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The Cup-And-Ring Marks and Similar Sculptures of South-Western Scotland: a Survey

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The Cup-And-Ring Marks and Similar Sculptures of South-Western Scotland: a Survey THE CUP-AND-RING MARKS AND SIMILAR SCULPTURES OF SOUTH-WESTERN SCOTLAND: A SURVEY . MORRISB . W . bR y , F.S.A.SGOT. and DOUGLA . SBAILEYC , F.S.A.SCOT. MUCH has been written in the past on Scotland's prehistoric sculpturings. But, apart from one or two very informative articles,1 the writings have generally been abou particulaa t r generao sit n r sites eo d an ,l list seem havo st e been e madth f eo sites in south-western Scotland since the eight sites then known in the area were included in the Scottish list in these Proceedings in 1881-2.2 The list given below covers over a hundred and fifty sites, apart from the items listed in the Museums of the area. At least one personal visit has been made to practically every site in the list. In thi joinsa t visi severar (o t l such visits) have been r Bailemad M d mysely yeb an f [R.W.B.M.] to a number of sites, Mr Bailey has dealt with many of the items 74 to remainine th liste d th 13an , n 2i g items were covere. me y db FIG. i. Old Kilpatrick Parish, Dunbartonshire. Distribution of sites 'Fixed— I ' sites, includin t leasa cup-and-ringe on t r spirao g l (numbe f siteo r s shown ni circle) 2—• One cup-and-ring-marked, or spiral-marked stone moved here or hence 3— 'Fixed' site - cup-marks (or dumb-bells) only cup-markee 4—On dumb-bell-markedr (o d ) stone moved her r henceo e Jamer 1Si s Simpson's monograph formin 147-page gth e appendi P.S.A.S.,o xt vi (1856-6 stils )i l perhaps beste th . 2 P.S.A.S., xvi (1881-2). 79 , 150 CUP-AND-RING . SCOTLANMARKSW F O S D 15! The survey covers the counties of Ayr, Arran and Bute, Dumfries, Dunbarton5 Lanark, Kirkcudbright, Renfre d Wigtownwan . Wherever available 'standard details' have been noted about eac markss hit sitd I have.an e tabulated thesed an , they forme 'bonese dth ' from whic lise htth which follow mades complete swa Th . e tables, however, have been deposited wite Nationath h l Monuments Recort a d 52-54 Melville Street, Edinburg . Theh3 available yar e ther inspectior efo d nan will shortly be published elsewhere.1 e completth n I e table followine th s g informatio s beeha nn tabulate r eacdfo h site where it could be found: the type, number, maximum diameter, maximum depth, and angle to horizontal of each set of marks; the measurements, height above sea-level distancd an , e fro coase m th eacf o t h site kine th countr;f do outlood yan k (or view t had)i not,a whaf eo t artifacts (if any) wer whethed e an foun , it t rda furthe r excavatio s suggesteni s likelda produco yt e more marks. Used statistically these table briny t somsma g ou e interesting facts, suc thoss ha e mentioned belowt i d an ; is hoped that thehely ypma eve verna y littl solvinn ei enigme gth thesf ao e cups- and-ring questioe th s- n 'why were they made?' Some sites or stones previously known to exist have been found to be turf-covered, completely worn away, partly-covered, lost, removed, now with further marks bared, or even (in a few cases) erroneously described. Major discrepancies of this kind are noted in the list, but where facts could not be checked (for example where a site had been turfed over or a stone lost) the old description has been accepted as correct and has been show list y italin i m . n cGeneralli y speaking, sites whic separatee har y db more than about 25 yds. are classed as separate, and stones nearer than that are listed as one item. Throughout the list 'fixed' sites (as defined below), such as rock outcrops, which have marks more complex than simple cup r dumb-bellso s onla y( dumb-bel courseof lis, thina , g lik double-cupea showare ) smalnin l capital letters. Fro informatioe mth gatherer fa o ns d some facts see emergemo t same Th .e facts may not, of course, be true for other areas but it may be of interest to look into this. The facts given below refer only to marks on sites which could not possibly have been moved about - such as rock outcrops - and they do not refer to stones in buildings, on cist-lids, standing stones and the like. What follows does not refer, either, to simple cup-marks and dumb-bells unaccompanied by other marks. So in working facte th st whicou h follow, only cup-and-ring mark spirald an s 'fixedn o s ' sitef o s this typ thin ei s par Scotlanf o t d have been taken into account. As an example of what the 'standard details' bring out about these fixed sites in this area, it is noticed that none is less than 50 ft. above sea-level.2 Only three are higher than 1000 ft., but, being late discoveries, they do not appear in fig. 6. Their average distanc halfa mila d s ,i ean althouga e se fro e m th Kirkcudbright n hi - shire there are sites as far as nineteen miles from the coast. 