DOCSLIB.ORG

Religious Diversity and Patrimonialization a Case Study of the Nianli Festival in Leizhou Peninsula, China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Religious Diversity and Patrimonialization a Case Study of the Nianli Festival in Leizhou Peninsula, China ZHENG SHANSHAN Religious diversity and patrimonialization A case study of the Nianli Festival in Leizhou Peninsula, China ith the emergence of the neologism ‘intan­ in China, which seeks to document, examine and gible cultural heritage’ in 2003 and the adop­ critically evaluate the empirical changes that Chinese Wtion of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Law of popular religion has been undergoing during this the People’s Republic of China in 2011 various popular process of patrimonialization. religious practices in China which used to be consid­ This article provides a preliminary overview of the ered as feudal superstitions started to be recognized popular religious landscape during the era of patri- as examples of cultural heritage worthy of protection. If monialization in the Leizhou Peninsula1 (the south- we examine the concept of religious diversity at a local ernmost part of Guangdong Province) in southern level in contemporary China, the process of a ‘patrimo­ China. Leizhou Peninsula is administratively com- nialization’ of popular religious practices that reflect prised of two prefecture-level cities; Zhanjiang and the dynamic relationships which can be detected Maoming. In Zhanjiang, there are four districts, three across diverse discourses, multiple stakeholders and county-level cities, two counties, two economic and cultural policies in different arenas could offer us a technological development zones and one tourism new perspective on religious practices to explore. In demonstration zone.2 As the most important coastal this article I offer an analysis, based on fieldwork con­ region in the southwest of Guangdong Province, the ducted between 2013 and 2016 on the Leizhou Peninsula Leizhou Peninsula is currently accelerating its tran- in southern China’s Guangdong Province, of the varying sition from an agriculture-based economy into one degrees of acceptance, accommodation and resistance prompted by the actualization of popular religious prac­ tices in this era of patrimonialization. 1 This study is based on research materials collected between February and April in 2013, 2015 and 2016 in the prefecture-level city of Zhanjiang, as well as its As a religiously diverse country, alongside the county-level city of Leizhou on the Leizhou Peninsula five officially recognized religions, namely Buddhism, at the southwestern end of the Guangdong Province. Taoism, Catholicism, Protestantism and Islam, popu- I use a geographical category, Leizhou Peninsula, not lar religion has long been an integral part of Chinese an administrative division, to circumscribe the area of this study in order to avoid the interference of the religious life. Having undergone phases of suppres- existing official PRC administrative division based on sion and resurgence since the early twentieth century, the distinct cultural feature of each selected village today, and as of 2003, various popular religious prac- characterized by different local history, language tices are now free of the label ‘superstition’ and are (dialect) and custom. recognized as items of protected cultural heritage as 2 The districts are Chikan, Potou, Xiashan and a consequence of a rapidly expanding and far-reach- Mazhang; the county-level cities are Leizhou, Lianjiang and Wuchuan; the counties are Xuwen and ing ‘heritage movement’ (Peng 2008, Gong 2013) in Suixi. The economic and technological development China. zones are Zhanjiang and Fenyong Gaoxin and the This study serves as part of my doctoral disser- tourism demonstration zone is South tri-island tour- tation on the patrimonialization of popular religion ism demonstration zone. Approaching Religion • Vol. 7, No. 1 • April 2017 21 driven by clusters of major industries such as ship- Usually, the general survey of religious compositions building, petrochemicals and steelmaking. by the local authorities doesn’t interfere with the activities of the followers of popular religions. As we attempt to outline the current-day popu- The popular religious landscape lar religious landscape on the Leizhou Peninsula, a in contemporary Leizhou description of the traditional local Nianli festival, When travelling in Leizhou, much like everywhere the most significant and influential annual event in else in Guangdong Province, it is not difficult to the region, might be an effective means of gaining an notice the intensity of popular religious activities: understanding of the richness of local popular reli- small shrines abundant with offerings can be spot- gious life. ted everywhere; at the entrance of a village, under the As with most of the local folk traditions in China, big banyan tree, beside the pond, and near the back it’s difficult to precisely trace the origins of Nianli. door of the house. On special days dedicated to local The earliest known official record referring to the fes- deities, visitors are likely to run into a local woman tival is from the General Chronology of Guangdong of who may well be on her way to the village temple or the Ming Dynasty (Huang 1557/1997). In Chinese, ancestral hall, holding a tray or a basket, full of offer- Nianli could literally be translated as ‘annual routine’, ings and a string of firecrackers. Inside the temple, which reflects its cycle of celebration. The schedule crowds of divinatory stick enquirers wait patiently and programme of activities of each village may vary for interpretations from professional soothsayers-in- according to the vagaries of local history and the residence. At the end of day, the ground is covered complexity of the composition of the pantheon. Even with a thick layer of shreds of paper, which looks like though local scholars haven’t been able to reach a a red carpet, formed from the remains of fire crackers. consensus regarding its origins and nature, we could Zheng Shanshan The territorial parade of Thunder Ancestor in Leizhou, 2016. 