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Crop Protection Compendium report - Plum pox virus (sharka) Page 1 of 24 Crop Protection Compendium Selected sections for: Plum pox virus (sharka) Identity Taxonomic Tree Summary of Invasiveness Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Description Distribution Distribution Table Risk of Introduction Habitat List Hosts/Species Affected Host Plants and Other Plants Affected Growth Stages Symptoms List of Symptoms/Signs Biology and Ecology Air Temperature Rainfall Means of Movement and Dispersal Pathway Vectors Plant Trade Impact Impact: Economic Impact: Environmental Impact: Social Risk and Impact Factors Detection and Inspection Prevention and Control References Contributors Images Datasheet Type(s): Pest Identity Preferred Scientific Name Plum pox virus Preferred Common Name sharka Other Scientific Names Annulus pruni plum pox potyvirus Prunus virus 7 Sharka virus International Common Names English acronym PPV English peach sharka, pox disease of plum, sharka disease of plum French variole du prunier Local Common Names Germany Aprikose, Aprikose, Pfirsich Scharka-Virus: Pflaume, Pfirsich Scharka-Virus, Scharka-Krankheit, scharkakrankheit der pflaume Italy Vaiolatura delle drupacee, Vaiolatura delle drupacee EPPO code PPV000 (Plum pox potyvirus) Taxonomic Tree Domain: Virus Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses" http://www.cabi.org/cpc/DatasheetDetailsReports.aspx?&iSectionId=110*0/141*0/23*0/122*0/103*0/13... 9/30/2011 Crop Protection Compendium report - Plum pox virus (sharka) Page 2 of 24 Group: "RNA viruses" Family: Potyviridae Genus: Potyvirus Species: Plum pox virus Summary of Invasiveness Plum pox virus disease (Sharka) is one of the most destructive diseases of stone fruits. The causal agent, Plum pox virus (PPV) is easily transmitted by many aphid species in a non-persistent manner, by manmade grafting (nursery trade), and has a very wide host range among Prunus species. Infected plants may not show symptoms for several months and symptoms are often transient in appearance. The disease symptoms are often mistaken for other maladies and the virus can become established before the first recognition of the disease. Although spread is difficult to control within a local area because of aphid vectors, the long distance spread can be controlled by strict quarantine regulations and use of virus-free certified nursery stock. Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Strains of Plum pox virus (PPV) were originally distinguished (necrotic, intermediate, yellow) on the basis of symptoms induced in herbaceous indicator plants. Kerlan and Dunez (1979) then serologically differentiated D (Dideron) and M (Markus) types, the former on apricot (Prunus armeniaca) in France and the latter originally on peach (Prunus persica) in Greece. Bousalem et al. (1994) have examined 28 PPV isolates from 11 countries and found that they could be consistently grouped into two major types (D and M) using three techniques: electrophoretic mobility of coat protein; antigenic properties of the N and C regions of coat protein; and the presence of a specific restriction site in the C-terminal region of the coat protein. The El Amar strain from Egypt is distinct from the other two strains on the basis of divergences in RNA sequence (Wetzel et al., 1991a). The cherry strain, termed PPV-C (Cherry), has been found to infect sweet (Prunus avium) and sour cherry trees (Prunus cerasus) in Italy, Moldova, Bulgaria and Hungary (Crescenzi et al., 1994, 1995, 1997; Kalashyan et al., 1994; Kölber et al., 1998; Nemchinov and Hadidi, 1996; Nemchinov et al., 1995, 1996, 1998a, c; Topchiiska, 1991, 1996). This strain is significantly different from other strains of PPV in biological, serological and molecular properties. A fifth strain of PPV, termed PPV-W (W3174 - Winona), was identified in Canada (James et al., 2003; James and Varga, 2005). The plant containing this strain was destroyed. A sixth strain of PPV termed PPV- Rec, is a stable recombinant consisting of D and M strain recombinants with a common phylogenetic link (Glasa et al., 2002, 2004). It has been reported from several European countries, many times having been incorrectly identified as PPV-M. Within these strains, individual isolates can vary in the severity of symptoms they induce. For example, a strain of the M type was reported from France in the 1980s, which is very aggressive and necrogenic on peach (Candresse et al., 1993). The necrogenic strain involved has been referred to as PPV-SP and was further characterized by Adamolle et al. (1994). Currently, PPV is divided into six subgroups or serotypes or strains: PPV-D, PPV-M, PPV-El Amar, PPV-C, PPV-W, and PPV- Rec (Candresse and Cambra, 2006; James and Glasa, 2006). A virus that infects Prunus spp. in eastern Asia and named Asian prunus latent virus (APLV) has been reported to cross react with PPV antiserum (Hadidi and Levy, 1994; Hari et al., 1995; James et al., 1996). This virus was detected in North America in quarantined peach and Prunus mume (Japanese apricot) germplasm imported from eastern Asia. It can be distinguished from PPV using certain specific DNA primers, but cross-reacts in other tests. Similarly, another virus in Moldova that infects stone fruits, Apricot latent virus (ALV), has recently been reported to cross-react with PPV antiserum, but can be distinguished from PPV in PCR and other assays (Nemchinov and Hadidi, 1998b). The exact taxonomy of APLV and ALV is presently undetermined. http://www.cabi.org/cpc/DatasheetDetailsReports.aspx?&iSectionId=110*0/141*0/23*0/122*0/103*0/13... 