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The Effect of Positive Reinforcement Training on an Adult Female Western Lowland Gorilla’S (Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla) Rate of Abnormal and Aggressive Behavior
ABC 2016, 3(2):78-87 Animal Behavior and Cognition DOI: 10.12966/abc.02.05.2016 ©Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) The Effect of Positive Reinforcement Training on an Adult Female Western Lowland Gorilla’s (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Rate of Abnormal and Aggressive Behavior Austin Leeds1,2, Roby Elsner3, & Kristen E. Lukas1,2 1Cleveland Metroparks Zoo 2Case Western Reserve University 3Audubon Zoo *Corresponding author (Email: [email protected]) Citation – Leeds, A., Elsner, R., & Lukas, K. E. (2016). The effect of positive reinforcement training on an adult female Western lowland gorilla’s (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) rate of abnormal and aggressive behavior. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 3(2), 78–87. doi: 10.12966/abc.02.05.2016 Abstract - Positive reinforcement training (PRT) has become a widely used tool in improving the ease with which husbandry and veterinary procedures are performed for animals under human care. PRT provides positive social interaction, cognitive stimulation, and choice, in addition to desensitization towards potentially stressful situations. As a result, PRT has been used as enrichment to decrease abnormal and aggressive behavior in various primate species, however, this has not been empirically tested in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). This study used an ABA design to test the effect of PRT on the abnormal and aggressive behavior of an adult female gorilla both during and outside of interaction sessions. No change in behavior was observed during the PRT phase of this study. However, a decrease in ear covering and keeper-directed aggression were observed in the post-training period. Here we argue that the combination of both PRT and non-training interactions cumulatively provided social and cognitive stimuli resulting in the observed changes. -
SECTION ONE: Background: Supply & Sources of Bear Products
SECTION ONE: Background: Supply & Sources of Bear Products Historical Perspective to the Bear Trade 16 Bear Farming 28 Profiles of Chinese bear farms 47 Current Restrictions on International Trade: CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) 59 World Society for the Protection of Animals The Bear Bile Business 15 Historical Perspective to the Bear Trade Victor Watkins Traditonal Chinese Medicine and the growth of the modern trade in bear products The use of herbs to cure illness can be traced back over 4,000 years in China. The earliest medicinal literature (Shen-nong Ben Cao) dates back to 482 BC and records 365 types of medicinal issues. One of the most famous Chinese herbals, (Ben Cao Gang Mu) was written by Li Shi-zhen during the Ming dynasty (1590). This work lists 1,892 types of herbs used as medicine. In the above mentioned literature, animal ingredients make up less than 10% of the medicinal ingredients, and the majority of those animal parts are insects. There is very little use of mammal body parts listed in these early Chinese traditional medicines1. The use of bear parts in medicines in China dates back over 3,000 years. Medicinal uses for bear gall bladder first appeared in writing in the seventh century A.D. in the Materia Medica of Medicinal Properties2. The use of bear bile has since spread to other Asian countries such as Korea and Japan where it has been adopted for use in local traditional medicines. Plant and animal products which are selected for use in Chinese medicine are classified according to their properties. -
Heart Rate During Hyperphagia Differs Between Two Bear Species
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Brage INN Physiology Heart rate during hyperphagia differs royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsbl between two bear species Boris Fuchs1,†, Koji Yamazaki2,†, Alina L. Evans1, Toshio Tsubota3, Shinsuke Koike4,5, Tomoko Naganuma5 and Jon M. Arnemo1,6 Research 1Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences, Cite this article: Fuchs B, Yamazaki K, Evans Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, 2418 Elverum, Norway 2Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, Japan AL, Tsubota T, Koike S, Naganuma T, Arnemo 3Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita18, JM. 2019 Heart rate during hyperphagia differs Nishi9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan between two bear species. Biol. Lett. 15: 4Institute of Global Innovation Research, and 5United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University 20180681. of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu-city, Tokyo, Japan 6Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0681 Agricultural Sciences, 901 83, Umea˚, Sweden BF, 0000-0003-3412-3490; ALE, 0000-0003-0513-4887 Received: 28 September 2018 Hyperphagia is a critical part of the yearly cycle of bears when they gain fat reserves before entering hibernation. We used heart rate as a proxy to com- Accepted: 17 December 2018 pare the metabolic rate between the Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus)in Japan and the Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Sweden from summer into hibernation. -
