Manuscript description by Brittany Rancour Fall 2017

RARE RES BS70 .B5 1300 Biblia Latina Italy S. XIII2/4 CONTENTS ff.314. Thirteenth century Latin . Missing Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Samuel I-2, Kings 1-2, Chronicles 1-2, Ezra, Nehemiah, Tobias. Begins with Sapiential Books (f.1r): Proverbs, , , Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus. Major Prophets (f.47va1): Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations,(missing Baruch), Ezekiel, Daniel (bound incorrectly). Minor Prophets (f. 127v31): Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah. Major Prophets (bound incorrectly, f. 139ra1) Ezekiel, Daniel. Minor Prophets (f. 152ra30): Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Missing Maccabees. Job (f. f. 163rb1), Judith (f. 176ra1), Esther (f. 182rb34). , (f.189ra1): Matthew, Mark, Luke, John. of St. Paul (f. 244vb1): Romans, First Corinthians, Second Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, First Thessalonians, Second Thessalonians, Paul’s Letter to the Laodiceans, Colossians, First Timothy, Second Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, (f.279vb1). (f. 297rb16): Jacob, first peter, Second Peter, First John, Second John, Third John. Jude (f. 304rb31). Apocalypse (f. 305ra17). Lectionary of and readings in Italian (f. 313r). MODERN EDITION Colunga, Alberto O.P. and Laurentio Turrado. Biblia Sacra Juxta Vulgatam Clementinam Nova Editio. Madrid: biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, ed EDICA, 1977.

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION Parchment. Multiple scribes. 27 Quires of varying construction. FH’HF. Bound s. XV. Dimensions of folio 18.2 cm X 14.1 cm with wide margins. Pages have been cropped. Text dimensions 13.9 cm X 9.8 cm (measured from the top ruled horizontal line to the bottom ruled horizontal line and from the left ruled margin to the right ruled margin). Double columns of 43 lines, ruled. Italian Gothic miniscule, southern textualis, c. 1240- 1250.1 Latin for the books of the bible and Italian for the lectionary of gospel and epistle readings. Book headings in upper margin are cropped and difficult to read and are indicated in alternating blue and red. Chapter headings indicated by Roman numerals in line with the text, picked out in alternating blue and red. Text identifies explicit and incipits of each book in red. 52 large blue decorated initials with red pen flourishes in floral or geometric patterns begin the chapters in each book. Book of Matthew begins with a blue L that ends at the bottom of the page with a red and blue decorated cross (190v). A cross also appears as part of the decorated P that begins the Book of Philemon (274r). Frequent pen flourished initials in either blue with red flourishes or red with blue flourishes. Frequent highlighted initials in red. Text is in brown ink. Occasional marginal gloss, which includes both text and manicules.

1 Special thanks to Dr. Eric J. Johnson, Associate Professor and curator of Rare Books & Manuscripts at The Ohio State University Libraries, for identification and dating of the southern textualis script. Manuscript description by Brittany Rancour Fall 2017

NOTES

1.) ‘h’ appears in several places before vowels. a. H appears before the name Abraham 190va1. b. A decorated letter ‘H’ appears before the letters “in” for the incipit “In m(en)se octavo” at the beginning of Zechariah f. 157vb7. c. 265ra25 “Thimotheus;” d. 266va31 “Thimotheus” e. 268ra1 “Thimotheus.” f. A decorated letter ‘H’ also appears before the letters n-i for the incipit “in principio erat V(er)bum” at the beginning of the Book of John f. 231ra23. g. H appears before Ephesi f. 263ra17. 2.) J a. 297va25-decorated H for a J? b. 304rb37 –decorated H for a J?

