United States Flag: 1777 – 1795 13 states

Variaons The various states had overlapping territorial claims.

Between 1784 and 1802 the states cede their claims to the Congress.

The Congress sets the rules for new States: no slavery north of the Ohio River; and new States must have a minimum of 60,000 people United States at the beginning of of George ’s first term as President

Ill defined borders with Brish North and Spanish West Florida

1790 census: 3,893,635

Whites: 3,140,207 Free Blacks: 59,150 Slaves: 694,280

2010 census: 308,745,538

Ethnicity of Free Populaon: 50% English Scosh, Scots-Irish, Irish, German, Dutch, Swedish, Welsh, and French Popular Vote: Washington: 38,818 100%

George Washington with 69 electoral votes is elected President; with 34 electoral votes is elected Vice President The Cabinet and Federal Execuve

Department of State 15 September 1789

Department of the Treasury 2 September 1789

Department of War 12 September 1789 – 18 September 1947 (merged into the new Department of Defense in 1947)

Office of Aorney General 24 September 1789 Presidency of (now part of the Department of 30 April 1789 – 4 March 1797 Jusce created in 1870) Congress creates tle of President as the name of the chief execuve Post Office Department Judiciary Act 20 February 1792 – 12 August 1970 of 1789 creates

the Supreme Vermont: 14th state 1791 Court and the Kentucky: 15th state 1792 federal judiciary Tennessee: 16th state 1796 Foreign & Economic Policy during the Washington Presidency The United States inially supported the French Revoluon unl it turned Against people who supported the American Revoluon. The U.S. supported France in its opposion to the Haian revolt.

Jefferson and the Democrac Republicans supported France in its wars against its neighbours. Hamilton and the Federalists favoured neutrality and good relaons with Great Britain. France meddled in domesc polics to gain support. Washington declares American neutrality. France not pleased and starts seizing American shipping. Jay Treaty of 1793 seled issues between the U.S. and the U.K. and prevented war. Spain followed with treaty seling the boundary with Thomas Jefferson Florida. France saw it as U.S. alliance Secretary of State with U.K. and connues harassing American shipping. Washington Advocates neutrality. Alexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton favoured the creaon of a central bank to establish financial order in the United States and to establish domesc and foreign credit in the new country. Jefferson and Madison felt it favoured northern merchants, hurt southern agricultural interests, and was unconstuonal. Washington sided with Hamilton, and the Bank of the United States was established.

The Tariff Act of 1789 raises revenue for the new federal government to pay Federal debts and the Revoluonary war debts of the states and previous Naonal government. Southern states resisted as they had paid war debts. In compromise, the South got the naonal capital. Popular Vote: Washington: 13,332 100%

George Washington with 133 electoral votes is elected President; John Adams with 77 electoral votes is elected Vice President Thomas Pinckney (Federalist): 59 electoral votes Aaron Burr (Dem.-Rep.): 30 electoral votes Samuel Adams (Dem.-Rep.): 15 electoral votes (Federalist): 11 electoral votes Seven Others (both pares): 22 electoral votes

Popular Vote: John Adams (Federalist) with Adams: 35,726 53.4% 71 electoral votes is Jefferson 31,115 46.6% elected President; Thomas Jefferson (Democrac Republican) with 68 electoral votes is elected Vice President John Adams Federalist 2nd President of the United States: 4 March 1797 – 4 March 1801

Adams supported Jay’s Treaty despite opposion from Jefferson.

Naval Act of 1794: The United States lacked a navy. The Congress during the Washington presidency approved creang a navy. Six were ordered. The U.S.S. United States (Philadelphia): 10 May 1797 – 1861 (abandoned) The U.S.S. Constellaon (Balmore) : 7 September 1797 – 1853 (decommissioned) The U.S.S. Constuon (Boston): 21 October 1797 – Acve Service, USN Flag Ship The U.S.S. Congress (Portsmouth): 15 August 1799 – 1834 9decommissioned) The U.S.S. Chesapeake (Gosport, Va): 2 December 1799 – 1813 (captured) The U.S.S. President (New York City): 10 April 1800 – 1815 (captured)

Naturalizaon Act required 14 years residency for cizenship. Alien Friends and Aliens Enemies Act allowed the President to deport foreigners deemed dangerous to the country. Sedion Act made it a crime to publish false, scandalous and malicious wring government officials. The acts were designed to quiet the divisiveness in the U.S. over extremely bad relaons with France. The acts expired in 1801.

