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Cours Systematique ت س Université Ferhat 1 م ا و اة Abbes Faculté des sciences de la Nature et de la vie DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES MODULE : SYSTEMATIQUE DES SPERMAPHYTES RESPONSABLE DU MODULE : Dr Saouli N. Année universitaire 2020-2021 2 MODULE : SYSTEMATIQUE DES SPERMAPHYTES Présentation Ce cours porte sur la systématique des plantes supérieures ou Angiospermes. Il abordera les principaux systèmes de classification et leur évolution, les méthodes utilisées pour la classification des plantes et les principes de la nomenclature botanique. Auteur Ce cours est présenté par Dr Saouli N . Département d'Ecologie et de Biologie Végétale. Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie. Université Ferhat Abbas Sétif 1. Objectif principal L’objectif de ce cours est de donner aux apprenants les connaissances de base sur la morphologie et la classification des Angiospermes. A l'issue de ce cours l'apprenant sera à même, • D'acquérir les notions de base sur la systématique des plantes ; • De reconnaitre les principales caractéristiques des familles botaniques; • De maîtriser les techniques de bases pour l'identification des espèces. Public cible Etudiants en 3e année Licence Biologie et Physiologie Végétales. Pré-requis Connaissances en Biologie Végétale et en Botanique 2 MODULE : SYSTEMATIQUE DES SPERMAPHYTES Table des matières Chapitre 1: Définitions et concepts ................................................................................ 1 1.1/ Nomenclature Botanique ..................................................................................... 1 1.2/ Synonymes .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2.1/ Synonymes nomenclaturaux......................................................................... 1 1.2.2/ Synonymes taxinomiques ............................................................................. 1 1.3/ Taxinomie ............................................................................................................ 2 1.3.1/ Rangs taxinomiques ..................................................................................... 2 1.3.2/ Taxon ............................................................................................................ 2 1.4/ Systématique ....................................................................................................... 3 1.5/ Concept d’espèce ................................................................................................. 3 1.6/ Notions d’évolution ............................................................................................. 3 1.7/ Notions de Phylogénie......................................................................................... 4 1.7.1/ Arbre phylogénétique ................................................................................... 4 1.7.2/ Groupe monophylétique ............................................................................... 4 1.7.3 / Groupe paraphylétique ................................................................................ 5 1.7.4/ Groupe polyphylétique ................................................................................. 5 1.8/ Notions de cladistique ......................................................................................... 5 Chapitre 2: Evolution des systèmes de classification ..................................................... 6 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 6 2.1/ Classifications utilitaires ................................................................................. 6 2.2/ Classifications artificielles .............................................................................. 7 2.3/ Classifications naturelles ................................................................................. 8 2.4/ Classifications évolutives ................................................................................ 9 2.5/ Classifications prémoléculaires ......................................................................... 12 2.6/ Classifications phylogénétiques moléculaires ................................................... 16 2.2/ Méthode d’étude en taxonomie ......................................................................... 19 2.2.1/ Méthode d’échantillonnage ........................................................................ 19 2.2.2/ Approche phénétique .................................................................................. 19 2.2.3/ Approche cladistique .................................................................................. 20 2.2.4/ Taxonomie expérimentale .......................................................................... 20 2.2.5/ Caractères utilisés pour les études de taxinomie ........................................ 