Warm-up for 25-1

 Put yourself in the place of a high school senior in December 1941 and think about how the news of war will impact your lives.

 Rosie the Riveter by the Four Vagabonds When the nation entered World War II in 1941, its armed forces ranked nineteenth in might, behind the tiny European nation of Belgium. Three years later, The was producing 40 percent of the world’s arms. Joining the War Effort  5 million people volunteered for the war after Pearl Harbor  Selective Service System drafted another 10 million  George Marshall- Army Chief of Staff General; pushed for WAAC  Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps- allowed for women volunteers in non-combat positions; “auxiliary” status dropped in 1943 for full benefits (army integrated men & women in 1978)

 African Americans, Native Americans, Mexican Americans, & Asian Americans all volunteered even though they were discriminated against

 “Just carve on my tombstone, ‘Here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man.’”  “To be fighting for freedom and democracy in the Far East… and to be denied equal opportunity in the greatest of democracies seems the height of irony.”  Over 1 million African Americans served in segregated units, more than 300,000 Mexican Americans, more than 13,000 Chinese, 33,000 Japanese, and 25,000 Native Americans.  FDR persuaded Congress to repeal the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943. Production  factories converted for war production  auto plants produced tanks, planes, boats, & command cars  shipyards used prefabricated parts that could be quickly assembled

 6 out of 18 million new workers were women  women operated welding torches & riveting guns just as well as men but earned 60 percent as much as men doing the same jobs Hull 440 was the famous Liberty Ship, the Robert E Peary. The Hull 440 was famous because the entire Liberty ship was built in just 4 days, 15 hours, and 29 minutes, setting a record that stands to this day. The hull was laid on November 8, 1942 and the Robert E Peary was launched on November 12, 1942. After just 3 days in the water, she was delivered on November 15, 1942 for a time of 7 days to delivery. The Robert E Peary served well and was a workhorse throughout World War II. She was scrapped in Baltimore, MD in July 1963.  A. Philip Randolph-  FDR issued an executive founder of the order calling on Brotherhood of employers “to provide Sleeping Car Porters for the full and equitable  African American participation of all labor leader workers in defense  pressured FDR to call industries, without on employers & discrimination because military not to of race, creed, color, or discriminate national origin.” Office of Scientific Research & Dev. (OSRD – 1941)  created by FDR to bring scientists into the war effort  encouraged use of DDT to fight insects- body lice virtually eliminated  pushed for the development of penicillin  Manhattan Project- program to dev. an atomic bomb during WWII  early research began at Columbia Univ.  The Manhattan Project was the code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Sparked by refugee physicists in the United States, the program was slowly organized after nuclear fission was discovered by German scientists in 1938, and many U.S. scientists expressed the fear that Hitler would attempt to build a fission bomb.  J. Robert Oppenheimer was appointed director of the weapons laboratory, built on an isolated mesa at Los Alamos, New Mexico. The challenge was to separate the necessary uranium-235 from the much more common uranium-238. In 1945, uranium-235 of bomb purity was shipped to Los Alamos, where it was fashioned into a gun-type weapon. In a barrel one piece of uranium was fired at another, together forming a supercritical, explosive mass.  Another type of atomic bomb was also constructed using the synthetic element plutonium. Enrico Fermi built a reactor at Chicago in late 1942, the prototype of five production reactors erected at Hanford, Wash. These reactors manufactured plutonium by bombarding uranium- 238 with neutrons. At Los Alamos the plutonium was surrounded with high explosives to compress it into a superdense, supercritical mass far faster than could be done in a gun barrel. The result was tested at Alamogordo, N.Mex., on July 16, 1945 — the first explosion of an atomic bomb.