BINDING Fifteenth century Italian binding with intact tail headband and fragmented top headband. Parchment wrapped around book boards2 with four sewing supports.3 The parchment contains an antiphonal in Latin, s. XV, four lines of squared neumes followed by a line of text. Contains part of Psalm 74. Text dimensions 33.2 cm X 19.2 cm. Double columns of 9 lines. Cropped to fit the book. Gothic (Littera Gothica Textualis Rotunda Italiana), used from 1200-1800.4

Repaired in 2013 by James Downey at Legacy Bookbindery (2011 N. Country Club Drive, Columbia, MO 65201). Downey removed the cover and the decaying paper liners between the cords. He discovered that the bible was rebound at least once in its life as evidenced by the holes punched through the folios.5 This was probably the fifteenth century binding that survives on the Columbia Bible. Downey then flattened the cover and applied a layer of conservation adhesive and kozo-fiber paper to strengthen the structure, as well as placing flax paper between the cords. Downey also added new handmade flax paper endpapers.6

PROVENANCE Part of the collection of Bernard M. Rosenthal, book collector Rare Books and Manuscripts in Berkley, California. Listed as item #9 in Bernard M Rosenthal, Inc. Catalogue XVIII, “Manuscripts Printed Books, 11th century to c.1700.” The entry lists the

2 Jim Downey, “Psst. Hey, Wanna See Something…Special?” Communion of Dreams, accessed November 8, 2017, https://communionblog.wordpress.com/2013/06/30/psst-hey-wanna-see-something-special/. 3 Italian binders typically used under four sewing supports, see Priscilla Anderson, “Fifteenth-century Bookbinding structure in Italy and the Netherlands: A survey of manuscripts and Printed Books,” The Book and Paper Group vol. 18 (1999), http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v18/bp18-01.html. 4 Michelle Brown, A Guide to Historical Scripts from Antiquity to 1600 (London: British Library, 2007). 5 Downey, “Psst. Hey, Wanna See Something…Special?” 6 Jim Downey, “Chutzpah,” Communion of Dreams, accessed November 8, 2017, https://communionblog.wordpress.com/2013/07/07/chutzpah/. Manuscript description by Brittany Rancour Fall 2017

manuscript as Biblia Latina from Italy, ab. 1300, and priced it at $475.7 Bought by Dr. William F. Fratcher and his wife. Fratcher was a Professor of Law at the University of Missouri Law School from 1947-1992. The Fratchers donated the manuscript to Special Collections and Rare Books in 1983.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION The of the thirteenth century typically were contained in one volume. The Columbia codex is therefore unusual in its composition since it does not include The Octateuch, the Book of Kings, Ezra, Chronicles, Tobit, , Maccabees, and Barach. Changes to the format of the bible occurred in Northern France from 1170-1230. The major transition was the size of the bible, from the large Romanesque editions to the smaller, personal bibles of the thirteenth century. Another major change included the addition of chapter headings, which allowed ease of access of the users.

DETAILED RECORD

1.) The Sapiential Books (Books of Solomon).

a. ff.1-13ra3 Proverbs Chapters I-XXXI. Incipit illegible.

b. ff. 13ra8-16vb4 Ecclesiastes. Chapters I-XII. Incipit Verba Eccl(esi)astae, filli David, regis I(e)r(u)s(alem).

c. ff. 16vb4-18vb8. Song of Songs. Chapters I-VIII. Incipit Osculetur me osculo oris sui.

d. f.18vb9-26rb17 Wisdom. Chapters I-XIX i. Prologue f. 18vb9-16. ii. f.18vb18 Wisdom Incipit Diligite iustitia(m) qui iudicatis t(er)ram.

e. ff.26rb17- 47ra37 Ecclesiasticus. Incipit Omnis sapi(enti)a a D(omi)no Deo e(st) et cu(m) illo fuit semp(er) et e(st) ante (a)evu(m). Chapters I-L. A prologue was added in the lower margin.

2.) The Major Prophets

a. ff. 47va1-71vb21 Prophetia Isaiah. Incipit Visio Isaie filii {sic} Amos qua(m) vidit sup(er) Iudam et Ierusalem. Chapters I-LXVI.

