of my home coun- to protect and replenish the State’s as well. So as the planet’s average tem- ty, Newcastle County, and rises in the beaches, including the beaches on Dela- perature has steadily risen, so too has Peterson Wildlife Refuge too. ware Bay, which are often overlooked. the level of its saltwater seas. The impacts here are potentially dev- This has allowed our State to build a The fact that the Earth’s oceans are astating. We are talking about water berm and dune system that protects in- rising each year isn’t new information. 1.5 feet higher than what Delaware ex- frastructure and protects property It has been rising as long as we have perienced during Superstorm Sandy— from being washed away. been keeping track. But what is really not for a brief storm surge but each More important than these signifi- jarring is that rate of rise is increasing and every day. Again, take a look at cant landmark laws of 40 years ago, and increasing significantly. When the today the conservative, the middle, and today, instead of running away from data was tracked from 1870 to 1930, the the most likely, most aggressive sce- the science, Delaware’s leaders have sea level was rising at a rate of 4 inches nario in which virtually all of South embraced it. The State agency that per 100 years. Over the next 60 years it Wilmington is underwater by the end manages environmental issues for rose at a rate of 8 inches per 100 years— of this century. The calculation of Delaware—known as DNREC and ably more than double. In just the last 20 whether we are hit with a half a meter, led by secretary Collin O’Mara—has years the sea level has been rising at a a full meter, or 1.5 meters of sea rise taken the lead on a governmentwide strikingly more rapid rate of 12.5 comes down to the rate of acceleration project to assess the State’s vulnerabil- inches per 100 years. The water is ris- of climate change globally, and it ity to sea level rise and, as I men- ing, and in Delaware it is rising fast. leaves for us a central and so far unan- tioned, recommend options for adapta- The land itself in my State is also ac- swered question: whether we try to tion. tually sinking. There is actually a doc- slow the rate at which climate change Delaware’s Sea Level Rise Com- umented vertical movement of the is affecting our planet and maybe mittee spent 18 months looking at 79 Earth’s crust under the mid-Atlantic somehow turn the tide. This is the part different statewide resources—roads, coast. It is called subsidence. It has of climate change policy called mitiga- bridges, schools, fire stations, rail- been happening in Delaware slowly but tion. roads, wetlands, people and their gradually since the ice age at a pace of Priority one in this strategy is cut- homes and businesses—and layered all just 2 millimeters of elevation every ting the emissions we are pumping into of this onto maps to show just how far year. I know that doesn’t sound like a our atmosphere. To do that, we can and the water would reach at different lot, but it adds up to another 4 inches must diversify our energy sources and models for sea level rise. over the century. reduce our dependence on polluting fos- If the sea level does get to 1.5 meters, So we have the water rising and the sil fuels. Clean energy technology, en- we lose more than 10 percent of our land sinking, making climate change ergy efficiency programs, public trans- State. The water claims 20,000 residen- and sea level rise—specifically for my portation, and more will help cut down tial properties, significant percentages home State—a very real issue. on these emissions, but it will require of wetlands, farms, highways, and in- A wide array of scientists have stud- a global effort in order to avoid or min- dustrial sites. We would lose 21 miles of ied this and its impact on Delaware, imize local impacts. our Northeast corridor rail lines to and they have developed three models The second part of climate change flooding, shutting down the vital for a future scenario. In the conserv- policy is adaptation based on an ac- Northeast corridor that transports so ative model, by the year 2100 the sea ceptance of the reality that our cli- many millions every year.

