DOCSLIB.ORG

United States Flag: 1777 – 1795 13 States Variafons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
United States Flag: 1777 – 1795 13 States Variafons United States Flag: 1777 – 1795 13 states Variaons The various states had overlapping territorial claims. Between 1784 and 1802 the states cede their claims to the Congress. The Congress sets the rules for new States: no slavery north of the Ohio River; and new States must have a minimum of 60,000 people United States at the beginning of of George Washington’s first term as President Ill defined borders with Bri7sh North America and Spanish West Florida 1790 census: 3,893,635 Whites: 3,140,207 Free Blacks: 59,150 Slaves: 694,280 2010 census: 308,745,538 Ethnicity of Free Populaon: 50% English Scosh, Scots-Irish, Irish, German, Dutch, Swedish, Welsh, and French Popular Vote: Washington: 38,818 100% George Washington with 69 electoral votes is elected President; John Adams with 34 electoral votes is elected Vice President The Cabinet and Federal Execu7ve Department of State 15 September 1789 Department of the Treasury 2 September 1789 Department of War 12 September 1789 – 18 September 1947 (merged into the new Department of Defense in 1947) Office of Adorney General 24 September 1789 Presidency of George Washington (now part of the Department of 30 April 1789 – 4 March 1797 Jus7ce created in 1870) Congress creates 7tle of President as the name of the chief execu7ve Post Office Department Judiciary Act 20 February 1792 – 12 August 1970 of 1789 creates the Supreme Vermont: 14th state 1791 Court and the Kentucky: 15th state 1792 federal judiciary Tennessee: 16th state 1796 Foreign & Economic Policy during the Washington Presidency The United States ini7ally supported the French Revolu7on un7l it turned Against people who supported the American Revolu7on. The U.S. supported France in its opposi7on to the Hai7an revolt. Jefferson and the Democrac Republicans supported France in its wars against its neighbours. Hamilton and the Federalists favoured neutrality and good relaons with Great Britain. France meddled in domes7c poli7cs to gain support. Washington declares American neutrality. France not pleased and starts seizing American shipping. Jay Treaty of 1793 sedled issues between the U.S. and the U.K. and prevented war. Spain followed with treaty sedling the boundary with Thomas Jefferson Florida. France saw it as U.S. alliance Secretary of State with U.K. and con7nues harassing American shipping. Washington Advocates neutrality. Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton favoured the creaon of a central bank to establish financial order in the United States and to establish domes7c and foreign credit in the new country. Jefferson and Madison felt it favoured northern merchants, hurt southern agricultural interests, and was uncons7tu7onal. Washington sided with Hamilton, and the Bank of the United States was established. The Tariff Act of 1789 raises revenue for the new federal government to pay Federal debts and the Revolu7onary war debts of the states and previous Naonal government. Southern states resisted as they had paid war debts. In compromise, the South got the naonal capital. Popular Vote: Washington: 13,332 100% George Washington with 133 electoral votes is elected President; John Adams with 77 electoral votes is elected Vice President Thomas Pinckney (Federalist): 59 electoral votes Aaron Burr (Dem.-Rep.): 30 electoral votes Samuel Adams (Dem.-Rep.): 15 electoral votes Oliver Ellsworth (Federalist): 11 electoral votes Seven Others (both par7es): 22 electoral votes Popular Vote: John Adams (Federalist) with Adams: 35,726 53.4% 71 electoral votes is Jefferson 31,115 46.6% elected President; Thomas Jefferson (Democrac Republican) with 68 electoral votes is elected Vice President John Adams Federalist 2nd President of the United States: 4 March 1797 – 4 March 1801 Adams supported Jay’s Treaty despite opposi7on from Jefferson. Naval Act of 1794: The United States lacked a navy. The Congress during the Washington presidency approved creang a navy. Six frigates were ordered. The U.S.S. United States (Philadelphia): 10 May 1797 – 1861 (abandoned) The U.S.S. Constellaon (Bal7more) : 7 September 1797 – 1853 (decommissioned) The U.S.S. Cons7tu7on (Boston): 21 October 1797 – Ac7ve Service, USN Flag Ship The U.S.S. Congress (Portsmouth): 15 August 1799 – 1834 