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Resolving Conflicting Objectives in the Management Of Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 9, 507–515, 2005 www.copernicus.org/EGU/hess/hess/9/507/ Hydrology and SRef-ID: 1607-7938/hess/2005-9-507 Earth System European Geosciences Union Sciences Resolving conflicting objectives in the management of the Plastiras Lake: can we quantify beauty? A. Christofides, A. Efstratiadis, D. Koutsoyiannis, G.-F. Sargentis, and K. Hadjibiros National Technical University of Athens, Greece Received: 23 March 2005 – Published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions: 30 May 2005 Revised: 26 September 2005 – Accepted: 4 October 2005 – Published: 19 October 2005 Abstract. The possible water management of the Plasti- duction, and was also used for irrigation of a significant part ras Lake, an artificial reservoir in central Greece, is exam- of the plain of Thessaly. By making the land more fertile, ined. The lake and surrounding landscape are aesthetically it contributed to an increase in the population and income of degraded when the water level drops, and the requirement of the nearby city of Karditsa. As the economy of Karditsa be- maintaining a high quality of the scenery constitutes one of came dependent on the water of the reservoir, the social and the several conflicting water uses, the other ones being irriga- political pressure gradually shifted the reservoir’s main ob- tion, water supply, and power production. This environmen- jective; by 1990 it was the irrigation needs that dictated wa- tal water use, and, to a lesser extent, the requirement for ade- ter management, reducing power production to a side-effect, quate water quality, results in constraining the annual release. and halving the economic value of the 160 GWh produced Thus, the allowed fluctuation of reservoir stage is not defined annually, as a result of the water release not following an by the physical and technical characteristics of the reservoir, energy-efficient schedule. Meanwhile the scenery, combined but by a multi-criteria decision, the three criteria being max- with the geographical accessibility of the lake, attracted visi- imising water release, ensuring adequate water quality, and tors. During the 1990s, a number of villages around the lake, maintaining a high quality of the natural landscape. Each of which had almost been deserted since 1980, were revived as these criteria is analyzed separately. The results are then put tourist resorts. The level of water in the lake greatly affects together in a multicriterion tableau, which helps understand its appearance, and this resulted in pressures to keep the level the implications of the possible alternative decisions. Several high. Furthermore, the water of the lake started to be used conflict resolution methods are overviewed, namely willing- for the water supply of Karditsa and other areas, stressing ness to pay, hedonic prices, and multi-criteria decision anal- the need for high water quality. ysis. All these methods attempt to quantify non-quantifiable The project involves water diversion from a wet river basin qualities, and it is concluded that they don’t necessarily offer (Acheloos) to a drier one (Peneios), where different groups any advantage over merely making a choice based on under- of stakeholders with different interests are influenced by the standing. reservoir management. Due to the major importance of the project, and the involvement of more than one local gov- ernment bodies, until now decisions are taken at a national 1 Introduction level, by a committee from the Ministry of Development, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Public Power Corporation. Reservoir management normally has to take into account sev- Local authorities, such as the Municipality of Karditsa, the eral conflicting objectives. This paper explores the case of Prefectural Government of Karditsa, the District Government the Plastiras Lake, a reservoir whose purpose changed to a of Thessaly, as well as farmer unions and other related mu- significant extent since it was built, and whose conflicting nicipalities, influence decisions indirectly. The operation of objectives include scenery. the reservoir according to the decisions taken is done by the The Plastiras Lake (Fig. 1, Table 1) was built in central Public Power Corporation, under the guidance of the District Greece toward the end of the 1950s mainly for power pro- Government of Thessaly. The study outlined below was so- licitied by some of these bodies, in order to propose an opti- Correspondence to: A. Christofides mal management policy. Although the study includes details ([email protected]) about releases, the primary aim was to define a minimum © 2005 Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. 508 A. Christofides et al.: Management of Plastiras Lake Table 1. Characteristics of the lake and its basin. 