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:21 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00042 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.082 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1413 The Port of Wilmington would be head on and to protect our commu- As evangelical scientists and academics, rendered useless, nearly all the State’s nities and the way of life we have built. we understand climate change is real and ac- acreage of protected wetlands could be I will briefly review. There is so tion is urgently needed. All of God’s Cre- inundated, nearly three-quarters of our much we can and should do here in ation—human and our environment—is Congress in a bipartisan way to lay the groaning under the weight of our uncon- dams, dikes, and levees flooded out. In trolled use of fossil fuels, bringing on a short, this scenario for our lowest- groundwork for the actions we have to warming planet, melting ice, and rising seas. take. We can improve our energy effi- lying State would be devastating. I urge any watching to consider read- As Secretary O’Mara said: ciency. We could take up and pass the ing it. It is posted on line. It goes on to bipartisan bill recently reintroduced by We’re looking at big risks for human quote Christian Scripture at length in Senators SHAHEEN and PORTMAN to in- health and safety, and not just at the Dela- making the case we have an obligation, ware Bay beaches. We have big concerns crease the use of energy-efficient tech- if we are concerned about our neigh- about [communities in Delaware]. It’s much nology across all sectors in our society. bors and about the least of these in more complex than just the bay beaches or a The new version of the bill has 12 co- this world, to take on the challenge of community here or there. sponsors—six Democrats and six Re- making sure we are good stewards. He is right. So once again, remember, publicans—and includes 10 new com- Those of the Roman Catholic faith we have two basic approaches to cli- monsense amendments which would might be inspired by Pope Francis, who mate change policy: adaptation and save consumers electricity and money, has taken the name of the patron saint mitigation. a small but meaningful start on a jour- of animals and the environment, and Once Delaware compiled its 200-page ney toward changing our direction on recently issued a call for all people to vulnerability assessment on sea level climate change. Or we could level the be protectors of creation. rise, the committee got to work on an playing field and help new clean energy adaptation strategy to protect our Last, I might read from a letter technologies get off the ground by giv- issued by the president of the National State and came up with slightly more ing them the same tax advantages cur- than 60 options and hosted a whole se- Association of Evangelicals, a group rently utilized by fossil fuel projects. not commonly known for their close ries of public meetings and townhalls The bipartisan Master Limited Part- to discuss it. We are now working on a alignment with my party. Leith Ander- nerships Parity Act—which I am proud son wrote in a letter in 2011: broader vulnerability assessment to ex- to cosponsor with my colleagues Sen- amine the full range of impacts from While others debate the science and poli- ators MORAN, STABENOW, MURKOWSKI, tics of climate change, my thoughts go to climate change, even beyond sea level LANDRIEU, and COLLINS, Democrats and rise—changing temperatures, extreme the poor people who are neither scientists Republicans working together—would nor politicians. They will never study carbon weather, changes in precipitation—im- level the playing field for renewables dioxide in the air or acidification of the pacts which will affect us and our and give them and other new tech- ocean. But they will suffer from dry wells in neighbors. nologies a fighting chance in our en- the Sahel of Africa and floods along the Climate change will affect the dis- ergy market. coasts of Bangladesh. Their crops will fail tribution, abundance, and behavior of There are so many other steps we while our supermarkets remain full. They wildlife, as well as the diversity, struc- could do in combination, if we would will suffer while we study. ture, and function of our ecosystem. but get past this endless, pointless de- This couldn’t be more true. I urge all We are already seeing changes in nat- bate which has long been resolved in of us in this Chamber to reflect on ural patterns. As Senator MARKEY of the halls of science, and move forward whatever traditions sustain and bring Massachusetts commented earlier this in a way which better serves our coun- us here that we have an obligation to evening, many commercial and rec- try and our world. those who sleep soundly in our homes reational fish stocks along our east The bottom line is that our climate now, to those from our home States coast have moved northward by 20 to is changing. We know this. With this around the country, to stand up and 200 miles over the past 40 years as knowledge comes the responsibility to take action, to look clearly at the ocean temperatures have increased. reduce our emissions, to mitigate the challenge which lies in front of us and Scientists expect migratory species to impacts, and prepare for and take ac- to act in the best traditions of this be strongly affected by climate change, tion to deal with the coming changes. body and of this Nation, to be good since animal migration