Gabriel Tarde's L Topinion Et La Foule

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Gabriel Tarde's L Topinion Et La Foule 6 9 -1 8 ,4 7 2 EMMANUEL, Artemis, 1923- GABRIEL TARDE’S L TOPINION ET LA FOULE: A RE-EVALUATION OF ITS RELEVANCE TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF PUBLIC OPINION. The American University, Ph.D., 1969 Sociology, general University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan (C)Copyright by Artemis Emmanuel 1969 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. GABRIEL TARDE'S L'OPINION ET LA FOULE; A RE~EVALUATION*OF ITS RELEVANCE TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF PUBLIC OPINION by Artemis Emmanuel Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology Dean of the College AMERICAN uN.VLrto LIBRARY 1969 MA Y 22 1961: The American University Washington, , D..C. Washington, n. r 3 1 ^ 3 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE This study has been conceived and designed in response to current trends in sociology toward a creative re-examina­ tion of problems and perspectives formulated in earlier times and different lieus, trends stimulated and accelerated by a broader need for the continuous extending and deepening of the scope of sociological inquiry. In carrying out this study, the specific purpose and approach of which are discussed in the first two chapters, I have had the invaluable guidance and assistance of an advis­ ory committee composed of distinguished scholars, sociolo­ gists. and academic teachers. Dr. Austin Van der Slice, the Chairman, an intent student of Gabriel Tarde's work, provided generously important advice and sustained my confidence dur­ ing my .inquiry into Tarde1 s L ' Opinion et la Foule, this largely unknown text of the "forgotten sociologist." Dr. Gillian L. Gollin received enthusiastically the idea of this study, and she contributed liberally helpful direction throughout the successive stages of this work and especially in the effort to deal with the intricate question of the convergence of "classical" theory and empirical studies in public opinion research, a question which is at the center lii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. of her academic interests and research endeavors. Dr. Morris Rosenberg has greatly helped me with his stimulating teaching as well as with his instructive suggestions and enlightened judgment. Dr. Robert T. Bower, Director of the Bureau of SocxaJ Research, well-known for his contributions to the field of public opinion study, by his interest in my work and by accepting to be a member of the dissertation committee, has given me special encouragement. I am deeply indebted and immensely grateful to all. I would also like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to the prominent French scholars and sociolo­ gists, Professor Raymond Aron of the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Professor Jean Stoetzel and Professor Georges Friedmann of the Centre d ‘Etudes Sociologiques, and Professor Serge Moscovici by the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, who in answering promptly to my inquiry about Gabriel Tarde reinforced me in my aspiration to deal with and present his ideas .. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .................................................... iii Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION: THE PROBLEM ............... 1 Gabriel Tarde's L 'Opinion et la Foule: A Case of Convergence of Early Theory and Current Sociological Concerns II. THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY ...... 8 The Analysis The Assessment III. GABRIEL TARDE: THE "FORGOTTEN SOCIOLOGIST". 19 Tarde Seen through the Eyes of his Contemporaries The Provincial Magistrate Tarde's Intellectual Formation: "The Tour of the Sciences"; the Disciple of Cournot; His Own Master The "Individualist Sociologist," an International Figure Gabriel Tarde; "A Sociologist Ahead of his Time" IV. THE FIELD OF PUBLIC OPINION: A MULTI­ DISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE 55 The Pre-history of the Public Opinion Concept The Emergence of the Public Opinion Concept Early Theories of Public Opinion in the Context of Theories of the State Toward a Science of Public Opinion Toward an Inter-disciplinary Approach v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter Page V. SOCIOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF PUBLIC OPINION . 88 From "Crowd Psychology" to"Collective Behavior" Sociological Theorists of Public Opinion The Emergence of a Methodological Orientation Convergence of Theoretical and Methodolog­ ical Concerns VI. GABRIEL TARDE ON PUBLIC OPINION .............. 122 Tarde's Broader Theoretical Framework Public Opinion a Central Concern of Tarde's Sociology Gabriel Tarde's L 'Opinion et la Foule: The development of Public Opinion The Crowd and the Public: The Two Poles of Social Evolution The Emergence and Development of the Public Types of Crowds and Publics Conversation, a Factor of Public Opinion L 'Opinion et la Foule, a Work Rich in Significant Implications VI.I. SOCIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS IN TARDE ' S APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF PUBLIC OPINION . 154 Problems and Areas of Public Opinion Research Highlights Among Tarde's General Propos itions Concluding Remarks APPENDIX ................................................. 163 Opinion and the Crowd by Gabriel Tarde in an English Translation from the French First Edition Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Chapter Page BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................... 