22 Approaching Religion • Vol. 7, No. 1 • April 2017 describe Nianli, in general terms at least, as a fes- Ancestor, organized by four Chen-surname villages, tive period/process that involves singing, dan cing, young men from the villages gathered in the temple theatre, feasting, oral traditions and storytelling, dis- of the Thunder Ancestor early in the morning to pre- plays of craftsmanship, sports and other entertain- pare the deities for their annual journey. They care- ment forms. Essentially, all these activities serve the fully moved three colourful wooden deity statues, same purpose; to ‘bless and pray for the community’ namely Leizu the ‘Thunder Ancestor’, Leishou the by appealing to the local deities and the ancestors, ‘Thunder God’, and Liguang, the ‘General Li’, to the according to its associations with the lineage. sedans. Instructed by the elders of the Chen lin- The Lantern Festival is held on the 15th day of the eage association, they tightly fastened the idols with first month in the Chinese lunar calendar, marking sedans so that they would not drop during the parade. the end of the Chinese New Year festivities. As the Eighteen young men had been chosen to carry those Lantern Festival approached in February 2016, the three sedans. At the same time, two groups of vil- majority of migrant workers were returning to the lagers were standing by to provide back-up It is a long city from their home towns in the rural areas, while journey that lasts at least six to seven hours, walking the younger generation from the Leizhou Peninsula through almost every main street, stopping at each were heading back to their villages to join the Nianli temple and ancestral hall in those four villages. celebrations, for the reason that most villages in The order of the procession is pre-determined: Leizhou County mark the festival between the 10th the first deity will be General Li, which is called day and the end of the first month in the Chinese the ‘Third God’ by locals, followed by the Thunder lunar calendar. God, also known as the ‘Second God’. The last deity, If you visit the village on just this occasion, you the Thunder Ancestor, is called the ‘First God’, and will find that the younger generation has been making is accorded the highest reverence. On arrival in the an active contribution. On 17 February 2016, the first last village, the procession marks the end of the first day of the two-day territorial parade of the Thunder day of the parade. The tired young men will put the Zheng Shanshan The procession of the parade of Thunder Ancestor is traversing the national highway with the help of local police, 2016. Approaching Religion • Vol. 7, No. 1 • April 2017 23 sedans inside the ancestral hall and stay overnight. relics, may, depending on their historical, artistic and The route of the second day’s parade is limited to scientific value, be designated as sites to be protected downtown Leizhou County. for their historical and cultural value’. However, the According to the parade’s organizer, Chen Xinlian, villagers would rather decline the honour of the the director of the Chen lineage association, about temple, the most sacred place in the village, being 500 villagers participated in the event this year. Apart listed as an ‘historic site’ and instead prefer to build a from professionals such as the band musicians, vil- glorious new temple according to their own will and lagers aged from 15 to 40 made up the majority of the with their own money. The official told me that in procession volunteers. The young women (minors order to avoid intervention from local government, and unmarried) are usually assigned to hold the some villages were even secretly completing all the paper dolls or the eight treasures flags, but they are restoration work in a very short time without notify- not allowed to enter the temples on that day. During ing anyone. the parade, I kept close to the procession in an effort Adam Yuet Chau (2013: 141) points out that ‘reli- to verify the order and appellation of the deities.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Functional Structure Convergence of China's Coastal Ports
    sustainability Article The Functional Structure Convergence of China’s Coastal Ports Wei Wang 1,2,3, Chengjin Wang 1,* and Fengjun Jin 1 1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; [email protected] (W.W.); [email protected] (F.J.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 6 September 2017; Accepted: 23 November 2017; Published: 28 November 2017 Abstract: Functional structure is an important part of a port system, and can reflect the resource endowments and economic development needs of the hinterland. In this study, we investigated the transportation function of coastal ports in China from the perspective of cargo structure using a similarity coefficient. Our research considered both adjacent ports and hub ports. We found that the transportation function of some adjacent ports was very similar in terms of outbound structure (e.g., Qinhuangdao and Huanghua) and inbound structure (e.g., Huanghua and Tangshan). Ports around Bohai Bay and the port group in the Yangtze River Delta were the most competitive areas in terms of outbound and inbound structure, respectively. The major contributors to port similarity in different regions varied geographically due to the different market demands and cargo supplies. For adjacent ports, the functional convergence of inbound structure was more serious than the outbound. The convergence between hub ports was more serious than between adjacent ports in terms of both outbound and inbound structure. The average similarity coefficients displayed an increasing trend over time.