b. ff. 71vb22-100ra8 Prophetia Jeremiah. i. Prologue ff. 71vb22-72ra15

7 Bernard M Rosenthal, Inc. Catalogue XVIII, “Manuscripts Printed Books, 11th century to c. 1700,” 3. Manuscript description by Brittany Rancour Fall 2017

ii. F. 72ra16 Jeremiah Incipit Verba Iermi(a)e filii Helchie de sacerdotih {sic} (us) qui fuer(un)t in Anathoth [Analthoth] in t(er)ra beniamin. Chapters I-LII

c. ff. 100ra8-102va12 Lamentationes. i. Prologue Incipit Et f(ac)t(u)m e(st) postq(ua)m in captivitate(m) redactus est Isr(ea)l, et i(e)r(sa)l(em) destiuita {sic} e(st). Chapters I-V

d. ff. 102va1-126vEzekiel. i. Prologue f. 102va1-102vb2 ii. f. 102vb3 Ezekiel Incipit Et f(ac)t(u)m est in tric {sic}esimo anno in quarto m(en)se(?) in q(ui)nta m(en)sis cu(m) essem in medio captivorum iuxta fluvium Chobar. Chapters I-XLVI. Misbound, chapters XLVII- XLVIII continued on f. 139 as noted in pencil.

e. ff. 127ra1-127v30 Daniel begins partially through Chapter XIII, as noted in pencil. Chapters I-XIII are on ff. 140ra39- 140vb22-152va4

3.) The Minor Prophets

a. ff. 127v31-131rb18 Hosea. Chapters I-XIV. Incipit Verbu(m) q(uo)d f(ac)t(u)m e(st) ad Osee.

b. ff. 131rb19-133ra8 Joel. Chapters I-III. i. Prologue 131rb19-131va5. ii. 131va6 Incipit Verbum d(omi)ni q(uo)d f(ac)t(u)m e(st) ad Iohel filium Phatuel.

c. ff. 133ra9-135vb35 Amos. Chapters I-IX. i. Prologue f. 133ra9-ra34. ii. f. 133ra35Amos Incipit Verba Amos q(ui) fuit in pastorai(bus) que quo vidit s(upe)r Isr(ae)l in dieb(us) Ozie.

d. ff. 135vb35-136va35 Obadiah. Chapters I-II. i. Prologue 135vb35-136rb2. ii. f. 136rb3 Obadiah Incipit Visio Abdie, hec dicit D(omi)n(u)s D(eu)s ad Edo(m).

e. ff.136va36-137vb33 Jonah. Chapter I-IV. i. Prologue 136va36-136vb43. ii. f. 137ra1 Incipit Et f(ac)t(u)m e(st) v(er)bu(m) D(omi)ni ad Ionam filium Amathi dicens.

f. ff. 137vb34-137vb43 Micah. Chapters I-III i. Prologue 137vb34-138ra17 Manuscript description by Brittany Rancour Fall 2017

ii. f. 138ra18 Incipit Verbum D(omi)ni quod f(ac)t(u)m e(st) ad Micheam Morasthiten. Misbound, chapters IV-VIII continue on ff. 151ra1- 152ra29.

4.) The Major Prophets, misbound a. 139ra1-140ra38 Ezekiel. Chapter XLVII-XLVIII. Incipit Et convertit me ad portam domus. Misbound, as noted in pencil, Chapters I-XLVI are on ff.102va1- 126v.

b. ff. 140ra39- 140vb22-152va4 Daniel. Chapters I-VIII i. Prologue ff. 140ra39-140vb22. ii. f. 140vb23 Incipit Anno t(er)tio regni Iohachim, regis Iuda, venit Babuchodonosor, rex Babilois, I(e)r(usa)l(e)m.

c. ff.151ra1-152ra29 Micah. Chapters IV-VIII. Incipit, Chapter IV 3/3 Et concident gladios suos i(n) vomeres. Misbound, Chapters I-III are on ff. 137vb34-137vb43. d.

5.) The Minor Prophets a. ff. 152ra30-153rb35 Nahum. Chapters I-III. i. Prologue ff. 152ra30-152va4. ii. f. 152va5 Nahum Incipit Onus Ninive. Liber visio(n)is Naum.

b. ff. 153rb36-154vb16 Habakkuk. Chapters I-III. i. Prologue 153rb36-153vb4. ii. f. 153vb4 Habakkuk Incipit Onus q(uo)d vidit Abacuc p(ro)pheta.

c. ff. 154vb17-156ra37 Zephaniah. Chapters I-III. i. Prologue 154vb17-155ra18 ii. f. 155ra19 Zephaniah Incipit Verbum D(omi)ni q(uo)d f(ac)t(u)m e(st) ad Sophoniam.

