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Clever Hans, by Oskar Pfungst 1 Clever Hans, by Oskar Pfungst 1 Clever Hans, by Oskar Pfungst The Project Gutenberg EBook of Clever Hans, by Oskar Pfungst This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Clever Hans (The horse of Mr. Von Osten): A contribution to experimental animal and human psychology Author: Oskar Pfungst Translator: Carl L. Rahn Release Date: October 11, 2010 [EBook #33936] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CLEVER HANS *** Clever Hans, by Oskar Pfungst 2 Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Linda Hamilton and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net [Illustration: CLEVER HANS] CLEVER HANS (THE HORSE OF MR. VON OSTEN) A CONTRIBUTION TO EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL AND HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY BY OSKAR PFUNGST WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY PROF. C. STUMPF, AND ONE ILLUSTRATION AND FIFTEEN FIGURES TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY CARL L. RAHN Fellow in Psychology in the University of Chicago WITH A PREFATORY NOTE BY JAMES R. ANGELL Professor of Psychology in the University of Chicago [Illustration] NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1911 COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY PREFATORY NOTE [BY JAMES R. ANGELL] The University of Chicago It gives me great pleasure to accept the invitation of the publishers to write a word of introduction for Mr. Rahn's excellent translation of "Der Kluge Hans", a book which in the original has been but little known to American readers. The present wave of interest in animal life and behavior renders its appearance peculiarly appropriate. No more remarkable tale of credulity founded on unconscious deceit was ever told, and were it offered as fiction, it would take high rank as a work of imagination. Being in reality a record of sober fact, it verges on the miraculous. After reading Mr. Pfungst's story one can quite understand how sedate and sober Germany was for months thrown into a turmoil of newspaper debate, which for intensity and range of feeling finds its only parallel in a heated political campaign. That the subject of the controversy was the alleged ability of a trained horse to solve complex arithmetical problems may excite gaiety and even derision, until one hears the details. Scientists and scholars of the highest eminence were drawn into the conflict, which has not yet wholly subsided, although the present report must be regarded as quite final in its verdict. As for Hans himself, he has become the prototype of a host of less distinguished imitators representing every level of animal life, and when last heard from he was still entertaining mystified audiences by his accomplishments. Clever Hans, by Oskar Pfungst 3 But the permanent worth of the book is not to be found in its record of popular excitement, interesting as that is. It is a document of the very first consequence in its revelation of the workings of the animal mind as disclosed in the horse. Animal lovers of all kinds, whether scientists or laymen, will find in it material of greatest value for the correct apprehension of animal behavior. Moreover, it affords an illuminating insight into the technique of experimental psychology in its study both of human and animal consciousness. Finally, it contains a number of highly suggestive observations bearing on certain aspects of telepathy and muscle-reading. All things considered, it may fairly be said that few scientific books appeal to so various a range of interests in so vital a way. Readers who wish to inform themselves of all the personal circumstances in the case may best read the text just as it stands. Those who desire to get at the pith of the matter without reference to its historical settings, may be advised to omit the Introduction by Professor Stumpf of the University of Berlin, together with supplements II, III and IV. CONTENTS PAGE PREFATORY NOTE (By JAMES R. ANGELL) v INTRODUCTION (By C. STUMPF) 1 CHAPTER I. 4 CHAPTER I. THE PROBLEM OF ANIMAL CONSCIOUSNESS AND "CLEVER HANS" 15 II. EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS 30 III. THE AUTHOR'S INTROSPECTIONS 88 IV. LABORATORY TESTS 102 V. EXPLANATION OF THE OBSERVATIONS 141 VI. GENESIS OF THE REACTION OF THE HORSE 212 CONCLUSION 240 SUPPLEMENTS: I. MR. VON OSTEN'S METHOD OF INSTRUCTION (By C. STUMPF) 245 II. THE REPORT OF SEPTEMBER 12th, 1904 253 III. AN ABSTRACT FROM THE RECORDS OF THE SEPTEMBER-COMMISSION 255 IV. THE REPORT OF DECEMBER 9th, 1904 261 TABLE OF REFERENCES 267 INTRODUCTION [BY C. STUMPF] A horse that solves correctly problems in multiplication and division by means of tapping. Persons of unimpeachable honor, who in the master's absence have received responses, and assure us that in the process they have not made even the slightest sign. Thousands of spectators, horse-fanciers, trick-trainers of first rank, and not one of them during the course of many months' observations are able to discover any kind of regular signal. That was the riddle. And its solution was found in the unintentional minimal movements of the horse's questioner. Simple though it may seem, the history of the solution is nevertheless quite complex, and one of the important incidents in it is the appearance of the zoölogist and African traveler, Schillings, upon the scene, and then there is the report of the so-called Hans-Commission of September 12, 1904. And finally there is the scientific investigation, the results of which were published in my report of December 9, 1904. After a cursory inspection during the month of February, I again called upon Mr. von Osten in July, and asked him to explain to Professor Schumann and me just what method he had used in instructing the horse. We hoped in this way to gain a clue to the mechanism of Hans's feats. The most essential parts of the information thus gleaned are summarized in Supplement I. Mr. Schillings came into the courtyard for the first time about the middle of July. He came as skeptical as everyone else. But after he, himself, had received correct responses, he too became convinced, and devoted much of his time to exhibiting the horse, and daily brought CHAPTER I. 5 new guests. To be perfectly frank, at the time this seemed to us a disturbing factor in the investigation, but now we see that his intervention was a link in the chain of events which finally led to an explanation. For it was through him that the fact was established beyond cavil, that the horse was able to respond to strangers in the master's absence. Heretofore, this had been noted only in isolated cases. Since it could not be assumed that a well-known investigator should take it upon himself to mislead the public by intentionally giving signs, the case necessarily from that time on appeared in the eyes of others in a light quite different from that in which ordinary circus-tricks would appear, to which it bore such a striking external resemblance. No matter how this state of affairs may have arisen in the course of years, no matter how it might eventually be explained,--the quality of the extraordinary would necessarily attach itself to this particular case, as it did. Of course, to many persons in the interested public the result was merely that Schillings, also, was placed in the category of deceivers. On the other hand there were reputable scientists who could not dispose of the matter in that fashion, and these now openly took their stand with Schillings and declared that they believed in the horse's ability to think. Zoölogists especially, saw in von Osten's results evidence of the essential similarity between the human and the animal mind, which doctrine has been coming more and more into favor since the time of Darwin. Educators were disposed to be convinced, on account of the clever systematic method of instruction which had been used and which had not, till then, been applied in the education of a horse. In addition, there were many details which, it seemed, could not be explained in any other way. So far as I myself was concerned, I was ready to change my views with regard to the nature of animal consciousness, as soon as a careful examination would show that nothing else would explain the facts, except the assumption of the presence of conceptual thinking. I had thought out the process hypothetically, i. e., how one might conceive of the rise of number concepts and arithmetical calculation along the peculiar lines which had been followed in Hans's education, and on the basis of the assumption that the beginnings of conceptual thinking are present in animals. Also, I had too much faith in human nature to fear lest nothing peculiarly human should remain after the art of handling numbers should be shown to be common property with the lower forms. But under no circumstances would I have undertaken to make a public statement in favor of any particular view in this extraordinary case, before a thorough investigation, in accordance with scientific principles, had been made. I expressed this sentiment at the time, and recommended the appointment of an investigating commission (in the "Tag" of September 3, 1904). The purpose of this commission was misunderstood, and therefore many were disappointed with the report which it published, (Supplement II). Some had been expecting a positive conclusive explanation; the commission recommended further investigation.
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