9decommissioned) The U.S.S. Chesapeake (Gosport, Va): 2 December 1799 – 1813 (captured) The U.S.S. President (New York City): 10 April 1800 – 1815 (captured) Naturalizaon Act required 14 years residency for ci7zenship. Alien Friends and Aliens Enemies Act allowed the President to deport foreigners deemed dangerous to the country. Sedi7on Act made it a crime to publish false, scandalous and malicious wri7ng government officials. The acts were designed to quiet the divisiveness in the U.S. over extremely bad relaons with France. The acts expired in 1801. Judiciary Act of 1801 created the Appeals Courts a new layer of the federal judiciary between the circuit courts and the Supreme Court. John Marshall was named Chief Jus7ce in 1801 and serviced un7l 1835. Thomas Jefferson Democrac-Republican 2nd Vice President of the United States: 4 March 1797 – 4 March 1801 Elec7on decided by the House of Representaves since Jefferson and Burr each received 73 electoral Votes. Burr becomes Vice President Thomas Jefferson (Dem-Rep) with 73 electoral votes is elected President Thomas Jefferson (Dem-Rep): 73 Aaron Burr (Dem-Rep): 73 John Adams (Fed) with John Adams (Fed): 65 65 electoral votes Charles Pinckney (Fed): 64 John Jay (Fed): 1 Popular Vote Jefferson: 41,330 Adams: 25,952 Presidency of Thomas Jefferson Eliminated all taxes except customs revenues Decreased the military spending, cung much of the Navy as unnecessary; felt that civilians could defend the country like they did during the Revolu7on; Barbery Piracy in the Mediterranean made this difficult Established the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802 Established the current Army Corps of Engineers in 1802 Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Napoleon acquired Louisiana from Spain in 1801. He closed New Orleans to American shipping. Jefferson made a deal to buy Louisiana for $15 million. When Jefferson delayed the purchase, Napoleon suggested that the U.K. might be interested. Jefferson quickly got Senate approval. Purchase made on 12 April 1803. 883,000 square miles or 2,286,793 square kilometres. Lewis & Clark expedi7on to explore the new territory, 1804 – 1806 Florida and Hai7: Jefferson refused to recognize the newly independent Hai7 hoping to influence Napoleon in regards to Florida. Spain refused to sell. Thomas Jefferson Democrac-Republican Slave Trade banned. In January 1808 Jefferson signed into law an act banning rd 3 President of the United States: the importaon of slaves, extending the Cons7tu7onal ban permanently 4 March 1801 – 4 March 1809 beyond 1808. Slave importaon dropped from 14,000 per year legally to about 1000 per year illegally aer 1808. Embargo Act of 1807: Jefferson cuts off all American shipping to the U.K. and th Ohio: 17 state 1803 France to force them to accept American neutrality. It does not work. New England merchants turn to smuggling. Jefferson’s presidency unravels, and he does not seek a third term. Thomas Jefferson Democrac Republican Jefferson: 104,110 votes 72.8% Pinckney: 38,919 votes 27.2% Charles C. Pinckney Federalist Twelph Amendment of the Cons7tu7on (rafied 15 June 1804): Changed the elec7on of the President so that each elector casts a vote for President and Vice President rather than two votes for President which led to cons7tu7onal issues in the 1796 and 1800 elec7ons. This created the system of presiden7al/vice presiden7al 7ckets precluding the elec7on of a President and Vice President from opposing par7es as was the case in 1796. James Madison Democrac-Republican Charles Pinckney Federalist James Madison (Dem-Rep) 124,732 votes 64.7% Charles Pinckney (Fed) 62,431 votes 32.4% James Monroe (Dem-Rep) 4,848 votes 2.5% The Embargo Act of 1807 was a major elec7on issue allowing the Federalists carry most of New England Presidency of James Madison Allowed First Bank of the United States to expire; veto first effort to establish the Second Bank of United States Lack of a central bank made financing the War of 1812 difficult Established Second Bank of the United States in 1816 in response to poor financing in the War of 1812 Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 replaced the Embargo Act of 1807; it prevented trade with the United Kingdom and France only as an aempt to harm the economies of those countries Indian Policy: Madison was sought to integrate southern First Naons into American society; General Andrew