358 Books by Gabriel Tarde Articles by Gabriel Tarde Translations of Tarde1s Works Reviews and Analyses of Tarde's Works Biographical and Critical References to Gabriel Tarde Selected References on Public Opinion Research and Theory vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION; THE PROBLEM Gabriel Tarde's L 'Opinion et la Foule; A Case of Convergence of Early Theory and Current Sociological Concerns The purpose of this study is to present and to analyze a sociological theory of public opinion. The field of public opinion has not been fully explored by sociologists. Though it is receiving increasing attention, the findings derived from sociological studies have not yet been systemat­ ically coordinated or related to the findings of other social scientists, in particular political scientists and economists. A review of the literature on public opinion in various disciplines reveals that most authors ignore the views and findings developed in the "other" disciplines. A certain degree of parochialism seems to character­ ize contemporary sociology as a whole although there are positive signs of efforts to overcome this tendency. As a rule, there is little interest shown in other disci­ plines: concentrating on what is "current" research, sociolo­ gists give scanty attention to past work to the history of Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ) ? the discipline; finally, little is read of what is not writ­ ten in English. William R. Catton, Jr., referring to the first trend advocates that sociologists today should . resist the temptation to define only sociologists as the in-group, excluding contact with theories and con­ cepts from other disciplines, for history permits the conclusion: Sociological thought has sufficiently come of age so that it can afford to lower its protective intellectual tariffs.^ Paul F. Lazarsfeld's article "Public Opinion and the Classical Tradition" emphasizes the merits of considering the history of one's discipline: . If we were dealing with a field like chemistry, or any other natural science, we would be rather confi­ dent that any new phase incorporated what was of value in past work; .... In the social sciences the situa­ tion is not as simple .... First, empirical develop­ ment usually furnishes sharper conceptual tools . what was only dimly perceived before can now often be discerned with clarity, and, as a result, new implica­ tions of all sorts can be brought to light .... Secondly, the very act of inspecting this classical material brings to our attention ideas which might otherwise have been overlooked .... Because . empirical researchers are likely to be guided too much by what is a manageable topic at the moment, rather than by what is an important issue . .^ W. R. Catton, Jr., "The Development of Sociological Thought," The Handbook of Modern Sociology, ed. by Robert E. L. Faris (Chicago: Rand McNally & Co., 1964), p. 947. 2 Paul F. Lazarsfeld, "Public Opinion and the Classical Tradition," Public Opinion Quarterly, XXI (1957), 40-41. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 Everett C. Hughes also refers to both the lack of a creative consideration of the work of past sociologists and the reluctance to overcome the language barrier, We tend rather to sketchy and stereotyped knowledge of sociologists of previous generations .... The matter of language is related to our knowledge of past work, for much of it is in other languages, and we Americans, the world's linguistically most crippled of all people who claim to be scholars, are completely dependent upon the accidents of translation for whatever is written in other languages .... Still, there is in sociology today a slowly growing concern about bringing back
Recommended publications
  • Paradigm 37 Notes
    Notes for The Science of Passionate Interests: An Introduction to Gabriel Tarde’s Economic Anthropology , by Bruno Latour and Vincent Antonin Lepinay, Prickly Paradigm Press, 2009. P4 Line 6 : cost : Accessible at http://classiques.uqac.ca/ ; and more specifically, for Tarde’s text at http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/tarde_gabriel/psycho_economique_t1/psycho_eco _t1.html ;. Line 15 : importance : Our selection of passages is found on the website http://www.bruno-latour.fr/ . P5 Line 13 : economics : Only one book to our knowledge tried to show the importance of that of Tarde: Maurizio Lazzarato (2002) Puissances de l'invention : La Psychologie économique de Gabriel Tarde contre l'économie politique , Paris : Les Empêcheurs. For a deeper analysis of the influence of Tarde on Deleuze, one must refer to this work. Let us note that Clark translated several pages of Psychologie économique in his work in English: T. N. Clark (1969) Gabriel Tarde On communication and Social Influence. Selected Papers, Edited by Terry N. Clark, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. A whole issue of the publication Economy and Society was recently dedicated to Tarde and more specifically to the work in question. See the introduction by Barry, Andrew, and Nigel Thrift. 2007. « Gabriel Tarde: Imitation, Invention and Economics. » Economy and Society 36 (4):509-525. P8 First quotation : All page numbers, unless otherwise noted, are from the original version of Psychologie Economique as it appears on Gallica . All italics are the author’s. Line 22: subjectivities: As early as the article “La croyance et le désir” (“Belief and Desire”) which appeared in the Revue philosophique, a year before his first application to “La psychologie en économie politique” (“Psychology in Political Economy”) in the same journal (Volume XII, September 1881).