d. ff. 156ra38-157rb29 Haggai. Chapters I-III i. Prologue 156ra38-156va29 ii. f. 156va30 Haggai Incipit (initial H) [..] In anno s(e)c(on)do Darii regis.

e. ff. 157rb30-161vb14 Zechariah. Chapters I-XIV. i. Prologue 157rb30-157vb6. ii. f. 157vb7 Zechariah Incipit Hin m(en)se octavo in anno s(e)c(on)do Daru f(ac)t(u)m e(st) v(er)bum d(omi)ni ad Zachariam.

f. ff. 161vb15-163ra43 Malachi. Chapters I-IV. i. Prologue 161vb15-162ra12. ii. f. 162ra13 Malachi Incipit Onus v(er)bi D(omi)ni ad Isr(ae)l.

Manuscript description by Brittany Rancour Fall 2017

6.) ff. 163rb1-175vb43 Job. Chapters I-XLII. Incipit Vir erat in t(er)ra Hus, no(m)i(n)e Iob.

7.) ff. 176ra1-24- 182rb32 Judith. Chapters I-XVI. a. Prologue 176ra1-176ra24. b. f.176ra25 Judith Incipit Arfaxat {sic} itaq(ue) rex medo(rum) subiug(a)v (er)at m(u)ltas gentes i(m)p(er)io suo.

8.) ff. 182rb34-188rb11 Esther. Chapters I-VI. a. Prologue 182rb34-182va24 b. f. 182va26. Esther Incipit In dieb(us) Assueri qui regnavit ab India us(que) ad Ethiopia(m) sup(er) centu(m) viginti septem p(ro)vinaas {sic}. (A heading for a seventh chapter has been crossed out by a later hand).

9.) New Testament

a. The Gospels i. ff. 189ra1-205ra18 Book of Matthew. Chapters I-XXVIII. 1. ff. 189ra1-190rb41 Prologue to Matthew. Incipit prophato sei Jeromini de textii est. Page has been repaired (in red). 2. 190va1-205rb21 Book of Matthew. Incipit Liber g(e)n(er)at(i)on(i)s Ih(es)u Xpi(sto) filii David filii habraham.

ii. ff. 205rb19-214vb5 Book of Mark. Chapters I-XVI. 1. Prologue ff. 205rb19-205rb21 2. f. 205rb22 Mark Incipit Initium E(va)ng(e)lii Ih(es)u X(pisto) filii Dei.

iii. ff. 214vb5-230vb23 Book of Luke. Chapters I-XXIV. 1. Prologue ff. 214vb5-215ra9 2. f. 215ra10 Luke Incipit Quoniam quidem m(u)lti conati sunt ordinare narratione(m), que in nob(is) (com)plete su(n)t, reru(m).

iv. ff. 230vb24-244va41 Book of John. Chapters I- XXI. 1. Prologue ff. 230vb24-231ra22 2. f. 231ra23 John Incipit in principio erat V(er)bum, et V(er)bu(m) erat ap(ud) D(eu)m et D(eu)s erat V(er)bum.

b. The Epistles of St. Paul

i. ff. 244vb1-250vb7 Romans. Books I-XVI. Incipit Paulus s(er)vus Ih(es)u X(pisto) vocatus Ap(osto)l(u)s.

ii. ff. 250vb8-256vb17 First Corinthians. Chapters I-XVI. 1. Prologue ff. 250vb8-250vb2. 2. ff. 250vb24 Corinthians Incipit Paulus vocatus Ap(osto)l(u)s X(pisto) Ih(es)u p(er) volu(n)tatem Dei. Manuscript description by Brittany Rancour Fall 2017

iii. ff. 256vb18--260vb41 Second Corinthians. Chapters I-XIII. 1. Prologue ff. 256vb18-257ra1. 2. f. 257ra2 Second Corinthians Incipit Paulus Ap(osto)l(u)s Ih(es)u Xpi(sto) p(er) volu(n)tatem Dei.

iv. ff. 260vb43-263ra9 Galatians. Chapters I-VI. 1. Prologue 260vb43-261ra7. 2. f. 261ra8 Incipit Paulus Ap(osto)l(u)s no(n) ab ho(m)i(ni)b(us), n(eque) p(er) ho(m)ine(m) se(d) p(er) Ih(esu)m Xp(ristu)m.

