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5000 Years Marble History in Troia and the Troad Petroarchaeological 5000 Years Marble History in Troia and the Troad Petroarchaeological Study on the Provenance of White Marbles in West Anatolia Dissertation der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von Dipl.-Geol. Judit Zöldföldi aus Mohács (Ungarn) Tübingen 2011 Tag der mündlichen Qualifikation: 29.11.2011 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Rosenstiel 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Muharrem Satir 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Ernst Pernicka CONTENTS SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................I ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ....................................................................................................................................III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................................................V PART I ................................................................................................................................................................... 1 AIMS OF THIS STUDY....................................................................................................................................... 1 A SHORT REVIEW OF MARBLE PROVENANCE ANALYSES................................................................. 3 PART II.................................................................................................................................................................. 8 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW............................................................................ 8 1. THE IMPORTANCE OF MARBLE PROVENANCE ANALYSES OF TROJAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL ........... 8 2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF THE TROIA AND OF KUMTEPE .............................................................. 10 2.1. Prehistoric Times in Troia and the Troad.................................................................................... 10 2.2. The Hellenistic Period in Troia .................................................................................................... 13 2.3. The Roman Period in Troia.......................................................................................................... 15 3. TECTONIC SETTING OF ANATOLIAN MARBLES .......................................................................................... 17 3.1. Geological overview of the Troad and neighbouring areas with respect to marble.................... 19 3.2. Geological overview of Middle and Southwest Anatolia in respect of marble ............................ 23 4. SHORT REMARKS ON GREEK MARBLES ..................................................................................................... 26 PART III.............................................................................................................................................................. 27 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICS ....................................................................................................................... 27 5. SAMPLING................................................................................................................................................. 27 5.1. Archaeological samples from Troia ............................................................................................. 27 5.2. Geological samples........................................................................................................................ 32 6. APPLIED TECHNIQUES ............................................................................................................................... 35 6.1. Petrographical studies................................................................................................................... 35 6.2. Analysis of chemical composition................................................................................................. 45 6.3. Cathodoluminescence investigation (CL)..................................................................................... 49 6.4. Isotope geochemical analysis........................................................................................................ 51 6.5. Other techniques ........................................................................................................................... 62 PART IV .............................................................................................................................................................. 64 RESULTS: CHARACTERIZATION OF ANATOLIAN MARBLE QUARRIES AND TROJAN MARBLE ARTIFACTS ..................................................................................................................................... 64 7. DESCRIPTIVE APPROACH .......................................................................................................................... 64 7.1. Macroscopic and microscopic description.................................................................................... 64 8. MINERAL COMPOSITION OF THE INVESTIGATED MARBLES ........................................................................ 67 8.1. Results of X-Ray-Diffraction (XRD) Analysis ............................................................................. 67 8.2. Results of the electron microprobe investigations........................................................................ 69 8.3. Summary on the mineralogical investigation............................................................................... 78 9. TEXTURAL ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................81 9.1. Quantitative Texture Analysis (QTA)........................................................................................... 81 10. RESULTS OF THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................... 91 10.1. X-ray Fluorescence Analyses (XRF)............................................................................................ 91 10.2. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)....................................................................................... 93 11. CATHODOLUMINESCENCE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 95 12. CARBON, OXYGEN AND STRONTIUM ISOTOPE SYSTEMATIC..................................................................... 101 18 13 12.1. δ O and δ C isotopic investigation........................................................................................... 101 87 86 12.2. Sr/ Sr isotope studies............................................................................................................... 181 12.3. Trivariate assignment method of the isotopic investigation....................................................... 185 13. MISSMARBLE: MEASUREMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEM OF SAMPLES OF MARBLE.......................... 190 PART V.............................................................................................................................................................. 191 INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 191 14. DISTINGUISHING ANATOLIAN MARBLES ................................................................................................. 192 14.1. Distinguishing Anatolian marbles – if powder samples are available for investigation........... 192 14.2. Distinguishing Anatolian marbles – if marble fragments are available for investigation........ 196 15. DETERMINATION OF THE PROVENANCE OF TROJAN MARBLES USING THE DECISION TREE ..................... 199 15.1. Prehistoric marbles ..................................................................................................................... 199 15.2. Hellenistic marbles...................................................................................................................... 203 15.3. Roman marbles ........................................................................................................................... 204 PART VI ............................................................................................................................................................ 205 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................. 205 16. METHODOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS RESULTING FROM THIS STUDY ...................................................... 205 17. PETROARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES VERSUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORIES............................................... 206 18. OPEN QUESTIONS RESULTING FROM THIS STUDY..................................................................................... 207 19. REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................... 209 _____________________________ APPENDICES APPENDIX A: INVESTIGATED ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS ........................................................ 166 APPENDIX B: BASICS OF THE ANALYTICAL METHODS................................................................... 176 1. QUANTITATIVE FABRIC ANALYSIS (QFA) ..........................................................................................
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