Fat Man and Little Boy were dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima Fed Takes Over Economy  Office of Price Administration (OPA)  agency est. by Congress to control inflation by freezing prices & ration food  rationing- fixed allotment of goods to ensure supplies for the military (ex. – meat, shoes, sugar, gas)  - agency est. to coordinate the production of military supplies by U.S. industries  Govt. raised taxes to reduce consumer demand (less $ to spend) & encouraged Americans to buy war bonds

Warm-up for 25-2

 Day 1 – Video Warm-up

 Recall a time when you felt you were in danger. How did it feel? How do you think you would react if you were a soldier marching into battle? U.S. & Britain Join Forces  Churchill convinces FDR to 1st focus attention on Hitler (greater threat)  Battle of the Atlantic  Hitler focused on preventing goods from reaching GB & USSR – U-boats  (1st 7 months of ‘42 U-boats sunk 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic)  Allies organized convoys; escorted by destroyers w/ sonar  (by early ‘43 the Allies were producing more Liberty ships (140 each month) than were being sunk  Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during the Second World War. Beginning on 22 June 1941, over 3.9 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a 1,800 mi front, the largest invasion in the history of warfare. The German invasion of the Soviet Union ultimately resulted in 95% of all German Army casualties from 1941 to 1944 and 65% of all Allied military casualties accumulated throughout the war.  Operation Barbarossa was named after Frederick Barbarossa, the medieval German ruler. Despite early successes, the Germans were pushed back from Moscow. Operation Barbarossa's failure led to Hitler's demands for further operations inside the USSR, all of which eventually failed, such as continuing the Siege of Leningrad and the Battle of Stalingrad.  Operation Barbarossa was the largest military operation in human history in both manpower and casualties. Its failure was a turning point in the Third Reich's fortunes. Most importantly, Operation Barbarossa opened up the Eastern Front, to which more forces were committed than in any other theater of war in world history. Eastern Front - The Battle of Stalingrad  major industrial center on the Volga River; oil fields in the Caucasus Mts.  Germans approached city in August ‘42  conquering most of it winter set in halting advance  Soviets brought tanks across frozen river counterattacking & trapping Germans  Germans surrendered in January ‘43; over 1 million Soviets died defending city  *Turning Point- Soviet army began to push westward*

 Germany :  750,000 killed, wounded or missing; 108,000+ captured

 Soviet Union:  1,129,000 killed, wounded, missing or captured  up to 40,000 civilians killed

• Snipers on both sides inflicted heavy casualties and used the rubble to their advantage. The most famous sniper of the battle was Vasily Zaitsev who was credited with 225 confirmed kills between November 10 and December 17, 1942, including 11 enemy snipers. The 2001 film, Enemy at the Gates, was loosely based on Zaitsev's role in the Battle of Stalingrad. • Simo Häyhä, nicknamed "White Death" by the Red Army, was a Finnish sniper. He has the highest recorded number of confirmed sniper kills – 505 – in any major war.[ North African Front  FDR & Churchill decide to 1st attack N Africa  Operation Torch commanded by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower (Supreme Commander of U.S. forces in Europe)  troops land in November of ‘42 pushing E  chase & defeat General Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox) in May ‘43  Meeting in Casablanca  *FDR & Churchill meet & agree to only accept unconditional surrender  Churchill pushed to strike Italy next Italian Campaign  U.S. captures Sicily in Summer of ‘43 - Italy forces Mussolini to resign  Hitler was determined to stop the Allies in Italy  Italy would not fall until (2 May) ‘45 when Germany was almost defeated

Heroes  Tuskegee Airmen- highly decorated all black squadron during WWII  442nd Regiment- Japanese American infantry regiment- most decorated unit in U.S. history The Sole Survivor Policy describes a set of regulations in the U.S. military that are designed to protect members of a family from the draft or from combat duty if they have already lost family members in military service. The need for the regulations first caught public attention after the five were all killed when the USS Juneau was sunk during World War II, and was enacted as law in 1948. A notable instance of the Sole Survivor Policy being enacted is the case of the , where U.S. intelligence believed that all but one of the siblings were killed in action. It was later discovered that the eldest brother, Technical Sergeant Edward Niland, of the The five Sullivan brothers U.S. Army Air Forces, had been held in a prisoner of war camp in Burma. (The film , directed by , was loosely based on the brothers' story.) Liberation of Europe  Operation Overlord- plan to invade France & free W Europe  Dwight D. Eisenhower- commander of Operation Overlord  3 million Americans, British, & Canadians took part  planned to attack Normandy  phantom army created & radio messages sent to throw off Hitler (Calais- narrowest point of English Channel)  D-Day- June 6, 1944 attack to liberate France  *largest land-sea-air operation in history*  1 million troops had landed after 1 month along w/ supplies

Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Force! You are about to embark upon a great crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and brothers in arms on other fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world.