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Henri Lefebvre
    Understanding Henri Lefebvre Theory and the Possible Stuart Elden continuum LONDON • NEW YORK Continuum The Tower Building, 15 East 26th Street 11 York Road New York London SE1 7NX NY 10010 www.continuumbooks.com © Stuart Elden 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 0-8264-7002-5 (HB) 0-8264-7003-3 (PB) Typeset by Refinecatch Ltd, Bungay Suffolk Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Contents Acknowledgements v Introduction: Henri Lefebvre 1901-91 1 1 Rethinking Marxism 15 A new reading of Marx 15 The 'juvenile presumptions' of existentialism 19 Structuralism as the French ideology 22 Logic and dialectics 27 Applications of the dialectic 36 Alienation 39 Production 43 The Party and beyond 46 2 Engaging with philosophy 65 Beyond Marxism 65 The Philosophies group, Schelling and Hegel 67 Nietzsche against the fascists 73 Heidegger and the metaphysics of the Grand Guignol 76 Metaphilosophy 83 Descartes and literature 85 3 The critique of everyday life 110 A day in the life 111 A critique of the present 115 Festival and revolution 117 4 From the rural to the urban 127 The town and the country 129 A sack of potatoes 135 Reading rural spaces 13 7 The
    [Show full text]
  • Tarde's Idea of Quantification
    Tarde’s idea of quantification Bruno Latour To cite this version: Bruno Latour. Tarde’s idea of quantification. Candea, Matei. The Social After Gabriel Tarde: Debates and Assessments, Routledge, pp.145-162, 2010. hal-00973004 HAL Id: hal-00973004 https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00973004 Submitted on 3 Apr 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Tarde’s idea of quantification * A chapter for Mattei Candea (editor) The Social After Gabriel Tarde: Debates and Assessments Bruno Latour, Sciences Po “[Thanks to statistics] public broadsheets will be to the social world what the sensory organs are to the organic world” (Lois de l’imitation). Numbers, numbers, numbers. Sociology has been obsessed by the goal of becoming a quantitative science. Yet it has never been able to reach this goal because of what it has defined as being quantifiable within the social domain. The work of Gabriel Tarde has been resurrected for many reasons. One of them, to be sure, is an acknowledgement of the diminishing returns of “social explanations”. In my view, however, it would be wrong to limit Tarde’s contribution to the theme of the “end of the social”.i If he has become so interesting, if he is read with such great avidity today, it is also because he engaged sociology, and more generally the human sciences —history, geography, archaeology, social psychology and above all economics— with a different definition of what it is for a discipline to be quantitative.
