United States Flag: 1777 – 1795 13 states
Varia ons The various states had overlapping territorial claims.
Between 1784 and 1802 the states cede their claims to the Congress.
The Congress sets the rules for new States: no slavery north of the Ohio River; and new States must have a minimum of 60,000 people United States at the beginning of of George Washington’s first term as President
Ill defined borders with Bri sh North America and Spanish West Florida
1790 census: 3,893,635
Whites: 3,140,207 Free Blacks: 59,150 Slaves: 694,280
2010 census: 308,745,538
Ethnicity of Free Popula on: 50% English Sco sh, Scots-Irish, Irish, German, Dutch, Swedish, Welsh, and French Popular Vote: Washington: 38,818 100%
George Washington with 69 electoral votes is elected President; John Adams with 34 electoral votes is elected Vice President The Cabinet and Federal Execu ve
Department of State 15 September 1789
Department of the Treasury 2 September 1789
Department of War 12 September 1789 – 18 September 1947 (merged into the new Department of Defense in 1947)
Office of A orney General 24 September 1789 Presidency of George Washington (now part of the Department of 30 April 1789 – 4 March 1797 Jus ce created in 1870) Congress creates tle of President as the name of the chief execu ve Post Office Department Judiciary Act 20 February 1792 – 12 August 1970 of 1789 creates
the Supreme Vermont: 14th state 1791 Court and the Kentucky: 15th state 1792 federal judiciary Tennessee: 16th state 1796 Foreign & Economic Policy during the Washington Presidency The United States ini ally supported the French Revolu on un l it turned Against people who supported the American Revolu on. The U.S. supported France in its opposi on to the Hai an revolt.
Jefferson and the Democra c Republicans supported France in its wars against its neighbours. Hamilton and the Federalists favoured neutrality and good rela ons with Great Britain. France meddled in domes c poli cs to gain support. Washington declares American neutrality. France not pleased and starts seizing American shipping. Jay Treaty of 1793 se led issues between the U.S. and the U.K. and prevented war. Spain followed with treaty se ling the boundary with Thomas Jefferson Florida. France saw it as U.S. alliance Secretary of State with U.K. and con nues harassing American shipping. Washington Advocates neutrality. Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton favoured the crea on of a central bank to establish financial order in the United States and to establish domes c and foreign credit in the new country. Jefferson and Madison felt it favoured northern merchants, hurt southern agricultural interests, and was uncons tu onal. Washington sided with Hamilton, and the Bank of the United States was established.
The Tariff Act of 1789 raises revenue for the new federal government to pay Federal debts and the Revolu onary war debts of the states and previous Na onal government. Southern states resisted as they had paid war debts. In compromise, the South got the na onal capital. Popular Vote: Washington: 13,332 100%
George Washington with 133 electoral votes is elected President; John Adams with 77 electoral votes is elected Vice President Thomas Pinckney (Federalist): 59 electoral votes Aaron Burr (Dem.-Rep.): 30 electoral votes Samuel Adams (Dem.-Rep.): 15 electoral votes Oliver Ellsworth (Federalist): 11 electoral votes Seven Others (both par es): 22 electoral votes
Popular Vote: John Adams (Federalist) with Adams: 35,726 53.4% 71 electoral votes is Jefferson 31,115 46.6% elected President; Thomas Jefferson (Democra c Republican) with 68 electoral votes is elected Vice President John Adams Federalist 2nd President of the United States: 4 March 1797 – 4 March 1801
Adams supported Jay’s Treaty despite opposi on from Jefferson.
Naval Act of 1794: The United States lacked a navy. The Congress during the Washington presidency approved crea ng a navy. Six frigates were ordered. The U.S.S. United States (Philadelphia): 10 May 1797 – 1861 (abandoned) The U.S.S. Constella on (Bal more) : 7 September 1797 – 1853 (decommissioned) The U.S.S. Cons tu on (Boston): 21 October 1797 – Ac ve Service, USN Flag Ship The U.S.S. Congress (Portsmouth): 15 August 1799 – 1834 9decommissioned) The U.S.S. Chesapeake (Gosport, Va): 2 December 1799 – 1813 (captured) The U.S.S. President (New York City): 10 April 1800 – 1815 (captured)
Naturaliza on Act required 14 years residency for ci zenship. Alien Friends and Aliens Enemies Act allowed the President to deport foreigners deemed dangerous to the country. Sedi on Act made it a crime to publish false, scandalous and malicious wri ng government officials. The acts were designed to quiet the divisiveness in the U.S. over extremely bad rela ons with France. The acts expired in 1801.