2 Decision-making under conflicting objectives: an overview Basin area 161.3 km2 Highest basin altitude 2140 m In water management studies, where decisions must simulta- Maximum design lake level 794 m neously satisfy several conflicting objectives, methods based Spill level 792 m on benefit-cost analysis or multicriteria decision analysis are Minimum release level 776 m frequently used to help identify the “optimal” decision. In Lake area at spill level 25 km2 this section we shortly review these methods and discuss Lake area at minimum release level 15 km2 their shortcomings. Mean annual inflow 153 hm3 Classical decision theory states that rational decisions Mean annual inflow depth 1029 mm are those that maximize some utility function (Wierzbicki, 1997). One common way to construct such a function is to use benefit-cost analysis, that is, translate all criteria into monetary values. For some criteria, such as available water quantity, this is straightforward; but it is very hard to measure scenery quality in monetary units. A common method of do- ing so is to make surveys and use the people’s willingness to pay (WTP) as the supposed monetary value of scenery quality. There is, however, important criticism on this ap- proach. Wenstøp and Seip (2001) mention several stud- ies which cause serious doubts about any validity in WTP. “These surveys only bring forward unreflective prejudices of people, most of [whom] are not well equipped to make de- cisions about these matters, because they have never taken part in any relevant public inquiry and deliberation” (Ar- ler, 2000). There are also ethical objections: “For example, market mechanisms do not supply incentives for sustainable harvesting in an ‘open access’ economy; it does not protect species that have growth rates much less than current interest Fig. 1. The Plastiras Lake and its surroundings. The lake is shown rates . and it does not provide categorical exclusions from in white, the dark line indicating the watershed. The spot on the use of, for example, natural wonders” (Wenstøp and Seip, small map of Greece indicates the position of the watershed. 2001). An alternative method of benefit-cost analysis is the hedo- allowed lake level. This has the advantage that it is a single nic price method or HPM (Rosen, 1974), in which the prices numeric value easy to grasp, to incorporate in regulations, of similar marketable goods, such as similar houses, are com- and to verify compliance with. pared in order to identify differences that can reasonably be The scenery is rarely mentioned as a kind of water use in attributed to the presence of a non-marketable good such as reservoir management. Similar uses are recreation, tourism, silence, the basic idea being that, if all other factors could be and environmental. We would classify the requirement to assumed to be equal, the price difference would be an indi- have beautiful scenery as both environmental and tourist wa- cator of the cost of the non-marketable good. Loomis and ter use, not in the traditional sense that associates it with Feldman (2003) use this method in a study of Lake Almanor, water sports, but rather in the sense of the rapidly growing California, similar to that of Lake Plastiras. They examine segment of ecotourism (Neto, 2003). the prices at which houses around the lake have been sold The next section presents various alternative widely used and they correlate them to the level of the lake at the time decision making methods and discusses their shortcomings, of sale. Although the use of HPM is interesting, it is ques- whereas the case study of the Plastiras Lake is developed in tionable whether it is really possible to make all other fac- the rest of the paper. Specifically, the essential principles tors equal. Loomis and Feldman assume that the price of a that have led to the formulation of the problem are discussed house is a linear function of twelve items (number of bath- in Sect. 3; the next three sections describe, respectively, rooms, building size, distance from the lake, garage, etc.), the hydrological simulation, the water quality study, and the the twelfth being the length of exposed shore. Even if we scenery study. Sect. 7 explains the decision-making strategy discard the fact that assuming a linear function is already a and presents the proposal made. Section 8 presents an alter- simplification, the function is still too complex to be of value, native approach, based on multicriteria decision-making. Fi- and the results have marginal statistical significance. nally, Sect.9 summarizes the conclusions and provides some Given the problems of benefit-cost analysis, some prefer proposals for further discussion. multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), in which the utility Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 9, 507–515, 2005 www.copernicus.org/EGU/hess/hess/9/507/ A. Christofides et al.: Management of Plastiras Lake 509 function is usually approximated by the weighted sum of the Although in many cases (e.g. Agrell et al., 1998) the practice scores of the criteria. Of course, the scoring and the selec- followed is releasing a variable quantity of water each year, tion of weights are, to a certain extent, arbitrary.
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