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Chapter 25- United States in WWII

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Chapter 25- United States in WWII Warm-up for 25-1 Put yourself in the place of a high school senior in December 1941 and think about how the news of war will impact your lives. Rosie the Riveter by the Four Vagabonds When the nation entered World War II in 1941, its armed forces ranked nineteenth in might, behind the tiny European nation of Belgium. Three years later, The United States was producing 40 percent of the world’s arms. Joining the War Effort 5 million people volunteered for the war after Pearl Harbor Selective Service System drafted another 10 million George Marshall- Army Chief of Staff General; pushed for WAAC Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps- allowed for women volunteers in non-combat positions; “auxiliary” status dropped in 1943 for full benefits (army integrated men & women in 1978) African Americans, Native Americans, Mexican Americans, & Asian Americans all volunteered even though they were discriminated against “Just carve on my tombstone, ‘Here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man.’” “To be fighting for freedom and democracy in the Far East… and to be denied equal opportunity in the greatest of democracies seems the height of irony.” Over 1 million African Americans served in segregated units, more than 300,000 Mexican Americans, more than 13,000 Chinese, 33,000 Japanese, and 25,000 Native Americans. FDR persuaded Congress to repeal the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943. Production factories converted for war production auto plants produced tanks, planes, boats, & command cars shipyards used prefabricated parts that could be quickly assembled 6 out of 18 million new workers were women women operated welding torches & riveting guns just as well as men but earned 60 percent as much as men doing the same jobs Hull 440 was the famous Liberty Ship, the Robert E Peary. The Hull 440 was famous because the entire Liberty ship was built in just 4 days, 15 hours, and 29 minutes, setting a record that stands to this day. The hull was laid on November 8, 1942 and the Robert E Peary was launched on November 12, 1942. After just 3 days in the water, she was delivered on November 15, 1942 for a time of 7 days to delivery. The Robert E Peary served well and was a workhorse throughout World War II. She was scrapped in Baltimore, MD in July 1963. A. Philip Randolph- FDR issued an executive founder of the order calling on Brotherhood of employers “to provide Sleeping Car Porters for the full and equitable African American participation of all labor leader workers in defense pressured FDR to call industries, without on employers & discrimination because military not to of race, creed, color, or discriminate national origin.” Office of Scientific Research & Dev. (OSRD – 1941) created by FDR to bring scientists into the war effort encouraged use of DDT to fight insects- body lice virtually eliminated pushed for the development of penicillin Manhattan Project- program to dev. an atomic bomb during WWII early research began at Columbia Univ. The Manhattan Project was the code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Sparked by refugee physicists in the United States, the program was slowly organized after nuclear fission was discovered by German scientists in 1938, and many U.S. scientists expressed the fear that Hitler would attempt to build a fission bomb. J. Robert Oppenheimer was appointed director of the weapons laboratory, built on an isolated mesa at Los Alamos, New Mexico. The challenge was to separate the necessary uranium-235 from the much more common uranium-238. In 1945, uranium-235 of bomb purity was shipped to Los Alamos, where it was fashioned into a gun-type weapon. In a barrel one piece of uranium was fired at another, together forming a supercritical, explosive mass. Another type of atomic bomb was also constructed using the synthetic element plutonium. Enrico Fermi built a reactor at Chicago in late 1942, the prototype of five production reactors erected at Hanford, Wash. These reactors manufactured plutonium by bombarding uranium- 238 with neutrons. At Los Alamos the plutonium was surrounded with high explosives to compress it into a superdense, supercritical mass far faster than could be done in a gun barrel. The result was tested at Alamogordo, N.Mex., on July 16, 1945 — the first explosion of an atomic bomb. Fat Man and Little Boy were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima Fed Takes Over Economy Office of Price Administration (OPA) agency est. by Congress to control inflation by freezing prices & ration food rationing- fixed allotment of goods to ensure supplies for the military (ex. – meat, shoes, sugar, gas) War Production Board- agency est. to coordinate the production of military supplies by U.S. industries Govt. raised taxes to reduce consumer demand (less $ to spend) & encouraged Americans to buy war bonds Warm-up for 25-2 Day 1 – Video Warm-up Recall a time when you felt you were in