Judiciary Act of 1801 created the Appeals Courts a new layer of the federal judiciary between the circuit courts and the Supreme Court. John Marshall was named Chief Jus ce in 1801 and serviced un l 1835. Thomas Jefferson Democra c-Republican 2nd Vice President of the United States: 4 March 1797 – 4 March 1801
Elec on decided by the House of Representa ves since Jefferson and Burr each received 73 electoral Votes. Burr becomes Vice President
Thomas Jefferson (Dem-Rep) with 73 electoral votes is elected President
Thomas Jefferson (Dem-Rep): 73 Aaron Burr (Dem-Rep): 73 John Adams (Fed) with John Adams (Fed): 65 65 electoral votes Charles Pinckney (Fed): 64 John Jay (Fed): 1
Popular Vote Jefferson: 41,330 Adams: 25,952 Presidency of Thomas Jefferson
Eliminated all taxes except customs revenues Decreased the military spending, cu ng much of the Navy as unnecessary; felt that civilians could defend the country like they did during the Revolu on; Barbery Piracy in the Mediterranean made this difficult Established the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802 Established the current Army Corps of Engineers in 1802
Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Napoleon acquired Louisiana from Spain in 1801. He closed New Orleans to American shipping. Jefferson made a deal to buy Louisiana for $15 million. When Jefferson delayed the purchase, Napoleon suggested that the U.K. might be interested. Jefferson quickly got Senate approval. Purchase made on 12 April 1803. 883,000 square miles or 2,286,793 square kilometres. Lewis & Clark expedi on to explore the new territory, 1804 – 1806
Florida and Hai : Jefferson refused to recognize the newly independent Hai hoping to influence Napoleon in regards to Florida. Spain refused to sell. Thomas Jefferson Democra c-Republican Slave Trade banned. In January 1808 Jefferson signed into law an act banning rd 3 President of the United States: the importa on of slaves, extending the Cons tu onal ban permanently 4 March 1801 – 4 March 1809 beyond 1808. Slave importa on dropped from 14,000 per year legally to about 1000 per year illegally a er 1808.
Embargo Act of 1807: Jefferson cuts off all American shipping to the U.K. and th Ohio: 17 state 1803 France to force them to accept American neutrality. It does not work. New England merchants turn to smuggling. Jefferson’s presidency unravels, and he does not seek a third term. Thomas Jefferson Democra c Republican
Jefferson: 104,110 votes 72.8% Pinckney: 38,919 votes 27.2% Charles C. Pinckney Federalist
Twel h Amendment of the Cons tu on (ra fied 15 June 1804): Changed the elec on of the President so that each elector casts a vote for President and Vice President rather than two votes for President which led to cons tu onal issues in the 1796 and 1800 elec ons. This created the system of presiden al/vice presiden al ckets precluding the elec on of a President and Vice President from opposing par es as was the case in 1796. James Madison Democra c-Republican
Charles Pinckney Federalist
James Madison (Dem-Rep) 124,732 votes 64.7% Charles Pinckney (Fed) 62,431 votes 32.4% James Monroe (Dem-Rep) 4,848 votes 2.5%
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a major elec on issue allowing the Federalists carry most of New England Presidency of James Madison
Allowed First Bank of the United States to expire; veto first effort to establish the Second Bank of United States Lack of a central bank made financing the War of 1812 difficult Established Second Bank of the United States in 1816 in response to poor financing in the War of 1812
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 replaced the Embargo Act of 1807; it prevented trade with the United Kingdom and France only as an a empt to harm the economies of those countries
Indian Policy: Madison was sought to integrate southern First Na ons into American society; General Andrew Jackson was opposed to this policy in favour of white se lement
James Madison War of 1812 causes Democra c-Republican Great Britain was raiding American ships and impressing their crews into the th 4 President of the United States: Royal Navy 4 March 1809 – 4 March 1817 The Royal Navy was preven ng American ships from trading with France The Bri sh in Upper Canada (modern-day Ontario were arming the First Na ons of the Northwest Territories