Jackson was opposed to this policy in favour of white sedlement James Madison War of 1812 causes Democrac-Republican Great Britain was raiding American ships and impressing their crews into the th 4 President of the United States: Royal Navy 4 March 1809 – 4 March 1817 The Royal Navy was preven7ng American ships from trading with France The Bri7sh in Upper Canada (modern-day Ontario were arming the First Naons of the Northwest Territories Declaraon of War Louisiana: 18th state 1812 1 June 1812: Madison asks Congress for declaraon of war Indiana: 19th state 1816 4 June 1812: House of Representaves votes in favour of war, 79-49 18 June 1812: Senate votes in favour of war, 19-13 May 1812: Bri7sh reverse policy on shipping seizures; News reaches the United States too late James Madison Democrac-Republican DeWid Clinton Federalist James Madison (Dem-Rep) 140,431 votes 50.4% DeWid Clinton (Fed) 132,781votes 47.6% Rufus Rufus King (Fed) 5,574 votes 2.0% King The War of 1812 was the campaign issue. An7-war Federalists won in New England, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. Pro-war Democrac-Republicans prevailed in the South and the new inland states. War of 1812 1. Bale of Fort Detroit; Bri7sh-Canadian victory, July 1812, U.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • December 2017.Pdf
    MILITARY SEA SERVICES MUSEUM, INC. SEA SERVICES SCUTTLEBUTT December 2017 A message from the President Greetings, The year 2017 was another good year for the Museum. Thanks to our Member's dues, a substantial contribution from our most generous member and contributions from a couple of local patriotic organizations, we will end the year financially sound and feeling confident that we will be able to make any emergency repairs and continue to make improvements to the Museum. As reported in previous Scuttlebutts, most of our major projects have been completed. Our upgraded security system with motion activated cameras inside the Museum and outside the shed John Cecil should be completed this month. The construction of a concrete structure for the mid-1600s British Admiralty Cannon should be completed early next year. I hope everyone has a Merry Christmas and a New Year that is happy, healthy and prosperous. On this Christmas day let's all say a prayer for our troops that can't be home with families and loved ones. They are doing a great job of preventing the spread of terrorism and protecting our freedoms. Please say a prayer for their safe return home. John Military Sea Services entry in Sebring's 2017 Veteran's Day Parade The construction on Fred Carino's boat was done by Fred and his brother Chris. The replica of the bow ornament was done by Mary Anne Lamorte and her granddaughter Dominique Juliano. Military Sea Services Museum Hours of Operation 1402 Roseland Avenue, Sebring, Open: Thursday through Saturday Florida, 33870 Phone: (863) 385-0992 Noon to 4:00 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • If by Sea: the Forging of the American Navy—From
    Humanities & Communication - Daytona Beach College of Arts & Sciences 11-2010 Book Reviews: If by Sea: The Forging of the American Navy—From the American Revolution to the War of 1812; The Age of the Ship of the Line: The British & French Navies, 1650-1815; Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy Robert M. Oxley Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/db-humanities Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Scholarly Commons Citation Oxley, R. M. (2010). Book Reviews: If by Sea: The Forging of the American Navy—From the American Revolution to the War of 1812; The Age of the Ship of the Line: The British & French Navies, 1650-1815; Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy. The Mariner’s Mirror: The International Journal of the Society of Nautical Research, 96(4). Retrieved from https://commons.erau.edu/db- humanities/6 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Sciences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Humanities & Communication - Daytona Beach by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IF BY SEA: The Forging of the American Navy—From the American Revolution to the War of 1812. By GEORGE C. DAUGHAN New York: Basic Books, 2008 563 pages, with maps, glossary, notes, bibliography, and index ISBN 978-0-465-01607-5 THE AGE OF THE SHIP OF THE LINE: The British & French Navies, 1650-1815.
