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Proceedings 2007 International Workshop on the Rehabilitation Proceedings 2007 International Workshop on the Rehabilitation, Release and Monitoring of Orphan Bear Cubs Bubonitsy, Russia May 25-31, 2007 Edited by Dr. John J. Beecham Dr. Anand Ramanathan Organized by: Supported by: Trust for Mutual Understanding Table of Contents Acknowledgements 3 Executive Summary 4 Introduction 7 A. Workshop Goals and Objectives 7 Methods 8 Session 1. Criteria for Accepting cubs into a Rehabilitation Program 10 A. Summary of Invited Presentations 10 B. Work Session Summary 11 Session 2. Critical Components of the Care and Rehabilitation of Orphaned Bear Cubs 15 A. Summary of Invited Presentations 15 B. Work Session Summary 17 C. Evening Presentation: Survival and behaviour of orphaned and rehabilitated black bears in Central Ontario, Canada: A radio-telemetry monitoring study. 21 Session 3. Criteria for Making Decisions about the Suitability of Bears for Release 23 A. Summary of Invited Presentations 23 B. Work Session Summary 24 Session 4. Release and Post-Release Monitoring of Bears 28 A. Summary of Invited Presentations 28 B. Work Session Summary 29 C. Evening Presentation: Lecture on behavior of black bear cubs raised loose in the wild and Squirty, a cub raised, released and monitored for 12 years in the wild. 36 Session 5. Threats to Bears: Bear Conservation and Welfare and the Role of Public Education 37 A. Summary of Invited Presentations 37 B. Work Session Summary 39 C. Controversial Issues and Practices to Avoid 41 References 43 Appendices 46 1) Questions for Participants in Technical Sessions 1-4 47 2) Questions for Participants in Technical Session 5 49 3) List of Participants in the Workshop 51 4) Individual papers Submitted for the Proceedings 54 Acknowledgements The 2007 International Workshop on the rehabilitation, release and monitoring of bear cubs was organized by the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) with support from the Trust of Mutual Understanding (TMU). Founded in 1969 in an effort to end the seal hunt in Canada, IFAW is an international animal welfare and conservation organization that works to protect wild and domestic animals and to promote animal welfare and conservation policies that advance the well being of animals and people. IFAW’s worldwide mission includes the rescue, rehabilitation and protection of animals and their habitats around the world. The TMU is a US-based foundation that provides grants to American non- profit organizations to support cultural and environmental exchange between the United States, Russia, and countries in eastern and central Europe. Participants from 13 countries attended the workshop and provided invaluable input to discussions on a range of topics. Their attendance would not have been possible without the financial assistance provided by IFAW and the TMU. IFAW and the TMU covered all travel related expenses for the participants attending the workshop, including airfare, lodging, and meals. The workshop was hosted by IFAW’s Russia office at the IFAW Orphan Bear Cub Rehabilitation Project (OBRP) in Bubonitsy, Russia. A number of people were directly involved in organizing the workshop and they deserve special recognition: K. Agaronyan, M. Danilova, and Dr. M. Vorontsova from IFAW’s Russia office; Dr. V. Pazhetnov and S. Pazhetnov from IFAW OBRP; AJ Cady, W. Gasperini, Dr. A. Ramanathan, and Dr. I. Robinson from IFAW’s USA office; and Dr. J. Beecham from the USA. George Gause and Vladimir Vetrov provided simultaneous translations to workshop participants. Their assistance throughout the workshop was invaluable in our effort to communicate with one another and was appreciated by all the participants. Special thanks are due to the Pazhetnov family for organizing all the local logistics and for their kind and generous hospitality to all workshop participants. Special thanks also to Timur Matsiev for technical and internet support . 3 Executive Summary For more than three decades, biologists and rehabilitators in the United States and Canada have been involved in releasing orphaned American black bear cubs into habitats occupied by bears. Techniques for rehabilitation ranged from fostering very young cubs to lactating female bears in their winter dens, to pen-raising the cubs and releasing them when they were considered self-reliant and capable of surviving on their own. Considerable experience and expertise in bear rehabilitation now exists in many other countries. This workshop on “The Rehabilitation, Release and Monitoring of Orphan Bear Cubs” brought together experienced wildlife rehabilitators and management authorities to discuss rehabilitation release and monitoring strategies for returning orphaned bear cubs to the wild. The primary goal of the workshop was to enable all participants