20 Chapitre 3 : Origine et phylogénie des Angiospermes ................................................. 22 3.1/ Origine des angiospermes ................................................................................. 22 3.1.1/ Théorie monophylétique ou théorie de l’Euanthe ...................................... 22 3.1.2/ Théorie polyphylétique.............................................................................. 22 3.2/ Caractéristiques des Angiospermes ................................................................... 23 MODULE : SYSTEMATIQUE DES SPERMAPHYTES Chapitre 1: Définitions et concepts 1.1/ Nomenclature Botanique La nomenclature sert à définir et édicter les règles permettant de former les noms de taxons des plantes et de déterminer leur priorité en cas de concurrence. En 1758 Carl Linné (1707-1778) invente la dénomination binominale dans son livre « Species Plantarum ». Exemple : Pinus halepensis Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8, 8 1768. 1.2/ Synonymes Les synonymes sont le résultat d’une appréciation insuffisante de la variation infra spécifique ou d’une méconnaissance des noms publiés antérieurement ; ils peuvent être source de confusion. 1.2.1/ Synonymes nomenclaturaux Un synonyme nomenclaturale ou homotypique est un synonyme d'un nom accepté, s'appuyant sur le même type. Les synonymes nomenclaturaux peuvent être identifiés à l'aide du symbole « ≡ ». Exemple : - Thymus numidicus Poir. Voy. Barbarie 2: 189 (1789). Thymus lanceolatus . subsp. numidicus (Poir.) Batt. Fl. Algérie. Ed. Battandier & Trabut éditeurs Dicot. : 672 (1890). - Origanum glandulosum Desf. Fl. Atlant. 2: 27 (1798). O. vulgare subsp. glandulosum (Desf.) Ietsw. Leiden Bot. Ser. 4: 110 (1980). 1.2.2/ Synonymes taxinomiques Un synonyme taxinomique, dit hétérotypique , est le résultat d’une différence d’appréciation entre les botanistes quant à la circonscription de l'espèce due parfois à la méthode utilisée. Ces synonymes sont dits « facultatifs », car ils peuvent être remis en question. Le symbole du synonyme taxinomique est « = ». Année 2019/2020 1 MODULE : SYSTEMATIQUE DES SPERMAPHYTES 1.3/ Taxinomie La taxinomie (du Grec, taxis: rangement et nomos : loi) est l'étude théorique de la classification, de ses bases, de ses principes, des méthodes et des règles. Crée par A. P. de Candolle dans sa «théorie élémentaire de la botanique », en 1813. Elle constitue la partie la plus importante de la systématique (ou biosystématique). On emploi plus souvent le terme taxonomie. 1.3.1/ Rangs taxinomiques Les rangs taxinomiques représentent les niveaux hiérarchiques de la classification. Les principaux rangs sont : embranchement, classe, ordre, famille, genre et espèces. Ces rangs (en gras dans le tableau sont obligatoires dans une classification. Des sous-rangs sont ajoutés en cas de nécessité. Tableau 1 : Rangs et sous-rangs taxonomique et leurs terminaisons. Rangs Terminaisons Exempe 1 Exemple 2 Règne -bionta Plantae Plantae Sous –Règne Tracheobionta Tracheobionta Embranchement -phyta Magnoliophyta Magnoliophyta Sous- -phytina embranchement Classe -opsida Magnoliopsida Liliopsida Sous-classe -idae Rosidae Liliidae Superodre -anae Ordre -ales Fabales Liliales Sous-ordre -ineae Superfamille -ariae Famille -aceae Fabaceae Liliaceae Sous-famille -oideae Faboideae Tribus -eae Fabeae Sous-tribus -inae Genre Pisum Narcissus L. 1753 Sous-genre Espèce Pisum sativum L. 1753 Narcissus jonquilla Sous-espèces 1.3.2/ Taxon Un taxon désigne un groupe de plante constituant une unité systématique d'un niveau hiérarchique donné (embranchement, classe, variété, famille, genre, espèce, sous-espèces, variété). Année 2019/2020 2 MODULE : SYSTEMATIQUE DES SPERMAPHYTES 1.4/ Systématique Telle que définie par Simpson en 1961, la systématique est l’étude de la diversité des organismes et des relations entre ces organismes. Elle a pour objectif de classer les espèces et de rechercher quelles sont les phylogénies . 1.5/ Concept d’espèce L’espèce est l’unité de base de la classification Botanique. Pour reconnaitre des espèces et pouvoir les distinguer deux critères sont utilisés : d’une part, le critère de la ressemblance mutuelle ; d’autre part, le critère de l’interfécondité. Il existe plusieurs concepts de l’espèce : Concept typologique ou essentialiste (adopté par Linné), Concept nominaliste (adopté par Buffon et Lamark), et le concept biologique ou populationnel. La définition du concept biologique de l'espèce énoncé par Ernst Mayr (1942) est : «Une espèce est un groupe de populations naturelles au sein duquel les individus peuvent, réellement ou potentiellement, échanger du matériel génétique ; toute espèce est séparée des autres par des mécanismes d’isolement
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