    [Show full text]
  • Remembering the USS Chesapeake: the Politics of Maritime Death And
    Montclair State University Montclair State University Digital Commons Department of History Faculty Scholarship and Department of History Creative Works 2005 Remembering the USS Chesapeake: The olitP ics of Maritime Death and Impressment Robert E. Cray Montclair State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/history-facpubs Part of the United States History Commons MSU Digital Commons Citation Cray, Robert E., "Remembering the USS Chesapeake: The oP litics of Maritime Death and Impressment" (2005). Department of History Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works. 6. https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/history-facpubs/6 Published Citation Cray, Robert E. "Remembering the USS Chesapeake: The oP litics of Maritime Death and Impressment." Journal of the Early Republic 25, no. 3 (2005): 445-74. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30043338. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at Montclair State University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of History Faculty Scholarship and Creative Works by an authorized administrator of Montclair State University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Remembering the USS Chesapeake The Politics of Maritime Death and Impressment ROBERT E. CRAY, JR. On June 27, 1807, several thousand mourners assembled in Norfolk, Virginia, to witness Robert MacDonald’s internment. An ordi- nary mariner, MacDonald belonged to a class of maritime laborers, peo- ple who hoisted sails, stored cargoes, swabbed decks, and followed orders. Dead sailors normally rated scant attention and modest funerals when they died ashore, while death at sea meant burial over the side.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas Wilkey Journal on Board the U.S.S. Delaware LCP.Wilkey
    Thomas Wilkey journal on board the U.S.S. Delaware LCP.Wilkey This finding aid was produced using the Archivists' Toolkit September 22, 2014 Describing Archives: A Content Standard Library Company of Philadelphia 2012 March 10 Thomas Wilkey journal on board the U.S.S. Delaware LCP.Wilkey Table of Contents Summary Information ................................................................................................................................. 3 Biographical/Historical note.......................................................................................................................... 4 Scope and Contents note............................................................................................................................... 4 Administrative Information .........................................................................................................................5 Related Materials ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Controlled Access Headings..........................................................................................................................5 Collection Inventory...................................................................................................................................... 7 - Page 2 - Thomas Wilkey journal on board the U.S.S. Delaware LCP.Wilkey Summary Information Repository Library Company of Philadelphia Creator Wilkey, Thomas Title Thomas Wilkey journal
    [Show full text]
  • Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck Sites Annual Report 2009 (April 2009 - March 2010)
    Department for Culture, Media and Sport Architecture and Historic Environment Division Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck Sites Annual Report 2009 (April 2009 - March 2010) Compiled by English Heritage for the Advisory Committee on Historic Wreck Sites. Text was also contributed by Cadw, Historic Scotland and the Environment and Heritage Service, Northern Ireland. s e vi a D n i t r a M © Contents ZONE ONE – Wreck Site Maps and Introduction UK Designated Shipwrecks Map ......................................................................................3 Scheduled and Listed Wreck Sites Map ..........................................................................4 Military Sites Map .................................................................................................................5 Foreword: Tom Hassall, ACHWS Chair ..........................................................................6 ZONE TWO – Case Studies on Protected Wreck Sites The Swash Channel, by Dave Parham and Paola Palma .....................................................................................8 Archiving the Historic Shipwreck Site of HMS Invincible, by Brandon Mason ............................................................................................................ 10 Recovery and Research of the Northumberland’s Chain Pump, by Daniel Pascoe ............................................................................................................... 14 Colossus Stores Ship? No! A Warship Being Lost? by Todd Stevens ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright Lore
    Copyright Notices | June 2005 Copyright Lore ¤ Frank Evina Preserved in the Library of Congress Rare Book tries made by Charles Clinton during this period, and Special Collections Division are the copyright it is evident that he possessed an artistic flair and record books maintained by the clerks of the U. S. an appreciation for calligraphy. District Courts prior to 1870. These historic handwritten volumes include close to 150,000 registrations made in 44 separate judicial dis- tricts before the copyright registration and deposit system was centralized in the Library of Congress in 1870. One of the most unusual District Court copyright entries appears on page 23 of volume 132 from the state of New York. On Dec. 22, 1813, Charles Clinton, District Court clerk for the Southern District of New York, entered a copy- right claim in the name of marine artist and cal- ligrapher George Godsell Thresher (1780–1857) for etchings of a famous naval battle fought dur- ing the War of 1812. What makes this entry unique is that, in ad- dition to the basic registration information, freehand drawings depict the copyright deposit, a work of art recording the engagement between the two great battle ships USS United States and HMS Macedonian. A notation at the bottom of the entry states that the “Above Etchings were taken from the only Drawings on board the United States, and belonging to Commodore Decatur, and approved of as being a correct and accurate representation.” The USS United States was a 44-gun frigate built in Philadelphia in 1797. It defeated the 38- gun frigate HMS Macedonian on Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Navy Ships-Of-The-Line
    U.S. Navy – Ships-of-the-line A Frigate vs A Ship-of-the-Line: What’s the difference? FRIGATE: A vessel of war which is: 1) “ship” rigged, i.e. – with at least three masts (fore, main, & mizzen) & each mast carries the horizontal yards from which the principle sails are set; 2) this “ship-rigged vessel of war” is a FRIGATE because it has one covered, principle gun deck – USS Constitution is therefore a FRIGATE by class (illus. left) SHIP-OF-THE-LINE: A vessel of war which is: 1) “ship” rigged (see above); 2) this “ship-rigged vessel of war” is a SHIP-OF-THE-LINE because it has two or more covered gun decks – HMS Victory is therefore a SHIP-OF-THE-LINE by class (illus. right) HMS Victory (1765); 100+ guns; 820 officers Constitution preparing to battle Guerriere, & crew; oldest commissioned warship in the M.F. Corne, 1812 – PEM Coll. world, permanently dry docked in England Pg. 1 NMM Coll. An Act, 2 January 1813 – for the construction of the U.S. Navy’s first Ships-of-the-line USS Independence was the first ship-of-the-line launched for the USN from the Boston (Charlestown) Navy Yard on 22 June 1814: While rated for 74-guns, Independence was armed with 87 guns when she was launched. USS Washington was launched at the Portsmouth Navy Yard, 1 October 1814 USS Pennsylvania – largest sailing warship built for the USN USS Pennsylvania – rated for 136 guns on three covered gun decks + guns on her upper (spar) deck – the largest sailing warship ever built.