    [Show full text]
  • Renao (Heat-Noise), Deities’ Efficacy, and Temple Festivals in Central and Southern Hebei Provincel
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Apollo Journal of Cambridge Studies 1 Renao (Heat-noise), Deities’ Efficacy, and Temple Festivals in Central and Southern Hebei Provincel Zhiya HUA School of Social Administration, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, PRC [email protected] Abstract: There is a tradition of holding temple festivals in villages in central and southern Hebei Province. This tradition was once suspended after the establishment of P.R.C., but it revived and thrived after the reform and opening-up. Temple festivals are a kind of renao (热闹, heat-noise) events in rural life, and the organizers of temple festivals pursue the effect of renao as much as possible. Renao is a popular life condition welcomed by people; meanwhile, it can be regarded as an important exterior indicator of the efficacy of deities. Hence holding temple festivals and make renao at them provides an opportunity not only for people to experience and enjoy renao, but to acknowledge, publicize, and even produce the efficacy of deities. These sacred and secular rewards can partly account for the enduring resilience and vitality of the local tradition of holding temple festivals. Key Words: Temple festivals, Renao, Efficacy, Folk religion, Central and Southern Hebei Province This article is based on a part of the author’s Ph.D. dissertation. The author is grateful to Prof. Graeme Lang for his instruction and criticism. In addition, the author wants to thank Dr. Yue Yongyi for his criticism and help. This article is also one of the outcomes of a research project sponsored by Shanghai Pujiang Program (No.
    [Show full text]
  • China: Guangdong Compulsory Education
    . PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) APPRAISAL STAGE Report No.: PIDA118627 Public Disclosure Authorized . Project Name China: Guangdong Compulsory Education Project (P154621) Region EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC Country China Financing Instrument Investment Project Financing Project ID P154621 Borrower(s) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Implementing Agency Guangdong Department of Education Environmental Category B-Partial Assessment Date PID Prepared/Updated 11-May-2017 Public Disclosure Authorized Date PID Approved/Disclosed 07-Jun-2016 Estimated Date of Board 07-Sep-2017 Approval Appraisal Review Decision (from Decision Note) Other Decision . I. Project Context Country Context China’s economy grew 10 percent a year on average over the last three decades. Over 500 million Public Disclosure Authorized people were lifted out of poverty during this time (World Bank and Development Research Center of the State Council, 2013). Since the national law on compulsory education was passed in 1982, access to education has significantly improved. While the basic education cycle spans 15 years, a nine-year education cycle comprising primary and junior secondary school is compulsory for the nation’s children. The adult literacy rate has increased from 66 percent in 1982 to 96 percent in 2015. In addition to improvements in access, results from international student assessments – such as the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development’s (OECD) Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) – demonstrate that the country is home to some of the best performing school systems in the world (World Bank, 2016). This socioeconomic progress of the past 30 years has raised the well-being of the population. China has made large strides in human development in terms of increased average life expectancy, education, and average income.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Determinations in the Antidumping Duty Investigations On
    FACT SHEET Preliminary Determinations in the Antidumping Duty Investigations on Certain Frozen and Canned Warmwater Shrimp from the People's Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam On July 6, the Department announced its preliminary determinations in the antidumping duty investigations on imports of certain frozen and canned warmwater shrimp from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnam). We preliminarily find that with the exception of one Chinese producer/exporter, Zhangjiang Guolian Aquatic Products Co., Ltd., Chinese and Vietnamese producers/exporters have sold frozen and canned warmwater shrimp in the U.S. market at less than fair value, with margins ranging from 7.67 percent to 112.81 percent for imports from the PRC and 12.11 percent to 93.13 percent for imports from Vietnam. Next Steps: Interested parties are invited to submit comments on these preliminary determinations. The Department will consider all submitted comments along with record evidence before making its final determinations on or about November 24, 2004. If