Assessing Animal Welfare with Behavior: Onward with Caution
Perspective Assessing Animal Welfare with Behavior: Onward with Caution Jason V. Watters *, Bethany L. Krebs and Caitlin L. Eschmann Wellness and Animal Behavior, San Francisco Zoological Society, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA; [email protected] (B.L.K.); [email protected] (C.L.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: An emphasis on ensuring animal welfare is growing in zoo and aquarium associations around the globe. This has led to a focus on measures of welfare outcomes for individual animals. Observations and interpretations of behavior are the most widely used outcome-based measures of animal welfare. They commonly serve as a diagnostic tool from which practitioners make animal welfare decisions and suggest treatments, yet errors in data collection and interpretation can lead to the potential for misdiagnosis. We describe the perils of incorrect welfare diagnoses and common mistakes in applying behavior-based tools. The missteps that can be made in behavioral assessment include mismatches between definitions of animal welfare and collected data, lack of alternative explanations, faulty logic, behavior interpreted out of context, murky assumptions, lack of behavior definitions, and poor justification for assigning a welfare value to a specific behavior. Misdiagnosing the welfare state of an animal has negative consequences. These include continued poor welfare states, inappropriate use of resources, lack of understanding of welfare mechanisms and the perpetuation of the previously mentioned faulty logic throughout the wider scientific community. We provide recommendations for assessing behavior-based welfare tools, and guidance for those developing Citation: Watters, J.V.; Krebs, B.L.; tools and interpreting data. Eschmann, C.L. Assessing Animal Welfare with Behavior: Onward with Keywords: behavioral diagnosis; zoo; behavioral diversity; anticipatory behavior; stereotypy; natural Caution. -
Hubei Shennongjia
ASIA / PACIFIC HUBEI SHENNONGJIA CHINA Laojunshan Component of the property - © IUCN Bruce Jefferies China - Hubei Shennongjia WORLD HERITAGE NOMINATION – IUCN TECHNICAL EVALUATION HUBEI SHENNONGJIA (CHINA) – ID 1509 IUCN RECOMMENDATION TO WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE: To inscribe the property under natural criteria. Key paragraphs of Operational Guidelines: Paragraph 77: Nominated property meets World Heritage criteria. Paragraph 78: Nominated property meets integrity and protection and management requirements. 1. DOCUMENTATION S. and Hong Qian. Global Significance of Plant Diversity in China. In The Plants of China: A a) Date nomination received by IUCN: 16 March Companion to the Flora of China (2015). Huang, J. H., 2015 Chen, J.H., Ying, J.S., and Ke‐Ping M. Features and distribution patterns of Chinese endemic seed plant b) Additional information officially requested from species. Journal of Systematics and Evolution 49, no. and provided by the State Party: On 6 September 2 (2011): 81-94. Li, Y. (2004). The effect of forest 2015, the State Party responded to issues which arose clear-cutting on habitat use in Sichuan snub-nosed during the course of the IUCN field evaluation mission. monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia The letter, with accompanying maps, addressed a Nature Reserve, China. Primates 45.1 69-72.. López- range of issues and confirmed extensions to the Pujol, J., et al. (2011). Mountains of Southern China as nominated area and buffer zone in the Badong County “plant museums” and “plant cradles”: evolutionary and area. Following the IUCN World Heritage Panel a conservation insights. Mountain Research and progress report was sent to the State Party on 16 Development,31(3), 261-269. -
Effects of Increasingly Complex Enrichment on the Behavior of Captive Malayan Sun Bears (Helarctos Malayanus)
Effects of Increasingly Complex Enrichment on the Behavior of Captive Malayan Sun Bears (Helarctos malayanus) by Yasmeen Ghavamian A thesis submitted to Sonoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Biology Committee Members: Dr. Karin Enstam Jaffe, Chair Darren E. Minier Dr. Daniel E. Crocker Date: 04/29/20 i Copyright 2020 By Yasmeen Ghavamian ii Authorization for Reproduction of Master’s Thesis I grant permission for the print or digital reproduction of this thesis in its entirety, without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorb the cost and provide proper acknowledgment of authorship. DATE: 04/29/20 Name: Yasmeen Ghavamian iii Effects of increasingly complex enrichment on the behavior of captive Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) Thesis by Yasmeen Ghavamian ABSTRACT All zoos grapple with challenges of keeping captive animals engaged in natural behaviors, especially for bears which prove to be among the more challenging species to keep stimulated. In captivity, a common indicator of poor welfare is the presence of stereotypic behaviors. In this study, we test whether providing increasingly complex feeding enrichment decreases the duration of stereotypic behavior and increases enrichment interaction for three adult female sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) at Oakland Zoo in California. We compared the effects of two different feeding enrichment devices- presented to the bears at three complexity levels- on sun bear stereotypic behavior. After three weeks of baseline data collection when no complex enrichment was present, we introduced the complex enrichment three times a week per level over six weeks. -