is closely con- As I reflect on our own responsibil- stewards of creation and to stand up to nected to climate factors, and migra- ities as Senators, I am in part moved the challenges of this time. tory species use multiple habitats and to respond to the challenge of climate Mr. MENENDEZ. Mr. President, I resources during their migrations. change—not just because it is an envi- thank all of my friends who are speak- These changes are impacting our own ronmental issue, an economic issue, a ing on the floor tonight for their con- multimillion bird watching and water- regional issue or global issue, but it is tinued commitment to not just bring fowl hunting, an important economic also for me and for many others a faith attention to climate change, but to driver for us and critical parts of our issue. It is a question of how we carry push for decisive action on the issue. heritage. out our responsibility to be good stew- As experts from around the world According to the draft National Cli- ards of God’s creation, to be those Sen- show us beyond a reasonable doubt mate Assessment released in 2013, our ators we are called to be each from our that we, as a global community, are farmers are expected to initially adapt own traditions who stand up and do contributing to rising temperatures, relatively well to the changing climate what is right, not just for the short there are those that would deny that over the next 25 years. But later, as term, not just for the concerns of the human actions can have any effect on temperature increases and precipita- day, but for the long term. our climate and environment. Too tion extremes get more intense, crop As I move toward my close, I will often, lawmakers try to legislate their yields and production of poultry and share with those in the Chamber and own ‘‘science’’ rather than properly livestock are expected to decline. More watching one of the things most en- utilizing the conclusions and rec- extreme weather events—drought and couraging to me as I have reflected on ommendations made by skilled ex- heavy downpours—will further reduce the change in the climate change perts—yet nature does not conform to yields, damage soil, stress irrigation movement over recent years is it has our laws. That is why the United water supplies, and increase production begun to draw support from all across States must be an innovator in reduc- costs. All in all, this is a fairly grim the theological spectrum. There was ing our greenhouse gas emissions, and long-term outlook in the absence of de- last year, July of 2013, a letter sent to a leading light in the clean energy sec- cisive action. Speaker BOEHNER, Majority Leader tor. I am proud of my State. Delaware REID, and all Members of Congress by My own home State of New Jersey was the first State to thoroughly as- 200 self-identified Christian evangelical has shown strong leadership in moving sess the vulnerability of specific re- scientists from both religious and sec- our country towards a sustainable en- sources in as comprehensive a way as ular universities all across the United ergy future. We have developed and im- they have, and we are determined to States, a powerful and incisive letter plemented an aggressive Renewable confront these changes to our planet which says: Portfolio Standard that requires over

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:21 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00043 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.079 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE S1414 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE March 10, 2014 20 percent of New Jersey’s electricity emissions, but these costs pale next to causes of climate change and we under- to come from renewable sources by the economic and social costs of doing stand its profound and accelerating im- 2021. We have put in place strong incen- nothing. pact. Unfortunately, too many policy tives for energy customers of all sizes, I am proud to join my colleagues to- makers deny the evidence, or refuse to from single families to the many busi- night, and for the duration of my time cross political lines to solve the prob- nesses that call New Jersey home, to serving the people of New Jersey in the lem. I say it is time we wake up and become energy efficient and even clean Senate, to call for real solutions to our act on climate change. energy producers, by installing solar climate challenges. The decisions that We have taken some steps in the panels on their homes and buildings. we make in this body now will shape right direction. This past summer, New Jersey is also beginning to realize the future for our children and grand- President Obama announced his Cli- some of its extraordinary potential to children. Years from now, I hope to mate Action Plan to cut carbon pollu- harness wind power off our coast, with humbly reflect on my time in the Sen- tion. The Environmental Protection multiple offshore wind projects cur- ate, and be able to say I was a part of Agency has begun creating new carbon rently in development. I am encour- the Congress that finally reigned in big emission standards for future power aged by some of the progress that I oil and coal, and put the United States plants. The Department of Energy is have seen in the renewable energy sec- on a path towards sustainability and working on ground-breaking energy tor in New Jersey and other leading environmental responsibility. Future technologies, and the Department