the Department makes a final affirmative determination in either or both investigations, the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) is scheduled to make its final injury determinations on or about January 8, 2005. If the ITC makes a final affirmative determination that imports are materially injuring, or threatening to materially injure, the domestic industry, the Department will issue antidumping duty orders and will instruct U.S. Customs and Border Protection (Customs) to collect cash deposits on imports of subject merchandise. Companies Qualifying for a “Separate Rate”: Based on the voluntary questionnaire responses submitted by certain Chinese and Vietnamese companies, the Department has preliminarily determined that these companies have demonstrated an absence of government control that is required to be eligible to receive “separate-rate” status.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article (PDF)
    Open Geosci. 2019; 11:1061–1070 Research Article Rediat Abate, Changping Chen, Junrong Liang, Lin Sun, Xuesong Li, Bangqin Huang, and Yahui Gao* Decadal variations of total organic carbon production in the inner-shelf of the South China Sea and East China Sea https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0082 Received Apr 20, 2019; accepted Nov 25, 2019 1 Introduction Abstract: Organic carbon content is one of the major prox- In coastal and marine systems, the deposition of organic ies of aquatic primary production and implication of envi- matter and the ratio of TOC:TN is mainly influenced by ronmental changes. However, there is a scarcity of infor- both the supply of organic matter from overlaying water mation regarding the decadal variation of organic carbon mass, settlement velocity of organic matter onto sea floor production in inner-shelf of South China Sea (SCS) and and diagenetic process that acting on the organic matter East China Sea (ECS). To bridge this gap of information after settlement/deposition [1]. The relationship between two sediment cores were collected from the inner shelf of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content (wt%) and Total Nitro- SCS (Leizhou Peninsula) and ECS. Then, Total Organic Car- gen (TN) content (wt%) has been used as an indicator of bon (TOC), Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC) and Total Nitro- marine Organic Matter (OM) productivity as well terrestrial gen (TN) content were examined. The TOC content in the OM input for more than half a century [2]. High TOC:TN Leizhou Peninsula averaged 0.56% and varied from 0.35% (molar weight), values greater than 20, are characteristic to 0.81%.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019年第3季度在韩国注册的中国水产企业名单the List of Chinese
    2019年第3季度在韩国注册的中国水产企业名单 The List of Chinese Registered Fishery Processing Establishments Export to Korea (Total 1347 , the third quarter of 2019,updated on 25 June, 2019) No. Est.No. 企业名称(中文) Est.Name 企业地址(中文) Est.Address 产品(Products) 北京市朝阳区崔各庄乡 The 23rd floor Sanyuan Property Jingmi Road 北京中洋环球金枪鱼有 1 1100/02010 Beijing Zhongyang Global Tuna Co.,Ltd 东辛店村京密路三元物 Dongxindian Village Cuigezhuang TownChaoyang Fishery Products 限公司 业院内23号楼 District Beijng 五洋海产（天津）有限 天津市塘沽区东江路 2 1200/02004 Ocean Products (Tian.Jin) Co., Ltd Dongjiang Road No.3849 Tanggu Tianjin Fishery Products 公司 3849号 欧盛实业（天津）有限 天津经济技术开发区渤 No.5, Bohai Road, Tianjin Economic & Technological 3 1200/02019 Ocean (Tianjin) Corporation Ltd. Fishery Products 公司 海路5号 Development Area, Tianjin 天津市颖明海湾食品有 天津市滨海新区中心渔 No.221 Yuehai RD., Binhai New Area Of The City 4 1200/02028 Tianjin Smart Gulf Foodstuffs Co.,Ltd. Fishery Products 限公司 港经济区悦海路221号 Center Fishing Port Economic Zone, Tianjin, China 天津市塘沽区海华水产 Tianjin Tanggu District Haihua Fishery Products Food 天津市塘沽区北塘镇水 No. 9, Shuichan Road, Beitang Town, Tanggu District, 5 1200/02048 Fishery Products 食品有限公司 Co., Ltd. 产路9号 Tianjin 天津百迅达进出口贸易 天津市津南区双桥河镇 South Dongnigu Village, Shuangqiaohe Town, Jinnan 6 1200/02063 Tianjin baixunda import and export trade Co., Ltd Fishery Products 有限公司 东泥沽村南 District, Tianjin, China 昌黎县筑鑫实业有限公 秦皇岛市昌黎县新开口 Economic Development Zone Xinkaikou Changli 7 1300/02228 Changli Zhuxin Enterprises Co., Ltd. Fishery Products 司 经济开发区 County Qinhuangdao 抚宁县渤远水产品有限 秦皇岛市抚宁县台营镇 Yegezhuang village taiying town funing county 8 1300/02229 Funing county boyuan aquatic products co.,ltd Fishery Products 公司 埜各庄村 Qinhuangdao city Hebei province 秦皇岛市江鑫水产冷冻 河北省秦皇岛北戴河新 Nandaihe Second District,Beidaihe New 9 1300/02236 Qinhuangdao Jiangxin Aquatic Food Products Co., Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Guangdong Information