    [Show full text]
  • Is There a French Philosophy of Technology? in Loeve, S
    Is there a french philosophy of technology ? General introduction Sacha Loeve, Xavier Guchet, Bernadette Bensaude Vincent To cite this version: Sacha Loeve, Xavier Guchet, Bernadette Bensaude Vincent. Is there a french philosophy of tech- nology ? General introduction. Sacha Loeve; Xavier Guchet; Bernadette Bensaude Vincent. French philosophy of technology. Classical readings and contemporary approaches, Springer, pp.1-20, 2018, Philosophy of engineering and technology, 978-3-319-89518-5. 10.1007/978-3-319-89518-5_1. halshs- 02013031 HAL Id: halshs-02013031 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02013031 Submitted on 9 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Loeve, S., Guchet X., & Bensaude Vincent, B. (2018). Is There a French Philosophy of Technology? In Loeve, S. Guchet X., & Bensaude Vincent, B. (eds.), French Philosophy of Technology. Classical Readings and Contemporary Approaches , Cham: Springer, pp. 1-20. Post-print version. Is There a French Philosophy of Technology? General Introduction Sacha Loeve Institut de Recherches Philosophiques de Lyon (IRPhiL) Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3, France Xavier Guchet Connaissances, Organisation et Systèmes TECHniques (COSTECH) Université de Technologie de Compiègne, France Bernadette Bensaude Vincent Centre d’Etude des Connaissances, des Techniques et des Pratiques (CETCOPRA) Université Paris 1 Panthéon – Sorbonne, France Abstract The existence of a French philosophy of technology is a matter of debate.
    [Show full text]
  • The Laws of Imitation and Invention: Gabriel Tarde and the Evolutionary Economics of Innovation Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj
    The laws of imitation and invention: Gabriel Tarde and the evolutionary economics of innovation Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj To cite this version: Faridah Djellal, Faïz Gallouj. The laws of imitation and invention: Gabriel Tarde and the evolutionary economics of innovation. 2014. halshs-00960607 HAL Id: halshs-00960607 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00960607 Preprint submitted on 18 Mar 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 The laws of imitation and invention: Gabriel Tarde and the evolutionary economics of innovation Faridah Djellal and Faïz Gallouj Clersé, and University Lille 1 Abstract Gabriel Tarde was a French sociologist and criminologist whose work is rediscovered from time to time. Economists of innovation have paid insufficient attention to an author who devoted a large part of his work to the laws of imitation and invention. The purpose of this paper is threefold. The first is to give a succinct account of these laws of imitation and invention. The second is to re-examine and extend the debates on the similarities between Schumpeter and Tarde. The third and main purpose is to examine the similarities, hitherto unexplored to the best of our knowledge, between Tarde’s work and contemporary neo- Schumpteterian and evolutionary theories.
    [Show full text]
  • Revista Café Com Sociologia
    Revista Café com Sociologia Volume 5, número 2, Mai./Agos. 2016 O CINEMA À PROVA DA OPINIÃO Heitor Benjamim Campos1 Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender a dinâmica da relação dos atores sociais com seus públicos na situação homem-cinema. Entendendo o gosto cinematográfico como um marcador de diferenças e identidades sociais, pretendo mostrar algumas experiências desse diálogo entre humanos e o cinema, problematizando as recorrências e contradições do seu consumo. Palavras-chave: Opinião. Públicos. Moralidades. Cinema. THE OPINION-PROFF CINEMA Abstract The objective of the paper is to understand the relation dynamics between the social actors and his public in a man-cinema situation. Understanding cinematic taste as a marker of difference and social identity, i intend to show some experiences about this dialogue between humans and cinema, problematising recurrences and contradictions of it’s consumption. Keywords: Opinion. Public. Morality. Cinema. Introdução André Bazin foi categórico ao mencionar o comportamento do público após a exibição do filme Le Mystère Picasso de Henri-Georges Clouzot: “os admiradores adoram ainda mais e os que não gostam de Picasso confirmam seu desprezo” (BAZIN, 1981, p. 178). E assim, o teórico francês vai tecendo sua crítica a partir dessas diferentes opiniões a respeito de uma mesma obra cinematográfica: de um lado, talvez os defensores de um realismo clássico da arte figurativa; e de 1 Doutorando em Sociologia Política pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia Política da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (PPGSP/UENF), Mestre em Sociologia Política e graduado em Ciências Sociais pela Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). E-mail: [email protected] V.5, n.