Declara on of War Louisiana: 18th state 1812 1 June 1812: Madison asks Congress for declara on of war Indiana: 19th state 1816 4 June 1812: House of Representa ves votes in favour of war, 79-49 18 June 1812: Senate votes in favour of war, 19-13
May 1812: Bri sh reverse policy on shipping seizures; News reaches the United States too late James Madison Democra c-Republican
DeWi Clinton Federalist
James Madison (Dem-Rep) 140,431 votes 50.4% DeWi Clinton (Fed) 132,781votes 47.6% Rufus Rufus King (Fed) 5,574 votes 2.0% King
The War of 1812 was the campaign issue. An -war Federalists won in New England, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. Pro-war Democra c-Republicans prevailed in the South and the new inland states. War of 1812
1. Ba le of Fort Detroit; Bri sh-Canadian victory, July 1812, U.S. lost Michigan 4a 1a. Ba le of Queenston Heights, Upper Canada; 13 Oct 1812, Bri sh- Canadian victory 2. Ba le of York (Toronto), Upper 1a Canada, 27 April 1813, American 4b victory, York burned 3. Ba le of Lake Erie, 10 October 1813, American victory; U.S. seizes Bri sh 2 ship, 2 brigs, 1 schooner, 1 sloop 4. Ba le of the Thames, Upper Canada, 5 October 1813, American victory 4a. Ba le of Chrysler’s Farm, 11 November 1813, decisive Bri sh- Canadian victory 4b. Ba le of Lundy’s Lane, Upper Canada, 25 July 1814, Bri sh-Canadian victory 5. Ba le of Washington, 24 August 1814, Bri sh burn public building only – the White House, the Capitol, the Treasury, and Navy Yard 6. Ba le of Lake Champlain, 6 – 11 September 1811, Naval and Land, American victory: U.S. seizes 1 frigate, 1 brig, 2 sloops White House
Bri sh burn public buildings in the District of Columbia in retalia on for the burning York
The Capitol Naval Ac vity during the War of 1812
Royal Navy North American Squadron (based in Halifax, Nova Sco a) 1 ship of the line 7 frigates 9 sloops and brigs 5 schooners
United States Navy 8 frigates 14 sloops and brigs numerous privateers
Bri sh blockade the East Coast ports to prevent trade effec vely closing Significant sea ba les and captures American trade except For New England merchants U.S.S. Cons tu on defeats H.M.S. Guerriere on 19 August 1812 who were permi ed by the U.S.S. United States captures the H.M.S. Macedonian on 19 August 1812 Bri sh. U.S.S. Cons tu on defeats the H.M.S. Java on 29 December 1812 off Bahia, Brazil H.M.S. Shannon captures the U.S.S. Chesapeake on 1 June 1813 off Boston, taken to Halifax H.M.S. Pelican captures the U.S.S. Argus on 14 August 1813 off St. David’s, Wales H.M.S. Phoebe and H.M.S. Cherub capture the U.S.S. Essex 28 March 1814 off Valparaiso, Chile H.M.S. Endymion, H.M.S. Pomone and H.M.S. Tenedos capture the U.S.S. President on 13 December 1814 outside New York Harbour, taken to Bermuda War of 1812
7. Ba le of Bal more, 12 – 15 September 1814, American victory (Fort McHenry, Star Spangled Banner) 8. Ba le of Horseshoe Bend, 27 March 1814, American & First Na ons victory 1a over Red S ck Creek First Na on 4b 9. Ba le of Pensacola, Spanish Florida, 7 – 9 November 1814, American victory over Bri sh and Spanish 10. Ba le of New Orleans, 8 January 1815, decisive American victory over Bri sh a empt to seize Louisiana Territory
Treaty of Ghent 24 December 1814 Ra fied by Congress 17 February 1815 Status Quo Ante: no real changes U.S. was able to keep West Florida
Har ord Conven on 1814 - 1815 New England (Federalist) opposi on to the war led to a conven on in Har ord to make demands for cons tu on changes or Secession for the Union with a separate Peace treaty with Britain. New England wanted good trade links with the Bri sh. The peace treaty ended the conven on. James Monroe Democra c-Republican
Rufus King Federalist
James Monroe (Dem-Rep) 76,592 votes 68.2% Rufus King (Fed) 34,740 votes 30.9%
The War of 1812 was the dominant issue of the elec on. While the war had been ended in January 1815, the Democra c-Republicans were seen as bringing the war to its conclusion. The Federalists were discredited because of the Har ord Conven on. United States Flag: 1795 – 1818 15 states