    Guangdong Information Overview Guangdong’s capital and largest city is Guangzhou. It is the southernmost located province on the China mainland. Guangdong is China’s most populous province with 110,000,000 inhabitants. With an area of 76,000 sq mi (196, 891 sq km) it is China’s 15th largest province. Its sub-tropic climate provides a comfortable 72°F (22°C) annual average. Cantonese is spoken by the majority of the population. Known nowadays for being a modern economic powerhouse and a prime location for trade, it also holds a significant place in Chinese history. Guangdong Geography Guangdong is located in the south of the country and faces the South China Sea. The long hilly coast stretches 2670 miles (4.300 km) totaling one fifth of the country’s coastline. There are hundreds of small islands located in the Zhu Jiang Delta, which is where the Dong Jiang, Bei Jiang and Guang Jiang rivers converge. Among these islands are Macao and Hong Kong, the latter of which stretches its political boundaries over a portion of the mainland as well. Hainan province, an island offshore across from the Leizhou Peninsula in the southwest, was part of Guangdong until 1988 when it became a separate province. Guangzhou and Shenzhen are both located on the Zhu Jiang River. Guangdong China borders Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Hainan provinces in addition to the Gunagzhuang Autonomous Region, Hong Kong, and Macao. Guangdong Demographics Guangdong China is composed of 99% Han, .7% Zhuang, and .2% Yao. The Hui, Manchu, and She make up most of the remaining .1%.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Dengue Outbreak in Guangdong Province, China Guanghu Zhu1,2,3†, Jianpeng Xiao2†,Taoliu2, Bing Zhang2, Yuantao Hao3 and Wenjun Ma2*
    Zhu et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2019) 19:493 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4015-2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Spatiotemporal analysis of the dengue outbreak in Guangdong Province, China Guanghu Zhu1,2,3†, Jianpeng Xiao2†,TaoLiu2, Bing Zhang2, Yuantao Hao3 and Wenjun Ma2* Abstract Background: Dengue is becoming a major public health concern in Guangdong (GD) Province of China. The problem was highlighted in 2014 by an unprecedented explosive outbreak, where the number of cases was larger than the total cases in previous 30 years. The present study aimed to clarify the spatial and temporal patterns of this dengue outbreak. Methods: Based on the district/county-level epidemiological, demographic and geographic data, we first used Moran’s I statistics and Spatial scan method to uncover spatial autocorrelation and clustering of dengue incidence, and then estimated the spatial distributions of mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) by using inverse distance weighting. We finally employed a multivariate time series model to quantitatively decompose dengue cases into endemic, autoregressive and spatiotemporal components. Results: The results indicated that dengue incidence was highly spatial-autocorrelated with the inclination of clustering and nonuniformity. About 12 dengue clusters were discovered around Guangzhou and Foshan with significant differences by district/county, where the most likely cluster with the largest relative risk located in central Guangzhou in October. Three significant high-MOI areas were observed around Shaoguan, Qingyuan, Shanwei and Guangzhou. It was further found the districts in Guagnzhou and Foshan were prone to local autoregressive transmission, and most region in southern and central GD exhibited higher endemic components.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Chinese Metal Scene in Contemporary Chinese Society (1996-2015)
    "THE SCREAMING SUCCESSOR": EXPLORING THE CHINESE METAL SCENE IN CONTEMPORARY CHINESE SOCIETY (1996-2015) Yu Zheng A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December 2016 Committee: Jeremy Wallach, Advisor Esther Clinton Kristen Rudisill © 2016 Yu Zheng All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Jeremy Wallach, Advisor This research project explores the characteristics and the trajectory of metal development in China and examines how various factors have influenced the localization of this music scene. I examine three significant roles – musicians, audiences, and mediators, and focus on the interaction between the localized Chinese metal scene and metal globalization. This thesis project uses multiple methods, including textual analysis, observation, surveys, and in-depth interviews. In this thesis, I illustrate an image of the Chinese metal scene, present the characteristics and the development of metal musicians, fans, and mediators in China, discuss their contributions to scene’s construction, and analyze various internal and external factors that influence the localization of metal in China. After that, I argue that the development and the localization of the metal scene in China goes through three stages, the emerging stage (1988-1996), the underground stage (1997-2005), the indie stage (2006-present), with Chinese characteristics. And, this localized trajectory is influenced by the accessibility of metal resources, the rapid economic growth, urbanization, and the progress of modernization in China, and the overall development of cultural industry and international cultural communication. iv For Yisheng and our unborn baby! v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of 2014 Dengue Outbreak