Your task will not be an easy one. Your enemy is well trained, well equipped and battle hardened, he will fight savagely.

But this is the year 1944! Much has happened since the Nazi triumphs of 1940-41. The United Nations have inflicted upon the Germans great defeats, in open battle, man to man. Our air offensive has seriously reduced their strength in the air and their capacity to wage war on the ground. Our home fronts have given us an overwhelming superiority in weapons and munitions of war, and placed at our disposal great reserves of trained fighting men. The tide has turned! The free men of the world are marching together to victory!

I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full victory!

Good Luck! And let us all beseech the blessings of Almighty God upon this great and noble undertaking. -- Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower Using hundreds of inflatable tanks and artillery, deploying the latest sound technology and posing as drunken military officers in order to spread disinformation, the Ghost Army is credited with helping the Allies win the war in Europe and saving thousands of British and American lives.

Over the course of five major campaigns, the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops arranged 20 intricately-planned battlefield deceptions, from Normandy to the Rhine, in order to trick Hitler's armies into believing that Allied forces were in places they were not. June 6, 1944 D-Day NORMANDY INVASION involved:  1,200 fighting ships  4,126 landing craft  10,000 planes  24 warships and 35 merchant ships were sunk;  127 allied planes were shot down;  3,500 gliders were in the air behind towing planes; 100 glider pilots died  10,000 U.S. paratroopers

D-Day casualties were:  2,700 British;  946 Canadians;  6,603 Americas:  Between 4,000 and 9,000 Germans;  Between the 1st of April and the 5th of June, 1944, the Allies flew 14,000 missions losing 12,000 airmen and 2,000 aircraft.  By the time the Battle of Normandy ended 425,000 Allies and Germans were killed or wounded.  Today in 77 Normandy cemeteries remain 77,866 Germans; 9,386 Americans; 17,769 British; 5,002 Canadians and 650 Poles. The element of surprise was truly vital. Germany had 55 divisions in France and the Allies could only get 8 divisions landed on D-Day. A military division consists of between 10,000 and 25,000 troops.  Pointe du Hoc -between Utah & Omaha beach The massive concrete cliff-top gun emplacement at Pointe du Hoc was the target of the 2nd Ranger Battalion, commanded by James Earl Rudder. The task was to scale the 30 meter (100 ft.) cliffs under the cover of night, approximately at 5:30, one hour prior to the landings with ropes and ladders, and then attack and destroy the German coastal defense guns, which were thought to command the Omaha and Utah landing areas. The infantry commanders did not know that the guns had been moved prior to the attack, and they had to press farther inland to find them and eventually destroyed them. However, fortifications themselves were still vital targets as a single artillery forward observer based there could have called down accurate fire on the U.S. beaches. The Rangers were eventually successful, and captured the fortifications. They then had to fight for two days to hold the location, losing more than 60% of their men. Afterwards they regrouped and continued Northeast to the rally point one mile from the gun emplacements on Pointe Du Hoc. Army Ranger veteran and local icon Leonard G. "Bud" Lomell  General Omar Bradley- July ‘44-initiated bombardment at St. Lo providing a gap in German defenses for George Patton’s 3rd Army to reach the Seine River (Paris)  Patton liberated Paris after 4 yrs. of occupation (August 25)  Sept ‘44- Allies had freed France, Belgium, & Luxembourg  *FDR is elected to a 4th term in 11/44 Battle of the Bulge- Dec. ‘44  last ditched major German offensive of the war- lasted 1 month  Hitler hoped to split U.S. & British forces cutting off supply lines  Germans pushed back- 120,000 dead, 600 tanks & 1,200 airplanes destroyed  Nazis could do little but retreat Death Camps  Soviets pushed W, Allies pushed E  Soviets 1st to liberate camps- Majdanek in Poland  (world’s largest crematorium & warehouse containing 800,000 shoes) “We started smelling a terrible odor and suddenly we were at the concentration camp at Landsberg. Forced the gate and faced hundreds of starving prisoners…. We saw emaciated men whose thighs were smaller than wrists, many had bones sticking out thru their skin…. Also we saw hundreds of burned and naked bodies…. That evening I wrote my wife that ‘For the first time I truly realized the evil of Hitler and why this war had to be waged.’ “ Unconditional Surrender  Soviets reached Berlin in April ‘45  Hitler married lover Eva Braun & blamed Jews for starting the war  Hitler shot himself (April 30)- arranged to have body burned  V-E Day- Victory in Europe Day –May 8, 1945  FDR had a stroke on April 12th & died  Harry S. Truman- 33rd President (1945-1953) Democrat Warm-up for 25-3