    [Show full text]
  • SEA8 Techrep Mar Arch.Pdf
    SEA8 Technical Report – Marine Archaeological Heritage ______________________________________________________________ Report prepared by: Maritime Archaeology Ltd Room W1/95 National Oceanography Centre Empress Dock Southampton SO14 3ZH © Maritime Archaeology Ltd In conjunction with: Dr Nic Flemming Sheets Heath, Benwell Road Brookwood, Surrey GU23 OEN This document was produced as part of the UK Department of Trade and Industry's offshore energy Strategic Environmental Assessment programme. The SEA programme is funded and managed by the DTI and coordinated on their behalf by Geotek Ltd and Hartley Anderson Ltd. © Crown Copyright, all rights reserved Document Authorisation Name Position Details Signature/ Initial Date J. Jansen van Project Officer Checked Final Copy J.J.V.R 16 April 07 Rensburg G. Momber Project Specialist Checked Final Copy GM 18 April 07 J. Satchell Project Manager Authorised final J.S 23 April 07 Copy Maritime Archaeology Ltd Project No 1770 2 Room W1/95, National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, Southampton. SO14 3ZH. www.maritimearchaeology.co.uk SEA8 Technical Report – Marine Archaeological Heritage ______________________________________________________________ Contents I LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................5 II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................7 1. NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY................................................................................8 1.1
    [Show full text]
  • Mission: History Studiorum Historiam Praemium Est
    N a v a l O r d e r o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s – S a n F r a n c i s c o C o m m a n d e r y Mission: History Studiorum Historiam Praemium Est Volume 2, Number 1 HHHHHH 3 January 2000 1911: Naval Aviation is Born on San Francisco Bay; Aeroplane Lands on, Takes Off from Pennsylvania Feat Im presses Congress – $25,000 Voted to Develop Navy Aeroplane Program SAN FRANCISCO, Jan. 18, 1911-- Eugene Ely, an aviator in the employ of Glenn H. Curtiss, maker of aeroplanes, today landed a flying machine upon a makeshift platform built on USS Penn- sylvania, which was riding at anchor on San Francisco Bay. After discussing his feat with offi- cials and naval officers on board the armored cruiser, Ely climbed on his aeroplane and calmly took off from the ship, landing safely on Crissy Field at THE LANDING SYSTEM HAD IT ALL. The arresting cables were attached to 50-pound sandbags the Army’s Presidio of San Francisco. which were held off the deck by two longitudinal rails. The C urtiss D-IV airplane had a tailhook — i actually several tailhooks — to snag the cables. At the forward end of the “flight deck,” a canvas Ely’s feat might be called the first barrier was stretched to protect the ship’s superstructure in case the airplane didn’t stop. carrier operation. And though the previ- ous November he took off from a tem- 1944: Japs Splash Pappy – Marine Ace, Wingman porary platform built on the bow of the cruiser USS Birmingham, then in Shot Down over Slot While Leading Raid on Rabaul Hampton Roads, Va., the San Francisco When Marine Corps fighter squad- months later.