1 Trans. Am. Man. Soc., (1967), forthcoming. P.S.A.S.,n I 2 xxix (1894-5) articln a n cups-and-ringi n eo 8 6 , s ther mentiones ei d incidentall foota s ya - not discovere eth somf yo e cups-and-rings 'on rocks below high-water-mark' islane onth d ofKirkcude fth - bright coast known as 'Little Ross' (No. 78 on the list which follows). No more information is given; and no marks could be found and no information about these could be obtained locally either at the time of the survey of the Royal Commission on Ancient Monuments in 1911 or on a visit in 1965. '52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66 The vast majority are on south-facing parts of the coastal belt. Every site except abou hasx si t , either fro site mth e itsel r frofo m within 10 magnificena 0 , ydsit f o . t view, for miles, which in three cases out of four includes the sea. Only one site has reall vieo yn t walla . Althoug hnumbea tope hillsiden rockf th o so sitef n e o ro y sar r sprominenceo s a few feet above field level, only four sites are on hilltops. FIG . Distributio2 . sitee th sf no covere survee th y dyb (Nos . d 13excluded)e 182an ar . 1—4 have the same meanings as in fig. i (see p. 150) CUP-AND-RING MARKS OF SW. SCOTLAND 153 Quite a number of sites take the form of a rather altar-like rock, perhaps level with the hillside at one part, and having a level top which makes it jut out from the hill until it ends in a near-vertical edge. The marks are always on the near-horizontal surface when the rock is of this shape.1 The average angle to the horizontal of all FIG . Whithor3 . n Peninsula, Wigtownshire. Distributio sitesf no . 1-4 have the same meanings as in fig. i surfaces bearing mark onls degrees n marko swa yte n d s an ,wer e foun surfacen do s angln a t morf a eo e than forty-five degree horizontae th o st l (fig. 7) . A great many marks hav groovea e running fro centrae ringr mo th p . cu lThis , whethe straighs i t ri r curvedo t , doubl r single ebrevity'o r fo s i , s sake often calleda 'radial groove' in the list. Some marks have several radial grooves running outwards in different directions. These radial grooves generally, but not always, run downhill. P.S.A.S.,n 1I (1895-6)x xx ther 5 drawina 20 s ,e i roca f t Greenlangko a , Dunbartonshirda e (No0 3 . in the list which follows) which shows a cup-and-ring mark on a vertical surface. But although all the other mark thin so s roc clear e vera kar n yo , careful examinatio n 196ni traco 5n thif eo s mark coul founde db . 154 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1964-66 In not a single case have any artifacts - pottery fragments, Stone-Age or Bronze- Ag other eo r associated materia ever piley o bonesf nl- an s o , been found besidy ean fixed cup-and-rin publishee g th site f r reporteo o , y dan accountn di e sitef th so n si area which I have seen - except in the case of the Cleuch stone in Renfrewshire, where a quartz scraper was found. Although quite a few sites are near a standing 1 stone megalithia , c tom Neolithia r bo c cairn signo n , dwelling-placef so r humaso n habitation are recorded as having been found close to any site. Spirals are quite rare in south-western Scotland. They have been found only as follows - in Ayrshire at Blackshaw (three spirals) and Coilsfield (now lost), in FIG . Anwot4 . Kirkmabrecd han k Parishe Peninsulad san . Distributio sitesf no . 1-4 have the same meanings as in fig. i Dumfriesshire at Hollows Tower (now probably plastered over), in Dunbartonshire at Greenland i, and in Wigtownshire at Gallows Outon, Knock i, Balcraig (New England field) and North Balfern.
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