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Bats (Chiroptera: Mammalia) of Malakand Division, Pakistan

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Bats (Chiroptera: Mammalia) of Malakand Division, Pakistan BATS (CHIROPTERA: MAMMALIA) OF MALAKAND DIVISION, PAKISTAN BY MOHAMMAD SALIM 2007-VA-543 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY IN WILDLIFE AND ECOLOGY FACULTY OF FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES LAHORE, PAKISTAN 2016 To, The Controller of Examinations, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. We, the supervisory committee, certify that the contents and the form of thesis, submitted by Mohammad Salim, Registration No. 2007-VA-543 have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for the evaluation by the External Examination for award of the Degree. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE SUPERVISOR: __________________________________________ (DR. ARSHAD JAVID) CO-SUPERVISOR: __________________________________________ (DR. MUHAMMAD SAJID NADEEM) MEMBER: __________________________________________ (DR. ZULFIQAR ALI) MEMBER: __________________________________________ (Prof. DR. AZHAR MAQBOOL) DEDICATION I dedicate the fruit of my humble efforts To My Beloved mother Kha Bibi Who nourished me at my first cry and taught me the first word in this Universe My affectionate father Sherin Taj Who provided me each and every facility of life from cradle to adulthood and took me to school for attaining higher ideals of life My Brothers & Sisters and My better half Ruqia Nisar My cute kids Zainab Salim, Mohammad Abdullah, Humaira Salim, Salma Salim and Asma Salim for their patience & My Uncle For being my guardian during my educational career i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Praise is only for Allah the Almighty, the Lord of the Universe, the most Gracious, the most Beneficent and the most Merciful and His Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) who is the ultimate source of knowledge and guidance for humanity. I feel great pleasure to express my heartiest gratitude and deep sense of obligation to my distinguished supervisor Dr. ARSHAD JAVID, Assistant Professor, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, UVAS, Lahore for his generous and wise guidance, keen interest in research, constructive criticism, constant encouragement and valuable suggestions throughout my Ph.D study and research work. Since he has established bat science as a separate discipline in the country, arranged funding for this study and helped me lot in confirming taxonomy of all the bats captured from Malakand and above all worked day and night with me to refine this manuscript. I feel great honor to express my gratitude to the members of my Supervisory Committee, Dr. Muhammad Sajid Nadeem, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Dr. Zulfiqar Ali, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab and Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool Chairman, Department of Parasitology, for their guidance and encouragement. I extend my special & heartiest thanks to Dr. Momin Khan Veterinary Officer (H) incharge C.V. H Harichand, Charsadda district for his encouraging attitude during whole span of my study. I am very thankful to Dr. Fehmeeda Bibi Assistant Professor, Department of Livestock & Poultry production, BZU, Multan. I also express my sincerest sense of gratitude to my best friends Mr. Faiz-ur-Rehman Lecturer, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal (Dir Upper), Dr. Kamran Alam Lecturer, University of Haripur and Mr. Iftikhar Ali MS student NUST, Islamabad for their keen interest in this study and valuable practical help in my research and thesis. I acknowledge special thanks to my brothers Amjid Ali, Sajid Ali and Wajid Ali for their valuable support, cooperation, guidance and patience during field sampling. I extend my special & heartiest thanks to My Lab fellows and to all those workers who worked long hours in field to make working environment conducive for me. Mohammad Salim ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION (i) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (ii) LIST OF TABLES (iv) LIST OF FIGURES (vi) CHAPTERS TITLE PAGE NO. 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 3. RESULTS 38 Publication 3.1. 40 Distribution of Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus Brünnich, 1782 in four Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Publication 3.2. 50 Distribution records of fruit bats Cynopterus sphinx and Rousettus leschenaultii from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Publication 3.3. 67 Morphological differentiation in two closely-related mouse- tailed bat species (Chiroptera: Rhinopomatidae) captured from Malakand division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Publication 3.4. 87 Description of the first record of the Indian False Vampire Bat (Megaderma lyra) E. Geoffroy, 1810 (Rhinopomatidae: Chiroptera) captured from Northwestern Pakistan. Publication 3.5. 