    [Show full text]
  • Theorizing Diffusion: Tarde and Sorokin Revisited
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (ASC) Annenberg School for Communication 11-1999 Theorizing Diffusion: Tarde and Sorokin Revisited Elihu Katz University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Katz, E. (1999). Theorizing Diffusion: Tarde and Sorokin Revisited. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 566 (1), 144-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271629956600112 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/272 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Theorizing Diffusion: Tarde and Sorokin Revisited Abstract This article is a call for volunteers to stand on the shoulders of Gabriel Tarde and Pitirim Sorokin, who dared to theorize the process of diffusion over a wide variety of disciplines. While all of the social sciences and humanities regularly produce case studies of diffusion, theorizing seems paralyzed. This paralysis stems from the ostensible incommensurability of diffusing items; their refusal to hold still in transit; the complexity of their interactions with the cultures, social structures, and media systems in which potential adopters are embedded; the difficulty ofeconciling r voluntary action and external imposition; and the lack of a disciplinary home. Disciplines Communication | Social and Behavioral Sciences This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/272 Theorizing Diffusion: Tarde and Sorokin Revisited By ELIHU KATZ ABSTRACT: This article is a call for volunteers to stand on the shoulders of Gabriel Tarde and Pitirim Sorokin, who dared to theorize the process of diffusion over a wide variety of disciplines.
    [Show full text]
  • Gabriel Tarde and the End of the Social Bruno Latour, in Patrick Joyce (Edited By) the Social in Question
    Gabriel Tarde and the End of the Social Bruno Latour, in Patrick Joyce (edited by) The Social in Question. New Bearings in History and the Social Sciences, Routledge, London, pp.117-132. « Le caractère bizarre et grimaçant de la réalité, visiblement déchirée de guerres intestines suivies de boiteuses transactions, suppose la multiplicité des agents du monde. » a) Monadologie et sociologie, p. 93 « Au fond de on , en cherchant bien nous ne trouverons jamais qu’un certain nombre de ils et de elles qui se sont brouillés et confondus en se multipliant. » Les lois sociales, p.61 b) In order to contribute to this volume on the “social and its problems”, I could have talked about what is known as “actor network theory”, or ANT, a deliberate attempt at terminating the use of the word “social” in social theory to replace it with the word “association”.1 But I have decided to share with the readers the good news that ANT actually has a forefather, namely Gabriel Tarde, and that, far from being marginalised orphans in social theory, our pet theory benefits from a respectable pedigree. As is written in the official history of the discipline, Tarde, at the turn of the former century, was the major figure of sociology in France, professor at the 1 For a review of recent discussions, see (Law et Hassard, 1999). 82- Tarde and the problems of the social 2 Collège de France, the author of innumerable books, whereas Durkheim was, at the time, a younger, less successful upstart teaching in the province.2 But a few years later, the situation had been completely reversed and Durkheim became the main representant of a scientific discipline of sociology while Tarde had been evacuated in the prestigious but irrelevant position of mere “precursor” —and not a very good one at that, since he had been for ever branded with the sin of ‘psychologism’ and ‘spiritualism’.
    [Show full text]
  • Crowd Psychology and American Culture, 1890-1940
    "Mental Epidemics": Crowd Psychology and American Culture, 1890-1940 Eugene E. Leach In 1900, disillusioned with high-powered newspaper work and weary of cities, progressive journalist Ray Stannard Baker quit New York and fled to Arizona. Going west to find himself was a gesture of affiliation sanctified by both national myth and his family folklore of pioneer stock ancestry and his father's move west to start over after failing in business. But the Arizona deserts had no power to heal him. In his memoirs he recounted a moment of reckoning with the omnipotence of crowds: he could not forget the congestion that lay just beyond the horizon. For better or worse, to him America was epitomized by suffocating New York: What a different world I knew from that of my ancestors! They had the wilderness, I had crowds. I found teeming, josding, restless cities; I found immense smoking, roaring industries; I found a labyrinth of tangled communication. I found hugeness and evil.1 Baker decided that learning to navigate this world of crowds would be "the prime test" of the modern citizen. E. A. Ross had a grimmer and more intellectualized encounter with crowds. In 1894, he jotted down "thirty-three distinct means by which society controls its members" in a list that became twenty American Journal of Sociology articles and the popular book Social Control (1901).2 Ross' work grew from his assumption, shared with Frederick Jackson Turner, that the closing of the frontier would 0026-3079/92/3301 -005$ 1.50/0 5 inaugurate a difficult new epoch for America.