of States, and hope that others will follow generations of Americans deserve no Transportation is studying transpor- suit. less, and our planet demands it. tation planning to address future risks New Jersey’s many exemplary insti- Mr. LEAHY. Mr. President, nearly 30 and vulnerabilities from extreme tutions of higher learning have also years ago, I joined a good friend, the weather and climate change. The been at the forefront of the vital re- late Hub Vogelmann, along with a Re- Transportation Department is also ad- search that has helped us to under- publican Congressman, a Democratic dressing vehicle fuel efficiency which is stand the causes and consequences of Governor, and President Reagan’s EPA saving vehicle owners and operators global climate change. Important work Administrator, on a hike to the sum- billions of dollars a year. These are all is being done at the Institute of Marine mit of Vermont’s iconic peak, Camel’s positive changes, but before we rest on and Coastal Sciences at Rutgers Uni- Hump. We had a goal in mind. We our laurels, we have to understand that versity into how climatic changes in wanted to observe first-hand the effects there are not nearly enough to address the Arctic impact weather in the U.S., of acid raid. When we arrived at the the problem at hand. Congress needs to and Princeton University’s Cooperative summit, we saw the evidence we feared. cast aside partisan blinders by enact- Institute for Climate Science is at the You did not have to be a scientist to ing legislation that prioritizes renew- forefront of climate change mitigation see it: a scar burned across the peak of able energy development, supports en- Camel’s Hump and across all of the options and response strategies. ergy efficient technologies, and taxes peaks of the Green Mountains and the Some of my Senate colleagues from carbon pollution. fossil fuel producing States have been Adirondacks. Due to human action, It is time to take a stand against hesitant to act, they say, because oil weather patterns had changed, altering misguided policies and projects that and coal production are home State the very chemistry of rainfall on a put future generations at risk, and in issues for them. Well, for me, climate grand scale. As a result, we caused pro- my State, we believe that includes the change is a home State issue. Not just found and large-scale damage to life Keystone XL pipeline. The State De- because of the excellent work being sustaining ecosystems. partment recently released its long- There were Democrats and Repub- done in New Jersey, but because my awaited environmental impact state- licans, scientists and bureaucrats on State has seen firsthand the dev- ment on the Keystone XL pipeline. I that mountain. We returned to Wash- astating effects of a warmer climate ington, united and eager to address the am deeply troubled that the State De- that brings with it powerful storms, problem. It was not easy. We had to partment’s analysis did not take into rising seas, and destructive flooding. overcome strong objections from indus- account the overwhelming evidence Not 18 months ago, New Jersey and try and develop an entirely new cap- that this project will further accelerate much of the eastern seaboard was bat- and-trade regulatory framework. In the the release of greenhouse gas pollution, tered by an unprecedented superstorm end, a Democratic majority in Con- which will intensify climate change. that washed away much of the New gress passed, and Republican President There is a mountain of evidence that Jersey coastline. Superstorm Sandy George H.W. Bush signed into law, the the carbon pollution, drinking water caused an estimated $65 billion in eco- Clean Air Act amendments. threats, public health threats, and nomic losses. 159 people lost their lives, Once again, we are confronted with safety threats from this pipeline are so 650,000 homes were damaged or de- irrefutable evidence that humans have great that it is not in our national in- stroyed, and 8.5 million households and altered not just the weather of a re- terest, and its permit should be denied. businesses lost power, many of them gion, but the climate of the entire I realize this goes against some public for weeks. Power outages caused severe planet. This time, we do not need to opinion polls, but I believe we must gas shortages, with traffic backed up climb mountains to see the damage. stamp out our addiction to fossil fuels for miles, and people waiting for hours We see it in New England’s flood rav- and fight back against these threats to to obtain fuel to feed the generators aged river valleys, California’s our land, water, air, and healthy com- that were keeping their families warm scorched farmland, Alaska’s retreating munities around the world. and their food from spoiling. glaciers, Wyoming’s burnt forests, and We have to understand that climate Now, New Jersey has persevered. We super-storm ravaged coastlines. change is not simply an environmental worked together and helped each other Before we even get to the accumu- challenge. Creating a green energy sec- rebuild lives, businesses, homes, and lated—and accumulating—scientific tor is not just about cutting green- our famous beaches and boardwalks. evidence for climate change and the house gas emissions. It is about pro- Efforts have been undertaken to make carbonization of our fragile envelope of viding jobs for Americans in the renew- our coastal communities and critical atmosphere, we only need to apply