95 Morphological differentiation in two closely-related horseshoe bat species (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) captured from Malakand Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Publication 3.6. 108 New provincial record of the fulvous leaf-nosed bat Hipposideros fulvus Gray, 1838 from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Publication 3.7. Two new bat species (Chiroptera: Mammalia) 119 for Pakistan: Miniopterus fuliginosus and Myotis formosus. Publication 3.8. Diversity of some bat species (Family 129 Vespertilionidae) from Malakand Division, Pakistan. Publication 3.9. Morphological features of the bats of genus 148 Pipistrellus from Malakand division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Publication 3.10. First provincial record of desert yellow bat 170 Scotoecus pallidus (Dobson, 1876) from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. 4. SUMMARY 180 iii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE TITLE NO. NO Publication 3.1. Location and elevation of the five roosts of Pteropus giganteus in 3.1.1 58 Kyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Pteropus giganteus counted on different tree species in five roosting sites of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa from June 2008 through December 3.1.2 46 2008 (Fishing Hut, Pul Chowkai, Poji ground, Chail Kandoa Baba Ghaffar Khan Village). Publication 3.2. Comparison of external body measurements (mm) of Cynopterus 3.2.1 sphinx (n=1) captured during present study with Aziz et al. (2007), 60 Senacha et al. (2006), Matveev (2005) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Comparison of cranial measurements (mm) of Cynopterus sphinx 3.2.2 (n=1) captured during present study with Bates and Harrison (1997) 61 and Matveev (2005). Comparison of external body measurements (mm) of Rousettus leschenaultii (n=22) captured during present study with Bates and 3.2.3 62 Harrison (1997), Roberts (1997), Matveev, (2005) and Aeshita et al. (2006). Comparison of cranial measurements (mm) of Rousettus leschenaultii 3.2.4 captured during present study with Bates and Harrison (1997) and 63 Matveev (2005). Mean bacular measurements (mm) of Rousettus leschenaultii captured 3.2.5 63 from Tura Gata in Malakand district. Publication 3.3. Comparison of external body measurements (mm) of Rhinopoma microphyllum captured during present study with Rahman et al. 3.3.1 77 (2015), Benda et al. (2009), Davis, (2007), Bates and Harrison (1997), Roberts (1997) and Schlitter and Qumsiyeh (1996). Comparison of cranialmeasurements (mm) of Rhinopoma microphyllum captured during present study with Rahman et al. 3.3.2 78 (2015), Benda et al. (2009), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Schlitter and Qumsiyeh (1996). Comparison of external body measurements (mm) of Rhinopoma hardwickii captured during present study with Javid et al. (2012), 3.3.3 79 Benda et al. (2009), Davis, (2007), Bates and Harrison (1997), Roberts (1997) and Qumsiyeh and Jones (1986). Comparison of cranial measurements (mm) of Rhinopoma hardwickii 3.3.4 captured during present study with Javid et al. (2012), Benda et al. 80 (2009), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Qumsiyeh and Jones (1986). Comparison of bacular measurements (mm) of Rhinopoma 3.3.5 microphyllum captured during present study with Rhinopoma 81 hardwickii (Javid et al. 2012). iv Publication 3.4. Comparison of mean external body and cranial measurements (mm) of Megaderma lyra captured from Heroshah tehsil Dargai in 3.4.1 88 Malakand district (present study) with previous studies from South Asia (Bates and Harrison, 1997) and Pakistan (Roberts, 1997). Publication 3.5. Comparison of mean external body and cranial measurements (mm) 3.5.1 of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (n=2) captured from Loya Agra in 102 Malakand district with previous study from South Asia. Comparison of mean external body measurements (mm) of 3.5.2 Rhinolophus lepidus (n=3) captured from University of Malakand in 105 Malakand district with a previous study from South Asia. Publication 3.6. Comparison of external body, cranial and bacular measurements 3.6.1 (mm) of Hipposideros fulvus captured during present study with 115 Roberts (1997), Bates and Harrison (1997) and Saikia et al. (2006). Publication 3.7. Wing measurements (mm) of Miniopterus fuliginosus (n = 1) and 3.7.1 Myotis formosus (n = 5) captured from Malakand Division, 121 Pakistan. Comparison of external body and cranioental measurements (mm) of Miniopterus fuliginosus (n=1) and Myotis formosus (n=5) captured 3.7.2 122 from Malakand Division (present study) with Sramek et al. (2013) and Bayes and Harrison (1997), respectively. Publication 3.8. External body measurements (mm) of four species of family 3.8.1 143 Vespertilionidae captured from Malakand Division. Cranial measurements (mm) of four species of family 3.8.2 144 Vespertilionidae captured from Malakand Division. Mean bacular measurements (mm) of four species of family 3.8.3 144 Vespertilionidae captured from Malakand Division. Publication 3.9. Mean body mass (g) and external body measurements (mm) of five 3.9.1 165 species of the genus Pipistrellus
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