v. ff. 263ra11-265ra17 Ephesians. Chapters I-VI. 1. Prologue ff. 263ra11-263ra17 2. f. 263ra17 Incipit Paulus Ap(osto)l(u)s Ih(es)u Xpi(sto) p(er) volu(n)tate(m) Dei s(an)c(tu)s o(mn)ib(us) qui sunt Hephesi.

vi. ff. 265ra18-266va20 Philippians. Chapters I-IV. 1. Prologue ff. 265ra18-24. 2. f. 265ra25 Philippians Incipit Paulus et Thimotheus, s(er)vi Ih(es)u X(pisto). vii. ff. 266va29-267vb40 First Thessalonians. Chapters I-V. 1. Prologue f. 266va21-29. 2. f. 266va31 Incipit Paulus et Silvanus et Thimotheus Ecclesi(a)e Thessalonicaensium in d(e)o patre n(o)s(tr)o. viii. ff. 268ra1-268va34 Second Thessalonians. Chapters I-III. Incipit Paulus et Silvanus et Thimotheus Eccl(esia)e Thesalonicensui(m) in deo patre n(ost)ro.

ix. 268vb1-268vb43 Paul’s Letter to the Laodiceans. Incipit Paulus Ap(osto)l(u)s n(on) ab ho(m)i(ni)b(us) neq(ue) p(er) ho(m)i(n)e(m) s(ed) p(er) Ih(esu)m Xp(ristu)m fr(atr)ib(us) qui su(n)t Laodiciae

x. ff. 269ra1-270rb41Colossians. ff. 269ra1-9 Prologue; 269ra11 Incipit Paulus Ap(osto)l(u)s X(pisto) Ih(es)u p(er) volu(n)tatem Dei, et Thimotheus fr(ater) his {eis} qui sunt Colothis {sic} s(an)c(t)is et fidelib(us) fr(atr)ib(us) i(n) Xp(ist)o Ih(es)u. Chapters I-IV.

xi. ff. 270va1-272ra23 First Timothy. Incipit Paulus Ap(osto)l(u)s Ih(es)u X(pisto) (secundum) imperiu(m) dei Salvatoris n(ost)ri et X(pisto) Ih(es)u spei n(ost)r(a)e Tymotheo dilecto filio i(n) fide. xii. ff. 272ra25-273rb10 Second Timothy. Incipit Paulus Ap(osto)l(u)s X(pisto) Ih(es)u p(er) volu(n)tate(m) Dei secundum p(ro)missione(m) in te [lacuna: vitae] quae e(st) in Xp(ist)o Ih(es)u. Manuscript description by Brittany Rancour Fall 2017

xiii. ff. 273rb11-274ra10 Titus. Prologue ff. 273rb11-16 Prologue; f.273rb17 Incipit Paulus s(er)vus Dei, ap(osto)l(u)s aut(em) Ih(es)u Xpi(sto) secundum fidem electo(rum) Dei. Chapters I-III.

xiv. ff. 274ra11-274rb27 Philemon. Prologue ff. 274ra11-15; f.274ra16 Incipit Paulus vinctus Ih(es)u X(pisto) et Timotheus fr(ater) Phylemodi {sic} dilecto et adiutori n(ost)ro. Chapter I.

xv. ff. 274rb28-279va40 Hebrews. Prologue ff. 274rb28-274va4; f.274va5 Hebrews Incipit Multifariam m(u)ltisq(ue) modis, olim D(eu)s Ioque(n)s partib(us) in p(ro)ph(e)tis. Chapters I-XIII. c. Acts of the Apostles ff. 279vb1-297rb15. Incipit Primu(m) quid(em) symone(m) feci de o(mn)ib(us) o Theophile, q(uae) coepit Ihe(su) facere et docere usq(ue) in diem. Chapters I-XXVIII. d. Catholic Epistles

i. ff. 297rb16-299rb4 Jacob. Prologue ff. 297rb15-297va24; f.297va25 Incipit Jacob(us) dei et D(omi)ni n(ost)ri Ih(es)u Xpi(sto) s(er)vus. Chapters I-V.