    [Show full text]
  • French Sociology at the Turn of the 21St Century
    GLOBAL DIALOGUE French Sociology at the Turn of the 21st Century Bruno Cousin and Didier Demazière by Bruno Cousin, University of Lille 1, France, Member of ISA Research Committee on Regional and Urban Development (RC21) and Didier Demazière, CNRS and Sciences Po, Paris, France En ligne: http://isa-global-dialogue.net/french-sociology-at-the-turn-of-the-21st-century/ 2014, September Neither French sociology as a field, nor the sociological profession as it is practiced in France, have been systematically studied as sociological objects. Although other disciplines such as philosophy and economics have been the focus of numerous analyses (for instance those developed on economists by Frédéric Lebaron and Marion Fourcade), there is no overall examination of our own discipline as a national field. However, we have several monographs or biographies on sociologists considered among the most creative, intellectually speaking, and/or important organizational figures: for example, Georges Friedmann and Georges Gurvitch who, although largely unknown by non-francophone readers today, played key roles in establishing sociology within French academia in the post-war era, drawing links between the students of Émile Durkheim (Marcel Mauss, Maurice Halbwachs) and the cohorts that followed. Moreover, there are also many autobiographical pieces, ego-histories or auto-analyses by some of the most influential French sociologists of the last half-century: Raymond Aron, Georges Balandier, Luc Boltanski, Pierre Bourdieu, Michel Crozier, François Dubet, Henri Lefebvre, Henri Mendras, Edgar Morin, Pierre Naville, Gérard Noiriel and Dominique Schnapper, among others. Together with less formal statements and reflections by other colleagues, the official histories of certain departments and research centers, and our direct observations, these references allow us to sketch in broad strokes the general evolution of French Sociology over the past few decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Sociological Research in France
    Sociological Research in France As a science of human social facts and groups, sociology aims to comprehend and explain the impact of society on human thinking and behavior. The wide variety of sociology’s applications make it a major force in contemporary research in the humanities and social sciences. French sociologists—whose work often extends into or overlaps with disciplines such as philosophy, anthropology, and ethnology—have achieved international renown. Prominent examples include Marcel Mauss, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Raymond Aron, Pierre Bourdieu, Edgard Morin, René Girard, Michel Crozier… The term “sociology” acquired its modern meaning from the work of Auguste Comte (Système de politique positive, ou Traité de sociologie, instituant la religion de l’humanité , 1851–54), who is considered one of the founding fathers of the new discipline. Comte conceived of sociology as a discipline having as its main objective the discovery of the laws of social and historical evolution . As a science no less exact than physics or chemistry, sociology was also destined to become a modern philosophy reflecting its new stature in the contemporary world. Auguste Comte influenced the great English sociologist Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), who also conceived of sociology as a positive science based on the methodical collection and analysis of observed facts and taking as its chief objective the study of the evolution of societies. Comte’s influence was less important in Germany than in England, and the word “sociology” did not take hold there until the end of the nineteenth century, with the work of Max Weber (1864–1920). In the minds of the founding German sociologists, sociology was not destined to become a substitute for philosophy.
    [Show full text]
  • Mile Durkheim Between Gabriel Tarde and Arnold Van Gennep: Founding
    BJØRN THOMASSEN Emile´ Durkheim between Gabriel Tarde and Arnold van Gennep: founding moments of sociology and anthropology This article will situate Durkheim’s work by revisiting two debates that influenced his attempt to define and give direction to sociology and anthropology: the debates between Durkheim and Gabriel Tarde and the debates between Durkheim and Arnold van Gennep. The battle between Tarde and Durkheim has in recent years been the object of several conferences and publications. This has happened alongside a much needed Tarde revival in sociology. However, Tarde was only one of Durkheim’s opponents. For a long period, following Tarde’s death in 1904, Arnold van Gennep represented the strongest critique of Durkheim’s project. This ‘debate’ is little known among anthropologists and social scientists. The aim of this article is to situate Durkheim and the birth of the social sciences in France between both of these two figures. The aim is therefore also to bring together two disciplinary debates that for too long have been kept artificially separate in our understanding of Durkheim as ‘founding father’ of both anthropology and sociology. Arnold van Gennep and Gabriel Tarde opposed Durkheim independently from the perspectives of anthropology and sociology, but also from what can be reconstructed as a shared ‘philosophy’ of relevance still today. The article will discuss how so, and will highlight the convergences between the critiques of Durkheim offered by Tarde and van Gennep. Key words anthropological theory, Arnold van Gennep,
    [Show full text]