Helarctos Malayanus) By
Effects of food distribution and external factors on the activity budgets of captive sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) by Jessica Barber A thesis submitted to Sonoma State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE In Biology Committee Members: Dr. Karin Enstam Jaffe, Chair Dr. Dan Crocker Darren Minier i Copyright 2018 By Jessica Barber ii Authorization for Reproduction of Master’s Thesis I grant permission for the print or digital reproduction of this thesis in its entirety, without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorb the cost and provide acknowledgment of authorship. Date: 1 May 2018 Name: Jessica Barber iii Effects of food distribution and external factors on the activity budgets of captive sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) Thesis by Jessica Barber Abstract All free-ranging bears spend a large portion of their day on foraging activities. In captivity, many bear species spend less time or energy foraging because of the highly predictable schedule and presentation of their diets. To combat this, zoos are increasingly using enrichment to encourage animals to engage with their environment. I used principles of optimal foraging theory to test whether manipulating food distribution could be used as a type of enrichment to alter behavior for three adult female sun bears at Oakland Zoo in California. I compared the effects of scattered vs. clumped food distribution on the sun bears’ activity budgets using continuous focal animal sampling. In addition, temperature and visitor presence were also measured using scan sampling to measure the effect on the sun bears behaviors. -
Abnormal Behaviours in Two Captive Brown Bear (Ursus Arctos Linnaeus
Abnormal Behaviours in Two Captive Brown Bear (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758) Females: Individual Differences and Seasonal Variations Abnormales Verhalten in zwei gefangen Grizzlybär-Weibchen (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758): einzelne Unterschiede und saisonale Variationen a,∗ a b Ana I. Soriano , Dolors Vinyoles , Carmen Maté a Department of Animal Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain b Barcelona Water Cycle, Anonymous Society, Barcelona, Spain Received 6 September 2016 Abstract Abnormal behaviours are common in captive environments that not supply the physical and psycho- logical needs of animals. There are animals, like brown bears, more susceptible to develop abnormal behaviours due to their seasonal biology related to food, hibernation or reproduction. The two brown bear Ursus arctos females from Barcelona Zoo, Spain, showed two different patterns of abnormal behaviours. The old ♀ displayed episodes of biting a tree trunk while the young ♀ carried out head- tossing events. The studied period was from March to December 2004 divided into seasonal periods: autumn, spring and summer. A total of 63 hours of observations were recorded using a multi-focal continuous method. The time invested on abnormal behaviour was higher in spring followed by sum- mer and autumn in both females. The other variables related to the abnormal behaviour studied were duration, intensity, occurrence and space use which also showed statistically significant differences among seasonal periods. The old ♀ space use during abnormal behaviour was in the same zone mean- while the young ♀ showed statistically significant differences among seasonal variations and zones of the enclosure. These results should be taken into account to improve the management of bears in zoological institutions. -
Addressing Nonhuman Primate Behavioral Problems Through the Application of Operant Conditioning: Is the Human Treatment Approach a Useful Model?§ Mollie A
Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102 (2007) 205–222 www.elsevier.com/locate/applanim Addressing nonhuman primate behavioral problems through the application of operant conditioning: Is the human treatment approach a useful model?§ Mollie A. Bloomsmith a,c,*, M. Jackson Marr b,c, Terry L. Maple b,c a Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, United States b School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States c Center for Conservation and Behavior, School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States Available online 5 July 2006 Abstract Training by the systematic application of operant conditioning has been widely applied in the care, management, exhibition, and study of nonhuman primates and many other species, but is less often used to control problematic animal behavior such as stereotyped behavior or self-injurious behavior. We review the topographical features and causal factors of stereotyped and self-injurious behavior in captive nonhuman primates, and the small number of published studies that have used operant conditioning to address these behavioral problems. The techniques developed in treating human stereotyped and self-injurious behavior are then described, and comparisons are made between the two approaches. Virtually all the techniques found to be effective treatments of stereotypy and self-injurious behavior in humans are directly applicable to similar behaviors in captive nonhuman primates. Thus the human work can serve as a model for how we can enhance our attempts to address behavioral problems in captive nonhuman primates. We advocate a philosophy of behavioral management, based partly on the science of behavior analysis, that includes a systematic, scientific approach to the discovery and description of behavioral problems and their treatment. -