ii. ff. 299rb4-301ra7 First Peter. Prologue ff. 299rb4-299rb8; 299rb9 First Peter Incipit Petrus Ap(osto)l(u)s Ih(es)u X(pisto) electis adven(t)is disp(er)sio(n)is Pontis, Galatie, Cappadocie, Asie, et Bithinie. Chapters I- V.

iii. ff. 301ra7-302ra26 Second Peter. Prologue ff. 301ra7-301ra12; 301ra13 Incipit Symon Petrus servus et ap(osto)l(u)s Ih(es)u X(pisto) iis qui coequale(m) nobiscu(m) sortiti s(un)t fidem, in iustitia Dei n(ost)ri. Chapters I-III.

iv. ff. 302ra28-303vb25 First John. Prologue ff. 302ra28-34; 302ra35 Incipit Quod fuit ab initio q(uo)d audivim(us) q(uo)d vidimus oculis n(ost)ris. Chapters I-V.

v. ff. 303vb26-304ra27 Second John. Prologue ff. 303vb26-31; 303vb32 Second John Incipit Senior Electe d(omi)n(a)e et natis euis, q(uo)s ego diligo i(n) veritate. Chapter I.

vi. ff. 304ra28-304rb31 Third John. Prologue f. 304ra28-304ra34; f. 304ra35 Third John Incipit Senior Gaio k(harissi)mo que(m) ego diligo in veritate. Chapter I.

Manuscript description by Brittany Rancour Fall 2017

e. ff. 304rb31-305ra16 Jude. Prologue f. 304rb31-304rb36; 304rb37 Jude Incipit Judas Ih(es)u X(pisto) s(er)vus fr(ater) aut(em) Iacobi. Chapters I-II (should be only I).

2. ff. 305ra17-312vb8 Apocalypse. Prologue ff. 305ra17-305ra22; 305ra23 Apocalypse Incipit Apocalipsis Ih(es)u X(pisto) qua(m) dedit illi D(eu)s palam facere s(er)vis suis que oportet fieri cito. Chapters I-XXII.

3. ff. 313r-314v Lectionary of gospel and epistle readings. In Italian

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anderson, Priscilla. “Fifteenth-century Bookbinding structure in Italy and the Netherlands: A survey of manuscripts and Printed Books.” The Book and Paper Group vol. 18 (1999), http://cool.conservation- us.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v18/bp18-01.html.

Bernard M. Rosenthal, Inc. Catalogue XVIII, “Manuscripts Printed Books, 11th Century to c.1700.” 1966.

Brown, Michelle P. A Guide to Western Historical Scripts from Antiquity to 1600. London: British Library, 2007.

De Hamel, Christopher. The Book: A History of the Bible. London: Phaidon Press, 2005.

Downey, Jim. “Psst. Hey, Wanna See Something…Special?” Communion of Dreams, accessed November 8, 2017, https://communionblog.wordpress.com/2013/06/30/psst-hey-wanna-see- something-special/.

Downey, Jim. “Chutzpah.” Communion of Dreams, accessed November 8, 2017, https://communionblog.wordpress.com/2013/07/07/chutzpah/.

“The Life of Bernard M. Rosenthal.” International League of Antiquarian Booksellers. April 12, 2010. https://www.ilab.org/eng/documentation/222- the_life_of_bernard_m__rosenthal.html.

Pickwoad, Nicholas. Onward and Downward: How Binders Coped with Printing Press Before 1800. Oakwood Press, 1994.

Preliminary Inventory of the Dealer Catalogs, 1879-2016. Spec.RARE.0001. Only available in The Ohio State University.

Rosenthal, Bernard. M. The Gentle Invasion: Continental Émigré booksellers of the Manuscript description by Brittany Rancour Fall 2017

Thirties and Forties and Their Impact on the Antiquarian Booktrade in the United States; The Second Annual Sol. M. Malkin Lecture in Bibliography. Charlottesville: Book Arts Press, 1987.

History of the letter J Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524.

GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING THE RECORD • Letters that are abbreviated in the text appear written out here in parentheses ( ). • Words are written as they appear, in some areas I include {sic} to indicate that the word is misspelled in the text • [lacuna: ___] is used to indicate when a word is missing from the text.