able energy and energy efficiency infrastructure more resilient to future common sense. As we look around us, fields. It is about strengthening na- storms of this magnitude. But unless anywhere, everywhere, and at any tional security in America by having we act to implement responsible en- time, doesn’t it just stand to reason greater control over our energy sources ergy policies that cut our greenhouse that human activity is contributing to and breaking the stranglehold of oil on gas emissions and incentivize invest- documented changes in our atmos- the transportation system. What ment in renewable energy infrastruc- phere, and to climate change? I cer- should unite all of us, Republicans and ture, these damaging superstorms will tainly have seen it in my lifetime. But Democrats alike, is assuring that our only become more powerful and fre- I have also seen people try to deny all children and grandchildren have clean quent. Those who deny the reality of reason and the evidence all around us. air to breathe. climate change tend to emphasize the The scientists have done their work. We have come together before. We economic costs of regulating carbon We now better understand the human did it back in the time of President

VerDate Mar 15 2010 05:21 Mar 11, 2014 Jkt 039060 PO 00000 Frm 00044 Fmt 4624 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\G10MR6.063 S10MRPT1 tjames on DSK3TPTVN1PROD with SENATE March 10, 2014 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S1415 George H.W. Bush. We joined hands MEASURES PLACED ON THE (RIN2120–AA65) received in the Office of the across the aisle and across regions of CALENDAR President of the Senate on February 25, 2014; this great country to solve problems. to the Committee on Commerce, Science, The following bills were read the sec- and Transportation. Why can’t we do it again? Isn’t that ond time, and placed on the calendar: EC–4836. A communication from the Para- the least we owe to our planet? Isn’t S. 2097. A bill to provide for the extension legal Specialist, Federal Aviation Adminis- that the least we owe to our children of certain unemployment benefits, and for tration, Department of Transportation, and grandchildren? other purposes. transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of Mr. President, I yield the floor. H.R. 4118. An act to amend the Internal a rule entitled ‘‘Amendment to Class D and Revenue Code of 1986 to delay the implemen- E Airspace; Christiansted, St. Croix, VI’’ f ((RIN2120–AA66) (Docket No. FAA–2013–0757)) tation of the penalty for failure to comply received in the Office of the President of the with the individual health insurance man- MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT Senate on February 25, 2014; to the Com- date. Messages from the President of the mittee on Commerce, Science, and Transpor- United States were communicated to f tation. EC–4837. A communication from the Para- the Senate by Mr. Pate, one of his sec- EXECUTIVE AND OTHER legal Specialist, Federal Aviation Adminis- retaries. COMMUNICATIONS tration, Department of Transportation, f The following communications were transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of laid before the Senate, together with a rule entitled ‘‘Amendment to Class D and EXECUTIVE MESSAGES REFERRED E Airspace; Grand Forks, ND’’ ((RIN2120– accompanying papers, reports, and doc- AA66) (Docket No. FAA–2013–0950)) received As in executive session the Presiding uments, and were referred as indicated: in the Office of the President of the Senate Officer laid before the Senate messages EC–4830. A communication from the Chief on February 25, 2014; to the Committee on from the President of the United of the Policy and Rules Division, Office of Commerce, Science, and Transportation. States submitting sundry nominations Engineering and Technology, Federal Com- EC–4838. A communication from the Para- and a withdrawal which were referred munications Commission, transmitting, pur- legal Specialist, Federal Aviation Adminis- tration, Department of Transportation, to the appropriate committees. suant to law, the report of a rule entitled ‘‘Amendment of Part 15 of the Commission’s transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of (The messages received today are Rules to Establish Regulations for Tank a rule entitled ‘‘Amendment to Class E Air- printed at the end of the Senate pro- Level Probing Radars in the Frequency Band space; Morrisville, VT’’ ((RIN2120–AA66) ceedings.) 77–81 GHz’’ ((ET Docket No. 10–23) (FCC 14–2)) (Docket No. FAA–2013–0683)) received in the received in the Office of the President of the Office of the President of the Senate on Feb- f Senate on February 26, 2014; to the Com- ruary 25, 2014; to the Committee on Com- merce, Science, and Transportation. FISCAL YEAR 2015 BUDGET: AP- mittee on Commerce, Science, and Transpor- tation. EC–4839. A communication from the Para- PENDIX, ANALYTICAL PERSPEC- legal Specialist, Federal Aviation Adminis- EC–4831. A communication from the Para- TIVES, AND HISTORICAL TA- tration, Department of Transportation, legal Specialist, Federal Aviation Adminis- transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of BLES, RECEIVED DURING AD- tration, Department of Transportation, a rule entitled ‘‘Amendment to Class E Air- JOURNMENT OF THE SENATE ON transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of MARCH 10, 2014—PM 34 space; McMinnville, TN’’ ((RIN2120–AA66) a rule entitled ‘‘Use of Additional Portable (Docket