danger. How did it feel? How do you think you would react if you were a soldier marching into battle? U.S. & Britain Join Forces Churchill convinces FDR to 1st focus attention on Hitler (greater threat) Battle of the Atlantic Hitler focused on preventing goods from reaching GB & USSR – U-boats (1st 7 months of ‘42 U-boats sunk 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic) Allies organized convoys; escorted by destroyers w/ sonar (by early ‘43 the Allies were producing more Liberty ships (140 each month) than were being sunk Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during the Second World War. Beginning on 22 June 1941, over 3.9 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 1,800 mi front, the largest invasion in the history of warfare. The German invasion of the Soviet Union ultimately resulted in 95% of all German Army casualties from 1941 to 1944 and 65% of all Allied military casualties accumulated throughout the war. Operation Barbarossa was named after Frederick Barbarossa, the medieval German ruler. Despite early successes, the Germans were pushed back from Moscow. Operation Barbarossa's failure led to Hitler's demands for further operations inside the USSR, all of which eventually failed, such as continuing the Siege of Leningrad and the Battle of Stalingrad. Operation Barbarossa was the largest military operation in human history in both manpower and casualties. Its failure was a turning point in the Third Reich's fortunes. Most importantly, Operation Barbarossa opened up the Eastern Front, to which more forces were committed than in any other theater of war in world history. Eastern Front - The Battle of Stalingrad major industrial center on the Volga River; oil fields in the Caucasus Mts. Germans approached city in August ‘42 conquering most of it winter set in halting advance Soviets brought tanks across frozen river counterattacking & trapping Germans Germans surrendered in January ‘43; over 1 million Soviets died defending city *Turning Point- Soviet army began to push westward* Germany : 750,000 killed, wounded or missing; 108,000+ captured Soviet Union: 1,129,000 killed, wounded, missing or captured up to 40,000 civilians killed • Snipers on both sides inflicted heavy casualties and used the rubble to their advantage. The most famous sniper of the battle was Vasily Zaitsev who was credited with 225 confirmed kills between November 10 and December 17, 1942, including 11 enemy snipers. The 2001 film, Enemy at the Gates, was loosely based on Zaitsev's role in the Battle of Stalingrad. • Simo Häyhä, nicknamed "White Death" by the Red Army, was a Finnish sniper. He has the highest recorded number of confirmed sniper kills – 505 – in any major war.[ North African Front FDR & Churchill decide to 1st attack N Africa Operation Torch commanded by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower (Supreme Commander of U.S. forces in Europe) troops land in November of ‘42 pushing E chase & defeat General Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox) in May ‘43 Meeting in Casablanca *FDR & Churchill meet & agree to only accept unconditional surrender Churchill pushed to strike Italy next Italian Campaign U.S. captures Sicily in Summer of ‘43 - Italy forces Mussolini to resign Hitler was determined to stop the Allies in Italy Italy would not fall until (2 May) ‘45 when Germany was almost defeated Heroes Tuskegee Airmen- highly decorated all black squadron during WWII 442nd Regiment- Japanese American infantry regiment- most decorated unit in U.S. history The Sole Survivor Policy describes a set of regulations in the U.S. military that are designed to protect members of a family from the draft or from combat duty if they have already lost family members in military service. The need for the regulations first caught public attention after the five Sullivan brothers were all killed when the USS Juneau was sunk during World War II, and was enacted as law in 1948. A notable instance of the Sole Survivor Policy being enacted is the case of the Niland brothers, where U.S. intelligence believed that all but one of the siblings were killed in action. It was later discovered that the eldest brother, Technical Sergeant Edward Niland, of the The five Sullivan brothers U.S. Army Air Forces, had been held in a prisoner of war camp in Burma. (The film Saving Private Ryan, directed by Steven Spielberg, was loosely based on the brothers' story.) Liberation of Europe Operation Overlord- plan to invade France & free W Europe Dwight D. Eisenhower- commander of Operation Overlord 3 million Americans, British, & Canadians took part planned to attack Normandy phantom army created & radio messages sent to throw off Hitler (Calais- narrowest point of English Channel) D-Day- June 6, 1944 attack to liberate France *largest land-sea-air operation in history* 1 million troops had landed after 1 month along w/ supplies Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Force! You are about to embark upon a great crusade, toward which we have striven these many months.
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