to share their experience and expertise in raising and releasing rehabilitated bears back to the wild and to discuss guidelines for best management practices. The latter includes strategies for bear rehabilitation and release programs for all eight bear species. The workshop consisted of four technical sessions related to rehabilitation issues and a fifth session on bear welfare, conservation, and public education on bear issues. An attempt was made during the workshop breakout sessions to identify the “Best Practices” for bear rehabilitation efforts. This proved to be a difficult task because of differences among geographical regions and species. Generally, the participants agreed that the rehabilitation process should be outcome oriented; the primary objective is for releases to be successful, regardless of differences in approach to rehabilitation. A successful release is defined as any situation where a released bear demonstrated the ability to locate and obtain sufficient natural food to sustain itself for an extended period of time (> 1 month) and where the bear did not become involved in a nuisance situation within the first year after release. Each session also identified a variety of principles regarding the rehabilitation process. These consensus items were listed as “Best Practices”, with qualifications in many cases. Best Practices identified during the technical sessions included: Session 1. Criteria for Accepting Cubs into Rehabilitation • Age – A range of ages is acceptable for placing cubs in a rehabilitation facility. Participants preferred to work with younger cubs that had limited exposure to humans. However, older (< 2 year-old), non- habituated cubs also made excellent candidates for release back to the wild. • Behavior – Cubs that expressed natural aversion behavior toward people (fear, wariness) were considered better candidates for rehabilitation than habituated cubs. However, participants recognized that the behavior of cubs in a rehabilitation facility changes over time and that with proper handling, habituated cubs could be taught to avoid people by using aversive conditioning. • Health – Although cubs are capable of surviving with significant handicaps, the consensus of the participants was to reject cubs that had permanent injuries or handicaps that would negatively affect their ability to survive in the wild. They also agreed that cubs who would 4 require long-term veterinary care during the rehabilitation process were not suitable candidates for rehabilitation programs. All cubs should be quarantined for 2-4 weeks upon arrival at the rehabilitation facility to ensure that they did not transmit diseases or parasites to other cubs in the facility. Prophylactic treatment for endo-and ecto-parasites is highly recommended, and vaccinations for canine adenovirus-1, canine distemper and canine parvovirus in very young animals, and rabies in all animals, should be considered. It is absolutely essential that vaccines are high quality, and made from killed viral vaccines (A. Ramanathan and K. Loeffler, pers. comm. May 2008). Session 2. Critical Components of the Care and Rehabilitation of Orphaned Bear Cubs • Quarantine new arrivals for 2-4 weeks prior to introducing them into enclosures with other cubs. • Provide prophylactic treatment for potential disease organisms by inoculating young cubs with killed canine adenovirus-1, canine distemper and canine parvovirus, vaccines, and all individuals against rabies, and treating them for parasitic infestations. • Minimize contact with people to 1-2 primary caretakers. • Discourage direct interactions between cubs and caretakers. • Allow socialization among cubs. • Mimic natural environment as much as possible within enclosures and provide behavioral enrichment to encourage natural behaviors. • Provide protection from weather extremes. • Wean cubs at 2-3 months of age. • Provide natural foods prior to release. • Scatter and hide foods within the enclosure to encourage natural feeding behavior and vary feeding schedule to prevent development of food-anticipatory behavior (stereotypic pacing in anticipation of feeding). Session 3. Criteria for Making Decisions about the Suitability of Bears for Release • Release only bears that are in excellent physical condition with intact teeth and claws and no handicaps that would reduce their ability to survive in the wild. • Release bears when they are large enough to defend themselves from predators. • Release bears that are genetically compatible with those in the release area. • Release bears when natural food resources are abundant in the release area. • Release only bears who are inclined to avoid people. Session 4. Release and Post-Release Monitoring of Bears • Evaluate habitat characteristics of the release location prior to releasing
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