No. FAA–2013–0682)) received in the The PRESIDING OFFICER laid be- Concentrators on Board Aircraft’’ Office of the President of the Senate on Feb- fore the Senate the following message ((RIN2120–AK35) (Docket No. FAA–2013–1013)) ruary 25, 2014; to the Committee on Com- received in the Office of the President of the merce, Science, and Transportation. from the President of the United Senate on February 25, 2014; to the Com- States, together with accompanying EC–4840. A communication from the Para- mittee on Commerce, Science, and Transpor- legal Specialist, Federal Aviation Adminis- reports and papers; which was referred tation. tration, Department of Transportation, jointly, pursuant to the order of Janu- EC–4832. A communication from the Para- transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of ary 30, 1975 as modified by the order of legal Specialist, Federal Aviation Adminis- a rule entitled ‘‘Modification of Class D and April 11, 1986; to the Committees on tration, Department of Transportation, E Airspace; Kailua-Kona, HI’’ ((RIN2120– Appropriations; and the Budget: transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of AA66) (Docket No. FAA–2013–0622)) received a rule entitled ‘‘Prohibition on Personal Use in the Office of the President of the Senate Hon. JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR., of Electronic Devices on the Flight Deck’’ on February 25, 2014; to the Committee on President of the Senate, ((RIN2120–AJ17) (Docket No. FAA–2012–0929)) Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Washington, DC. received in the Office of the President of the EC–4841. A communication from the Para- Senate on February 25, 2014; to the Com- legal Specialist, Federal Aviation Adminis- Dear Mr. President: mittee on Commerce, Science, and Transpor- tration, Department of Transportation, I transmit herewith the following tation. transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of hard copy volumes of the Fiscal Year EC–4833. A communication from the Para- a rule entitled ‘‘Establishment of Class E 2015 Budget: Appendix, Analytical Per- legal Specialist, Federal Aviation Adminis- Airspace, Amendment of Class D and E Air- spectives, and Historical Tables. tration, Department of Transportation, space, and Revocation of Class E Airspace; Salinas, CA’’ ((RIN2120–AA66) (Docket No. BARACK OBAMA. transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of FAA–2013–0708)) received in the Office of the THE WHITE HOUSE, March 10, 2014. a rule entitled ‘‘Minimum Altitudes for Use of Autopilots’’ ((RIN2120–AK11) (Docket No. President of the Senate on February 25, 2014; f FAA–2012–1059)) received in the Office of the to the Committee on Commerce, Science, President of the Senate on February 25, 2014; and Transportation. EC–4842. A communication from the Direc- MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE to the Committee on Commerce, Science, tor of the Regulatory Management Division, and Transportation. At 4:07 p.m., a message from the Environmental Protection Agency, transmit- EC–4834. A communication from the Para- House of Representatives, delivered by ting, pursuant to law, the report of a rule en- legal Specialist, Federal Aviation Adminis- Mrs. Cole, one of its reading clerks, an- titled ‘‘Metconazole; Pesticide Tolerances’’ nounced that the House has passed the tration, Department of Transportation, (FRL No. 9906–13) received in the Office of transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of the President of the Senate on March 4, 2014; following bills, in which it requests the a rule entitled ‘‘Standard Instrument Ap- concurrence of the Senate: to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, proach Procedures, and Takeoff Minimums and Forestry. H.R. 2641. An act to provide for improved and Obstacle Departure Procedures; Mis- EC–4843. A communication from the Direc- coordination of agency actions in the prepa- cellaneous Amendments (50); Amdt. No. 3573’’ tor of the Regulatory Management Division, ration and adoption of environmental docu- (RIN2120–AA65) received in the Office of the Environmental Protection Agency, transmit- ments for permitting determinations, and for President of the Senate on February 25, 2014; ting, pursuant to law, the report of a rule en- other purposes. to the Committee on Commerce, Science, titled ‘‘Fluopicolide; Pesticide Tolerances’’ H.R. 3826. An act to provide direction to and Transportation. (FRL No. 9906–19) received in the Office of the Administrator of the Environmental EC–4835. A communication from the Para- the President of the Senate on March 4, 2014; Protection Agency regarding the establish- legal Specialist, Federal Aviation Adminis- to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, ment of standards for emissions of any tration, Department of Transportation, and Forestry. greenhouse gas from fossil fuel-fired electric transmitting, pursuant to law, the report of EC–4844. A communication from the Direc- utility generating units, and for other pur- a rule entitled ‘‘Standard Instrument Ap- tor of the Regulatory Management Division, poses. proach Procedures, and Takeoff Minimums Environmental Protection Agency, transmit- H.R. 4152. An act to provide for the costs of and Obstacle Departure Procedures; Mis- ting, pursuant to law, the report of a rule en- loan guarantees for Ukraine. cellaneous Amendments (63); Amdt. No. 3574’’ titled ‘‘Triflumizole; Pesticide Tolerances’’

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