The Trade in Bear Gall Bladder and Bear Bile Products in Singapore
_____________________________________________________________ CONSUMER REPORT ON THE TRADE IN BEAR GALL BLADDER AND BEAR BILE PRODUCTS IN SINGAPORE _____________________________________________________________ by the ANIMAL CONCERNS RESEARCH AND EDUCATION SOCIETY (ACRES) as part of the Libearty Campaign by the WORLD SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF ANIMALS Published by Animal Concerns Research and Education Society (ACRES). Copyright © ACRES, 2001. All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced or copied in any manner whatsoever without written permission of ACRES. Authors: Vadivu Govind, Sandra Ho Project Co-ordinators: Guna Subramaniam, Vadivu Govind Researchers include: Becky Sim, Magdalene Tan Still photographs of products: Mark Silberstein Cover Design: Saatchi & Saatchi CONTENTS 1 OVERVIEW 1 1.1 Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.2 Objectives of study ------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 2.1 Traditional Chinese Medicine in Singapore --------------------------------------- 3 2.2 Bear Bile and Traditional Chinese Medicine -------------------------------------- 3 2.3 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) -------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 2.4 Bear Farms ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 2.5 CITES and Bear Farms --------------------------------------------------------------- 5 2.6 -
2009 Conservation Impact Report
2009 Conservation Impact Report Introduction AZA-accredited zoos and aquariums serve as conservation centers that are concerned about ecosystem health, take responsibility for species survival, contribute to research, conservation, and education, and provide society the opportunity to develop personal connections with the animals in their care. Whether breeding and re-introducing endangered species, rescuing and rehabilitating sick and injured animals, maintaining far-reaching educational and outreach programs or supporting and conducting in-situ and ex-situ research and field conservation projects, zoos and aquariums play a vital role in maintaining our planet’s diverse wildlife and natural habitats while engaging the public to appreciate and participate in conservation. In 2009, 127 of AZA’s 238 accredited institutions and certified-related facilities contributed data for the 2009 Conservation Impact Report. A summary of the 1,762 conservation efforts these institutions participated in within ~60 countries is provided. In addition, a list of individual projects is broken out by state and zoological institution. This report was compiled by Shelly Grow (AZA Conservation Biologist) as well as Jamie Shockley and Katherine Zdilla (AZA Volunteer Interns). This report, along with those from previous years, is available on the AZA Web site at: http://www.aza.org/annual-report-on-conservation-and-science/. 2009 AZA Conservation Projects Grevy's Zebra Trust ARGENTINA National/International Conservation Support CANADA Temaiken Foundation Health -
Using Behavioral Instability to Investigate Behavioral Reaction Norms in Captive Animals: Theoretical Implications and Future Perspectives
S S symmetry Article Using Behavioral Instability to Investigate Behavioral Reaction Norms in Captive Animals: Theoretical Implications and Future Perspectives 1, 1, 1, 1 Anne Cathrine Linder y , Anika Gottschalk y, Henriette Lyhne y, Marie Gade Langbak , Trine Hammer Jensen 2 and Cino Pertoldi 1,2,* 1 Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; [email protected] (A.C.L.); [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (M.G.L.) 2 Department of Zoology, Aalborg Zoo, Mølleparkvej 63, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] The three authors contributed equally. y Received: 9 March 2020; Accepted: 2 April 2020; Published: 10 April 2020 Abstract: Behavioral instability is a concept used for indicating environmental stress based on behavioral traits. This study investigates the possibility of using behavioral instability as a tool for assessing behavioral reaction norms in captive animals. The understanding of personality in captive animals can be a useful tool in the development of enrichment programs in order to improve animal welfare. In this study, a case study examined how olfactory stimuli affected the behavior of two polar bears Ursus maritimus in captivity. Using continuous focal sampling throughout the day, it was found that for many behaviors, the individuals responded differently to stimuli, indicating that there was a difference in behavioral reaction norms. This is shown using multiple approaches. One approach used traditional methods for behavioral analyses, and the other approach used the concept of behavioral instability as a new quantitative method.