 Day 1 - Video warm-up

 How might the war in the Pacific be different from the war in Europe?

 Day 2 - Are their any possible situations in which you would support the use of nuclear weapons?  Attack on Pearl Harbor missed Pacific sub fleet & several aircraft carriers  Japanese conquer vast territory in Asia & S Pacific  *captured 2 islands in the Aleutian chain – U.S. soil  General Douglas MacArthur  commander of Allied forces  forced to flee Philippines - early ‘42  (for every U.S. soldier killed the Japanese lost 10)  (took more land w/ less loss of life than any commander since Darius the Great ~500BC)  Doolittle’s Raid- daring attack on Tokyo by 16 bombers - April ‘42

 After the April 9, 1942, U.S. surrender of the Bataan Peninsula on the main Philippine island to the Japanese during World War II, the approximately 75,000 Filipino and American troops on Bataan were forced to make an arduous 65-mile march to prison camps. The marchers made the trek in intense heat and were subjected to harsh treatment by Japanese guards. Thousands perished in what became known as the Bataan Death March.

 “They were beaten, and they were starved as they marched. Those who fell were bayoneted. Some of those who fell were beheaded by Japanese officers who were practicing with their samurai swords from horseback. The Japanese culture at that time reflected the view that any warrior who surrendered had no honor; thus was not to be treated like a human being. Thus they were not committing crimes against human beings. The Japanese soldiers at that time felt they were dealing with subhumans and animals.” Battle of the Coral Sea - May ‘42  5 day battle stopping Japanese advancement towards Australia  1st time since Pearl Harbor Japanese had been stopped & turned back

Battle of Midway – June ‘42  strategic island N of Hawaii  broke Japanese code – knew they were coming  Admiral Chester Nimitz- commander of naval forces in the Pacific  *turning point in the Pacific (Japanese lost 4 carriers, a , & 250 planes)

Allies on the Offensive - “island hopping” Guadalcanal (Island of Death) – 8/7/42 – 2/43  1st offensive – Solomon Islands  1st Japanese defeat on land  over 7000 Americans killed (includes naval battles)  Ralph G. Martin “Hell was red furry spiders as big as your fist, giant lizards as long as your leg, leeches falling from trees to suck blood, armies of white ants with a bite of fire, scurrying scorpions inflaming any flesh they touched, enormous rats and bats everywhere, and rivers of waiting crocodiles. Hell was the sour, foul smell of the squishy jungle, humidity that rotted a body within hours,…stinking wet heat of dripping rain forests that sapped the strength of any man.” Leyte Island (Philippines) – Oct. ‘44  MacArthur returned – 2yrs later  kamikaze- suicide-plane “divine wind” – typhoon that repelled Mongol invasion in 1281  (424 kamikaze pilots sank 16 ships & damaged another 80)  (Japanese lose 3 battleships, 4 carriers, & almost 500 planes at Leyte- Imperial Navy plays minor role in rest of war)

Iwo Jima – 2/45 - 3/45  “sulfur island” – strategic island – bombers could reach mainland Japan  11 miles of underground tunnels- island 8 sq. mi.  only 200 out of 20,700 Japanese survived the battle  1st attack on Japanese homelands  The 36-day assault resulted in more than 26,000 American casualties, including 6,800 dead.

"Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima" is a historic photograph taken on 23 February 1945 by Joe Rosenthal. It depicts the Marines raising the flag of the United States atop Mount Suribachi. The photograph was extremely popular, being reprinted in thousands of publications. Later, it became the only photograph to win the Pulitzer Prize for Photography in the same year as its publication, and ultimately came to be regarded as one of the most significant and recognizable images of the war, and possibly the most reproduced photograph of all time. Of the six men depicted in the picture, three (Franklin Sousley, Harlon Block, and Michael Strank) did not survive the battle; the three survivors (John Bradley, Rene Gagnon, and Ira Hayes) became celebrities upon the publication of the photo. Recent investigations revealed John Bradley was not one of the soldiers that raised the flag but Harold Schultz a mortarman with 2nd Battalion, 28th Marine Regiment. Okinawa – 4/45 – 6/45 (82 days)  largest amphibious assault in the Pacific War  American victory that came at great price-deadliest battle of the Pacific  62,000 casualties, 7600 dead- most in any battle in the Pacific- some estimates as high as 12,500 killed or missing  Japanese lost 110,000 men defending the island  With the impending victory of USS Bunker Hill burns after being hit by two American troops, civilians often kamikazes within 30 seconds. 30 ships sunk & 5,000 committed mass suicide, urged on US troops killed from kamikaze attacks. by the Japanese soldiers who told locals that victorious American soldiers would go on a rampage of killing and raping.

New Guinea

 The Navajo code talkers took part in every assault the U.S. Marines conducted in the Pacific from 1942 to 1945. They served in all six Marine divisions, Marine Raider battalions and Marine parachute units, transmitting messages by telephone and radio in their native language -- a code that the Japanese never broke.  Navajo answered the military requirement for an undecipherable code because Navajo is an unwritten language of extreme complexity. Its syntax and tonal qualities, not to mention dialects, make it unintelligible to anyone without extensive exposure and training. It has no alphabet or symbols, and is spoken only on the Navajo lands of the American Southwest. One estimate indicates that less than 30 non-Navajos, none of them Japanese, could understand the language at the outbreak of World War II.  At Iwo Jima, Major Howard Connor, 5th Marine Division signal officer, declared, "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima." Connor had six Navajo code talkers working around the clock during the first two days of the battle. Those six sent and received over 800 messages, all without error.

Section 3 – Part 2 Atomic Bomb Ends the War  mainland invasion of Japan was forecasted to cost the U.S. 1 million lives  J. Robert Oppenheimer- American scientist that directed bomb research  (Hindu passage- “I am become Death, the shatterer of worlds.”)  (600,000 involved w/ project- best kept secret of the war)  (Truman did not know about the project until he became president)  Truman did not hesitate w/ decision – did warn Japan to surrender Hiroshima  Japanese military center  bomb dropped on August 6, 1945 (uranium gun design)  B-29 Enola Gay dropped bomb code named Little Boy

Nagasaki  2nd bomb dropped 3 days later code named Fat Man (plutonium implosion)