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of 2014 Dengue Outbreak in Guangdong, China Received: 23 August 2017 Mattia Sanna 1, Jianyong Wu2,3,4,5, Yanshan Zhu2,3,4,5, Zhicong Yang6, Jiahai Lu2,3,4,5 & Accepted: 22 December 2017 Ying-Hen Hsieh1,7 Published: xx xx xxxx The record-breaking number of dengue cases reported in Guangdong, China in 2014 has been topic for many studies. However, the spatial and temporal characteristics of this unexpectedly explosive outbreak are still poorly understood. We adopt an integrated approach to ascertain the spatial- temporal progression of the outbreak in each city in Guangdong as well as in each district in Guangzhou, where the majority of cases occurred. We utilize the Richards model, which determines the waves of reported cases at each location and identifes the turning point for each wave, in combination with a spatial association analysis conducted by computing the standardized G* statistic that measures the degree of spatial autocorrelation of a set of geo-referenced data from a local perspective. We found that Yuexiu district in Guangzhou was the initial hot spot for the outbreak, subsequently spreading to its neighboring districts in Guangzhou and other cities in Guangdong province. Hospital isolation of cases during early stage of outbreak in neighboring Zhongshan (in efort to prevent disease transmission to the vectors) might have played an important role in the timely mitigation of the disease. Integration of modeling approach and spatial association analysis allows us to pinpoint waves that spread the disease to communities beyond the borders of the initially afected regions.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Development of a Plantation-Based Wood Pulp Industry
    267 International Forestry Review Vol. 6(3-4), 2004 China’s development of a plantation-based wood pulp industry: government policies, financial incentives, and investment trends1 C. BARR and C. COSSALTER Senior Policy Scientist, Forests and Governance Programme, CIFOR, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindangbarang, Bogor Barat 16680, Indonesia Senior Plantation Scientist, Forests and Environmental Services Programme, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang- barang, Bogor Barat 16680, Indonesia Email: [email protected] and [email protected] SUMMARY The Chinese government is aggressively promoting development of a domestic wood pulp industry, integrated with a plan- tation-based fiber supply and downstream paper production. It is doing so by providing discounted loans from state banks, fiscal incentives, and capital subsidies for establishment of at least 5.8 million hectares of fast-growing pulpwood planta- tions. This article examines the development of bleached hardwood kraft pulp (BHKP) mills in South China, including the Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) Jinhai mill in Hainan Province and the proposed Fuxing pulp mill project in Guangdong Province. Both mills face fiber shortfalls over the medium term, and significant new investments in plantation development will be needed to provide a sustainable fiber supply at the mills? projected capacity levels. However, there are few sites in south- ern coastal China where fiber can be grown at internationally competitive costs. In most instances, the cost of Chinese plan- tation pulpwood will be considerably higher than in countries like Indonesia and Brazil, raising important questions about the economic competitiveness of Chinese pulp producers even within their home market. Keywords: China; wood pulp, plantations, Asia Pulp & Paper, Fuxing INTRODUCTION tic producers modernize their operations and as in- ternational producers seek to capture a share of Chi- During the last 15 years, China has emerged as a lea- na’s growing market (He and Barr, in this issue).
    [Show full text]
  • Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950
    Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950 Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access China Studies published for the institute for chinese studies, university of oxford Edited by Micah Muscolino (University of Oxford) volume 39 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/chs Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950 Understanding Chaoben Culture By Ronald Suleski leiden | boston Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover Image: Chaoben Covers. Photo by author. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Suleski, Ronald Stanley, author. Title: Daily life for the common people of China, 1850 to 1950 : understanding Chaoben culture / By Ronald Suleski.
    [Show full text]