9/30/2011 Crop Protection Compendium report - Plum pox virus (sharka) Page 3 of 24 Description PPV has filamentous virus particles 750 nm long and 15 nm in diameter. It has a single-stranded RNA genome with a MW of 3.5 x 106 Da. Protein inclusions, of the pinwheel type, are present in the cytoplasm of infected cells (Salvador et al., 2006). Different RNAs from PPV have been cloned (Ravelonandro et al., 1988) and the complete or partial nucleotide sequences of several virus isolates have been determined (Maiss et al., 1989; Teycheney et al., 1989; Wetzel et al., 1991a; Cervera et al., 1993; Garcia et al., 1994; Nemchinov et al., 1996, 1998b). Recently several additional sequences have been submitted to Genbank (National Center for Biotechnology Information: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Sequence differences among PPV strains have been detected and seem to be spread in a uniform manner on the genome (Palkovics et al., 1995). Genome function in PPV is now increasingly understood, and this virus is now a model for studies on the molecular biology of potyviruses (García et al., 1994). Distribution PPV was first detected in eastern Europe (Bulgaria) (Atanassov, 1932) from where it has spread to most countries of the continent (OEPP/EPPO, 2006). Until 1992, no occurrence had been reported from outside the Euro-Mediterranean area. A report on finding PPV in India (Thakur et al., 1994) has not yet been confirmed. PPV was detected in Chile in 1992 (Herrera, 1994; Rosales et al., 1998), the USA in 1999 (Levy et al., 2000; ProMED, 2006; Snover-Clift et al., 2007), Canada in 2000 (Thompson et al., 2001), China in 2004 (Navratil et al., 2005) and Argentina in 2005 (Dal Zotto et al., 2006). PPV is present or has occurred in almost all European countries to varying degrees. Roy and Smith (1994) distinguished three zones: the central and eastern countries in which PPV spread relatively early and infection levels are generally high (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine); the Mediterranean countries in which spread is more recent and there is a high risk of further spread (Albania, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Syria, Turkey); and the northern and western countries in which levels of PPV are very uneven (fairly widespread in Austria, Germany and the UK (England), very localized in Belgium and Luxembourg, localized in France, eradicated in Denmark, Netherlands and Switzerland. PPV has been found in several areas of Russia although mainly in botanical gardens, research institutions and a few farms. (See CABI/EPPO Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases: 1998, 1999, 2007.) Distribution Table The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further information may be available for individual references and this is displayed in the Distribution Table Details report which can be selected in the Report tab of the datasheet. Last First Country Distribution Origin Invasive References Notes Reported Reported ASIA Azerbaijan Absent, EPPO, 2009 unreliable record China Present, few EPPO, 2009; Navratil et occurrences al., 2005; CABI/EPPO, 2007 http://www.cabi.org/cpc/DatasheetDetailsReports.aspx?&iSectionId=110*0/141*0/23*0/122*0/103*0/13... 9/30/2011 Crop Protection Compendium report - Plum pox virus (sharka) Page 4 of 24 -Hunan Present, few EPPO, 2009; occurrences CABI/EPPO, 2007 Georgia Absent, formerly EPPO, 2009 (Republic of) present India Restricted EPPO, 2009; distribution CABI/EPPO, 2007 -Himachal Present, no EPPO, 2009; Pradesh further details CABI/EPPO, 2007 Iran Present, no EPPO, 2009; further details CABI/EPPO, 2007 Jordan Present, few EPPO, 2009; occurrences CABI/EPPO, 2007 Kazakhstan Present, no EPPO, 2009; further details CABI/EPPO, 2007 Lebanon Absent, EPPO, 2009 confirmed by survey Pakistan Present, few CABI/EPPO, 2007 occurrences Syria Present, few EPPO, 2009;
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    ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE LADYBIRD BEETLES (COCCINELLIDAE) Edited by I. Hodek, H.E van Emden and A. Honek ©WILEY-BLACKWELL A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication CONTENTS Detailed contents, ix 8. NATURAL ENEMIES OF LADYBIRD BEETLES, 375 Contributors, xvii Piotr Ccryngier. Helen E. Roy and Remy L. Poland Preface, xviii 9. COCCINELLIDS AND [ntroduction, xix SEMIOCHEMICALS, 444 ]an Pettcrsson Taxonomic glossary, xx 10. QUANTIFYING THE IMPACT OF 1. PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION, 1 COCCINELLIDS ON THEIR PREY, 465 Oldrich Nedved and Ivo Kovdf /. P. Mid'laud and James D. Harwood 2. GENETIC STUDIES, 13 11. COCCINELLIDS IN BIOLOGICAL John J. Sloggett and Alois Honek CONTROL, 488 /. P. Midland 3. LIFE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT, 54 12. RECENT PROGRESS AND POSSIBLE Oldrkli Nedved and Alois Honek FUTURE TRENDS IN THE STUDY OF COCCINELLIDAE, 520 4. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS, 110 Helmut /; van Emden and Ivo Hodek Alois Honek Appendix: List of Genera in Tribes and Subfamilies, 526 5. FOOD RELATIONSHIPS, 141 Ivo Hodek and Edward W. Evans Oldrich Nedved and Ivo Kovdf Subject index. 532 6. DIAPAUSE/DORMANCY, 275 Ivo Hodek Colour plate pages fall between pp. 250 and pp. 251 7. INTRAGUILD INTERACTIONS, 343 Eric Lucas VII DETAILED CONTENTS Contributors, xvii 1.4.9 Coccidulinae. 8 1.4.10 Scymninae. 9 Preface, xviii 1.5 Future Perspectives, 10 References. 10 Introduction, xix Taxonomic glossary, xx 2. GENETIC STUDIES, 13 John J. Sloggett and Alois Honek 1. PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION, 1 2.1 Introduction, 14 Oldrich Nedved and Ivo Kovdf 2.2 Genome Size. 14 1.1 Position of the Family. 2 2.3 Chromosomes and Cytology.