Judiciary Act of 1801 created the Appeals Courts a new layer of the federal judiciary between the circuit courts and the Supreme Court. John Marshall was named Chief Jusce in 1801 and serviced unl 1835. Thomas Jefferson Democrac-Republican 2nd Vice President of the United States: 4 March 1797 – 4 March 1801

Elecon decided by the House of Representaves since Jefferson and Burr each received 73 electoral Votes. Burr becomes Vice President

Thomas Jefferson (Dem-Rep) with 73 electoral votes is elected President

Thomas Jefferson (Dem-Rep): 73 Aaron Burr (Dem-Rep): 73 John Adams (Fed) with John Adams (Fed): 65 65 electoral votes Charles Pinckney (Fed): 64 John Jay (Fed): 1

Popular Vote Jefferson: 41,330 Adams: 25,952 Presidency of Thomas Jefferson

Eliminated all taxes except customs revenues Decreased the military spending, cung much of the Navy as unnecessary; felt that civilians could defend the country like they did during the Revoluon; Barbery Piracy in the Mediterranean made this difficult Established the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1802 Established the current Army Corps of Engineers in 1802

Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Napoleon acquired Louisiana from Spain in 1801. He closed New Orleans to American shipping. Jefferson made a deal to buy Louisiana for $15 million. When Jefferson delayed the purchase, Napoleon suggested that the U.K. might be interested. Jefferson quickly got Senate approval. Purchase made on 12 April 1803. 883,000 square miles or 2,286,793 square kilometres. Lewis & Clark expedion to explore the new territory, 1804 – 1806

Florida and Hai: Jefferson refused to recognize the newly independent Hai hoping to influence Napoleon in regards to Florida. Spain refused to sell. Thomas Jefferson Democrac-Republican Slave Trade banned. In January 1808 Jefferson signed into law an act banning rd 3 President of the United States: the importaon of slaves, extending the Constuonal ban permanently 4 March 1801 – 4 March 1809 beyond 1808. Slave importaon dropped from 14,000 per year legally to about 1000 per year illegally aer 1808.

Embargo Act of 1807: Jefferson cuts off all American shipping to the U.K. and th Ohio: 17 state 1803 France to force them to accept American neutrality. It does not work. New England merchants turn to smuggling. Jefferson’s presidency unravels, and he does not seek a third term. Thomas Jefferson Democrac Republican

Jefferson: 104,110 votes 72.8% Pinckney: 38,919 votes 27.2% Charles C. Pinckney Federalist

Twelh Amendment of the Constuon (rafied 15 June 1804): Changed the elecon of the President so that each elector casts a vote for President and Vice President rather than two votes for President which led to constuonal issues in the 1796 and 1800 elecons. This created the system of presidenal/vice presidenal ckets precluding the elecon of a President and Vice President from opposing pares as was the case in 1796. Democrac-Republican

Charles Pinckney Federalist

James Madison (Dem-Rep) 124,732 votes 64.7% Charles Pinckney (Fed) 62,431 votes 32.4% James Monroe (Dem-Rep) 4,848 votes 2.5%

The Embargo Act of 1807 was a major elecon issue allowing the Federalists carry most of New England Presidency of James Madison

Allowed First Bank of the United States to expire; veto first effort to establish the Second Bank of United States Lack of a central bank made financing the difficult Established Second Bank of the United States in 1816 in response to poor financing in the War of 1812

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 replaced the Embargo Act of 1807; it prevented trade with the United Kingdom and France only as an aempt to harm the economies of those countries

Indian Policy: Madison was sought to integrate southern First Naons into American society; General Andrew Jackson was opposed to this policy in favour of white selement

James Madison War of 1812 causes Democrac-Republican Great Britain was raiding American ships and impressing their crews into the th 4 President of the United States: 4 March 1809 – 4 March 1817 The Royal Navy was prevenng American ships from trading with France The Brish in Upper Canada (modern-day Ontario were arming the First Naons of the Northwest Territories