 estimated 200,000 died by the atomic blasts  V-J Day- 8/14/45  Emperor Hirohito formally surrenders on September 2 on the battleship Missouri  For several months, the U.S. had dropped more than 63 million leaflets across Japan warning civilians of air raids. Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings, some were as much as 97% destroyed. In general, the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful, but anyone who was caught in possession of one was arrested. In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, U.S. military leaders decided against a demonstration bomb, and against a special leaflet warning, in both cases because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation, and the wish to maximize psychological shock. No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped.  This type of leaflet below was dropped on Japan, showing the names of 12 Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing.  “They say temperatures of 7,000 degrees centigrade hit me…Nobody there looked like human beings… Humans had lost the ability to speak. People couldn’t scream, ‘It hurts!’ even when they were on fire… People with their legs wrenched off. Without heads. Or faces burned and swollen out of shape. The scene was a living hell.” Yamaoka Michiko- 15 years old at Hiroshima  On March 9, 1945, 334 B-29 bombers bombed Tokyo, starting many fires which, whipped by high winds turned into a terrible firestorm. This firestorm destroyed much of the city. The attack left more than 83,000 people dead, 125,000 wounded, and 1.2 million homeless.  USS Indianapolis was a cruiser of the . Her sinking led to the greatest single loss of life at sea in the history of the U.S. Navy. On 30 July 1945, shortly after delivering critical parts for the first atomic bomb to be used in combat to the United States air base at Tinian, the ship was torpedoed by the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine I-58, sinking in 12 minutes. Of 1,196 crewmen aboard, approximately 300 went down with the ship. The remaining crew of 896 men faced exposure, dehydration and shark attacks as they waited for assistance while floating with few lifeboats and almost no food or water. The Navy learned of the sinking when survivors were spotted four days later by the crew of a PV-1 Ventura on routine patrol. Only 317 sailors survived. Indianapolis was the last major U.S. Navy ship sunk by enemy action in World War II. The best-known kiss that day occurred in Times Square. One of the most famous photographs ever published by Life. It was shot in Times Square shortly after the announcement by President Truman occurred and people began to gather in celebration. Rebuilding Begins - Europe – 2/45

Yalta Conference- Big Three met- FDR, Stalin, & Churchill  German defeat seemed inevitable  FDR makes concessions to Stalin (2 reasons)  1. FDR hoped the Soviet Union would wage war in the Pacific  2. FDR wanted Stalin’s support for peace keeping org. (UN)  Germany divided into 4 zones – Americans, British, French, & Soviet Union  Stalin promised free elections in Poland & occupied E European countries  Stalin joined the war against Japan (Soviets invade Manchuria in 8/45)  United Nations would become a reality Nuremberg Trials  court proceeding in Nuremberg, Germany- 1945- 1946  24 Nazi leaders tried for war crimes (12 sentenced to death)  (200 other Nazis found guilty of war crimes in later trials)  important principle- individuals are responsible for their own actions- ex- Abu Graib

Do not copy  Each defendant was accused of one or more of the following crimes:  Crimes against the peace- planning and waging an aggressive war  War crimes- acts against the customs of warfare, such as the killing of hostages and prisoners, the plundering of private property, and the destruction of towns and cities  Crimes against humanity- the murder, extermination, deportation, or enslavement of civilians Japan  many tried for war crimes including Prime Minister Tojo (death sentence- hanged)  (Tojo received a set of dentures while waiting for the trial. Secretly the phrase Remember Pearl Harbor had been drilled into the teeth in Morse code.)  MacArthur reshaped economy during 7 yr. occupation (free- market practices)  also called for a new constitution (woman suffrage & basic freedoms)  constitution to this day is known as the MacArthur Constitution  COUNTRY CASUALTIES  World War II fatality  Soviet Union 23,954,000 statistics vary, with  China 15,000,000  Germany 7,728,000 estimates of total dead  Poland 5,720,000  Japan 2,700,000 ranging from 50 million to  India 2,087,000 more than 80  Yugoslavia 1,027,000  Rumania 833,000 million. World War II is  Hungary 580,000  France 567,600 the deadliest war in world  Greece 560,000 history in absolute terms  Italy 456,000  Great Britain 449,800 of total dead. The higher  United States 418,500  Czechoslovakia 345,000 figure of 80 million  Netherlands 301,000 includes deaths from war-  Austria 123,700  Finland 97,000 related disease and  Belgium 86,100  Canada 45,300 famine. Total military  Australia 40,500 dead: from 22 to 25  Bulgaria 25,000  New Zealand 11,900 million, including deaths  South Africa 11,900  Norway 9,500 in captivity of about 5  Spain 4,500 million prisoners of war.  Denmark 3,200  TOTAL: 63,185,500 Warm-up for 25-4