    [Show full text]
  • A British Perspective on the War of 1812 by Andrew Lambert
    A British Perspective on the War of 1812 by Andrew Lambert The War of 1812 has been referred to as a victorious “Second A decade of American complaints and economic restrictions action. Finally, on January 14th 1815 the American flagship, the rights and impressment. By accepting these terms the Americans War for Independence,” and used to define Canadian identity, only served to convince the British that Jefferson and Madison big 44 gun frigate USS President commanded by Stephen Decatur, acknowledged the complete failure of the war to achieve any of but the British only remember 1812 as the year Napoleon were pro-French, and violently anti-British. Consequently, was hunted down and defeated off Sandy Hook by HMS their strategic or political aims. Once the treaty had been marched to Moscow. This is not surprising. In British eyes, when America finally declared war, she had very few friends Endymion. The American flagship became signed, on Christmas Eve 1814, the the conflict with America was an annoying sideshow. The in Britain. Many remembered the War of Independence, some HMS President, a name that still graces the list British returned the focus to Europe. Americans had stabbed them in the back while they, the had lost fathers or brothers in the fighting; others were the of Her Majesty’s Fleet. The war at sea had British, were busy fighting a total war against the French sons of Loyalists driven from their homes. turned against America, the U.S. Navy had The wisdom of their decision soon Empire, directed by their most inveterate enemy.
    [Show full text]
  • March 2009 ICS Ad-8.5X11-Alabama 3/10/09 1:24 PM Page 1
    THE OFFICIAL MAGAZINE A L A B A M A OF THE ALABAMA STATE PORT AUTHORITY SEAPORT MarCH 2009 ICS ad-8.5x11-Alabama 3/10/09 1:24 PM Page 1 Alabama Seaport PuBlishED continuOuSly since 1927 • marCh 2009 On The Cover: an aerial view of the progress of the Pinto Island Steel Terminal shot march 2. governor Bob riley and representatives from Thyssenkrupp Steel toured the facility in February. 4 8 Alabama State Port Authority P.O. Box 1588, Mobile, Alabama 36633, USA Contents P: 251.441.7200 • F: 251.441.7216 • asdd.com alabama governor Surveys Progress at new Pinto Island Terminal ........4 James K. Lyons, Director, CEO Larry R. Downs, Secretary-Treasurer/CFO Flanagan Steps up as Interim Port Police Chief .........................................7 EXECutiVE a global Investment in mobile and the Port: PErsonnEl Charles F. Sleeman, Manager P: 251.441.7209 Introducing global Stainless Steel Corporation ............................................8 FinanCial SerVICes hispanic-american association Seeks to Strengthen Community .........10 Larry Downs, Secretary/Treasurer 251.441.7050 Linda K. Paaymans, Vice President 251.441.7036 Port Calls: alabama Coastal Birding Trail ................................................. 12 COmptrOllEr Pete Dranka 251.441.7057 Information TechnOlOgy Stan Hurston, Manager 251.441.7017 at the helm: austal uSa ................................................................................16 human Resources Danny Barnett, Manager 251.441.7004 made in alabama: alabama river Pulp marks 30 years of Operation ......18 Risk
    [Show full text]
  • The United States Navy Looks at Its African American Crewmen, 1755-1955
    “MANY OF THEM ARE AMONG MY BEST MEN”: THE UNITED STATES NAVY LOOKS AT ITS AFRICAN AMERICAN CREWMEN, 1755-1955 by MICHAEL SHAWN DAVIS B.A., Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 1991 M.A., Kansas State University, 1995 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2011 Abstract Historians of the integration of the American military and African American military participation have argued that the post-World War II period was the critical period for the integration of the U.S. Navy. This dissertation argues that World War II was “the” critical period for the integration of the Navy because, in addition to forcing the Navy to change its racial policy, the war altered the Navy’s attitudes towards its African American personnel. African Americans have a long history in the U.S. Navy. In the period between the French and Indian War and the Civil War, African Americans served in the Navy because whites would not. This is especially true of the peacetime service, where conditions, pay, and discipline dissuaded most whites from enlisting. During the Civil War, a substantial number of escaped slaves and other African Americans served. Reliance on racially integrated crews survived beyond the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, only to succumb to the principle of “separate but equal,” validated by the Supreme Court in the Plessy case (1896). As racial segregation took hold and the era of “Jim Crow” began, the Navy separated the races, a task completed by the time America entered World War I.
    [Show full text]