Declaraon of War Louisiana: 18th state 1812 1 June 1812: Madison asks Congress for declaraon of war Indiana: 19th state 1816 4 June 1812: House of Representaves votes in favour of war, 79-49 18 June 1812: Senate votes in favour of war, 19-13

May 1812: Brish reverse policy on shipping seizures; News reaches the United States too late James Madison Democrac-Republican

DeWi Clinton Federalist

James Madison (Dem-Rep) 140,431 votes 50.4% DeWi Clinton (Fed) 132,781votes 47.6% Rufus Rufus King (Fed) 5,574 votes 2.0% King

The War of 1812 was the campaign issue. An-war Federalists won in New England, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. Pro-war Democrac-Republicans prevailed in the South and the new inland states. War of 1812

1. Bale of Fort Detroit; Brish-Canadian victory, July 1812, U.S. lost Michigan 4a 1a. Bale of Queenston Heights, Upper Canada; 13 Oct 1812, Brish- Canadian victory 2. Bale of York (Toronto), Upper 1a Canada, 27 April 1813, American 4b victory, York burned 3. Bale of Lake Erie, 10 October 1813, American victory; U.S. seizes Brish 2 ship, 2 , 1 , 1 sloop 4. Bale of the Thames, Upper Canada, 5 October 1813, American victory 4a. Bale of Chrysler’s Farm, 11 November 1813, decisive Brish- Canadian victory 4b. Bale of Lundy’s Lane, Upper Canada, 25 July 1814, Brish-Canadian victory 5. Bale of Washington, 24 August 1814, Brish burn public building only – the White House, the Capitol, the Treasury, and Navy Yard 6. Bale of Lake Champlain, 6 – 11 September 1811, Naval and Land, American victory: U.S. seizes 1 , 1 , 2 sloops White House

Brish burn public buildings in the District of Columbia in retaliaon for the burning York

The Capitol Naval Acvity during the War of 1812

Royal Navy North American Squadron (based in Halifax, Nova Scoa) 1 7 frigates 9 sloops and brigs 5

United States Navy 8 frigates 14 sloops and brigs numerous

Brish blockade the East Coast ports to prevent trade effecvely closing Significant sea bales and captures American trade except For New England merchants U.S.S. Constuon defeats H.M.S. Guerriere on 19 August 1812 who were permied by the U.S.S. United States captures the H.M.S. Macedonian on 19 August 1812 Brish. U.S.S. Constuon defeats the H.M.S. Java on 29 December 1812 off Bahia, Brazil H.M.S. Shannon captures the U.S.S. Chesapeake on 1 June 1813 off Boston, taken to Halifax H.M.S. Pelican captures the U.S.S. Argus on 14 August 1813 off St. David’s, Wales H.M.S. Phoebe and H.M.S. Cherub capture the U.S.S. Essex 28 March 1814 off Valparaiso, Chile H.M.S. Endymion, H.M.S. Pomone and H.M.S. Tenedos capture the U.S.S. President on 13 December 1814 outside New York Harbour, taken to War of 1812

7. Bale of Balmore, 12 – 15 September 1814, American victory (Fort McHenry, Star Spangled Banner) 8. Bale of Horseshoe Bend, 27 March 1814, American & First Naons victory 1a over Red Sck Creek First Naon 4b 9. Bale of Pensacola, Spanish Florida, 7 – 9 November 1814, American victory over Brish and Spanish 10. Bale of New Orleans, 8 January 1815, decisive American victory over Brish aempt to seize Louisiana Territory

Treaty of Ghent 24 December 1814 Rafied by Congress 17 February 1815 Status Quo Ante: no real changes U.S. was able to keep West Florida

Harord Convenon 1814 - 1815 New England (Federalist) opposion to the war led to a convenon in Harord to make demands for constuon changes or Secession for the Union with a separate Peace treaty with Britain. New England wanted good trade links with the Brish. The peace treaty ended the convenon. James Monroe Democrac-Republican

Rufus King Federalist

James Monroe (Dem-Rep) 76,592 votes 68.2% Rufus King (Fed) 34,740 votes 30.9%

The War of 1812 was the dominant issue of the elecon. While the war had been ended in January 1815, the Democrac-Republicans were seen as bringing the war to its conclusion. The Federalists were discredited because of the Harord Convenon. United States Flag: 1795 – 1818 15 states