 Imagine you were going away – you do not know where, how long, or under what conditions. You can take anything you want and need, as long as you can carry it. What would you take? How would you feel? Was it difficult/easy to decide what to take? How do you feel about the things you had to leave behind? Opportunity  unemployment fell to a low of 1.2% in 1944 as defense industries boomed  farmers prospered w/ good weather, improved machinery, fertilizers & demand  women enjoyed gains in new fields (many lost their job when the war ended)  African Americans left the S for cities in the N in record #’s  U.S. emerges WWII the world’s dominant economic & military power Social Adjustments  w/ fathers away fighting, mothers struggled to raise children alone  many rushed to marry before soldiers shipped overseas  GI Bill- Servicemen’s Readjustment Act  provided veteran’s $ for homes & businesses & educational and training benefits  it is estimated the bill produced 450,000 engineers, 238,000 teachers, 91,000 scientists, 67,000 doctors, 22,000 dentists, & more than a million other college-trained men & women Discrimination Persists  African Americans  James Farmer- civil rights leader; founded CORE  Congress of Racial Equality- org. to confront urban segregation in the N  (Detroit Race Riot of ‘43- 3 day riot started by false rumors – 9 whites & 25 AA’s killed- U.S. army occupied Detroit for 6 months)

 Mexican Americans  zoot suit- style of dress by Mexican American youths-long jacket & pleated pants  zoot suit riots- week long riots in Los Angeles – hundreds attacked- summer 1943 Japanese Americans  Pearl Harbor caused many whites to panic about a main land attack  War Dept. called for the evacuation of Japanese Americans from Hawaii  internment- confinement- of 1,444 Japanese Americans resulted (~1% of Hawaiian population)  FDR signed an order in 1942 requiring the removal of people of Japanese ancestry from the W coast  110,000 Japanese Americans in W states sent to “relocation centers”  2/3’s were Nisei- born in the U.S.  *no charges ever filed against a Japanese American & no evidence ever found  Japanese American Citizens League- pressured govt. for $ for property lost during the internment ($20,000 checks sent in 1990) The Following Instructions Must Be Observed: 1. A responsible member of each family, preferably the head of the family, or the person in whose name most of the property is held, and each individual living alone must report to the Civil Control Station to receive further instructions. This must be done between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Thursday, April 2, 1942, or between 8:00 a.m. and 5 p.m., Friday, April 3, 1942.

2. Evacuees must carry with them on departure for the Reception Center, the following property: a. Bedding and linens (no mattress) for each member of the family. b. Toilet articles for each member of the family. c. Extra clothing for each member of the family. d. Sufficient knives, forks, spoons, plates, bowls and cups for each member of the family. e. Essential personal effects for each member of the family. All items carried will be securely packaged, tied and plainly marked with the name of the owner and numbered in accordance with instructions received at the Civil Control Station. The size and number of packages is limited to that which can be carried by the individual or family group. 3. No pets of any kind will be permitted.

4. No personal items and no household goods will be shipped to the Assembly Center.

5. The United States Government through its agencies will provide for the storage, at the sole risk of the owner, of the more substantial household items, such as iceboxes, washing machines, pianos and other heavy furniture. Cooking utensils and other small items will be accepted for storage if crated, packed and plainly marked with the name and address of the owner. Only one name and address will be used by a given family.

6. Each family, and individual living alone will be furnished transportation to the Assembly Center or will be authorized to travel by private automobile in a supervised group. All instructions pertaining to the movement will be obtained at the Civil Control Station.

Go to the Civil Control Station at 1701 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, California, between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Thursday, April 2, 1942, or between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Friday, April 3, 1942, to receive further instructions. J. L. DeWITT Lieutenant General, U. S. Army Commanding

 Anti-Japanese sentiments have existed in the United States for several decades prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor.  On December 7, 1941, the United States naval base Pearl Harbor was attacked by Japan, resulting in the U.S. entry into WWII.  During that time, more than 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens, were living in California, Washington, and Oregon.  Many Americans living on the West Coast turned their anger against the Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans  Mobs attacked their businesses/homes, banks would not cash their checks, grocers refused to sell them food, and newspapers printed rumors of Japanese spies  Many people were afraid that Japanese Americans that lived on the West Coast might be acting as spies helping Japan attack the U.S.  Many Japanese Americans were fishermen…What might this mean?

 FDR signed No. 9066 in February of 1942.

 Declared the West Coast a military zone  Ordered all people of Japanese ancestry to evacuated to 10 internment camps further inland.  Those of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast were to be relocated.

 Internment -refers to the forced imprisonment and relocation of a group of people.  Fear of disloyalty on the part of those of Japanese ancestry was common among many Americans.  Nisei: those born to Japanese parents, thus U.S. citizens.

 1/3 of the population of Hawaii was comprised of Japanese descendents, thus many of them were not interned, however the islands were placed under martial law.

 Japanese assets were frozen after the attack on Pearl Harbor, making it difficult for many Japanese Americans to move from the West Coast.  March 2, 1942 Gen. John L. DeWitt issues Public Proclamation No. 1 which creates Military Areas No. 1 and 2. Military Area No. 1 includes the western portion of California, Oregon and Washington, and part of Arizona. Military Area No. 2 includes the rest of these states. The proclamation also hints that people might be excluded from Military Area No. 1.

 March 18, 1942 The president signs Executive Order 9102 establishing the (WRA) with Milton Eisenhower as director. It is allocated $5.5 million.

 March 21, 1942 The first advance groups of Japanese American "volunteers" arrive at , CA. The WRA would take over on June 1 and transform it into a "relocation center."  March 24, 1942 The first Civilian Exclusion Order issued by the Army is issued for the Bainbridge Island area near Seattle. The forty- five families there are given one week to prepare.

 By the end of October, 108 exclusion orders would be issued, and all Japanese Americans in Military Area No. 1 and the California portion of No. 2 would be incarcerated.

“It was really cruel and harsh. To pack and evacuate in 48 hours seemed impossible. Seeing mothers completely bewildered with children crying from want and peddlers taking advantage and offering prices next to robbery made me feel like murdering those responsible without the slightest compassion in my heart.”  Joseph Yoshisuke  "In the detention centers, families lived in substandard housing, had inadequate nutrition and health care, and had their livelihoods destroyed: many continued to suffer psychologically long after their release" - Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians  "In desert camps, the evacuees met severe extremes of temperature. In winter it reached 35 degrees below zero, and summer brought temperatures as high as 115 degrees. Rattlesnakes and desert wildlife added danger to discomfort." - Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians.  Interns tried to make the best of it by living their lives with some degree of normalcy. Schools, libraries, sports teams, churches, and Americanization classes were created. Photos taken by Ansel Adams

“Germans, defend yourselves against the Jews propaganda, buy only at German shops!” GERMANY UNITED STATES The barracks were surrounded by barbed wire and overseen by high wooden watchtowers. Privacy was almost nonexistent. GERMANY UNITED STATES  “I remember the soldiers marching us to the barracks and I looked at their rifles and I was just terrified because I could see this long knife at the end … I thought I was imagining it, it couldn’t have been a bayonets because we were just kids.”  From “Children of the Camp”  Fred Korematsu sued b/c it violated his constitutional rights  Took the argument to the Supreme Court  Supreme Court ruled that relocation was constitutional b/c it was based not on race but “military necessity.”  In 1988, Congress implemented the Civil Liberties Act, apologizing on behalf of the nation for the "grave injustice" done to persons of Japanese ancestry. Congress declared that the internments had been "motivated largely by racial prejudice, wartime hysteria, and a failure of political leadership" and authorized $20,000 payments to Japanese Americans who had suffered injustices during World War II.  Worksheet- Writing Prompts about the Japanese Internment Camps