The first proof of the recent presence of wolves in the

Glenn Lelieveld1,2, Bart Beekers1,3, Julia Kamp1, Dick Klees1,4, Leo Linnartz1,3, Ellen van Norren1,5, Elze Polman1 & Roeland Vermeulen1,6

1 Wolven in Nederland (www.wolveninnederland.nl), e-mail: [email protected] 2 Averti Ecologie, Acacialaan 21, NL-6721 CN Bennekom, the Netherlands 3 ARK Natuurontwikkeling, Molenveldlaan 43, NL-6523 RJ , the Netherlands 4 Studio Wolverine, Legstraat 2a, NL-4861 RK Chaam, the Netherlands 5 Landschap Overijssel, Poppenallee 39, NL-7722 KW Dalfsen, the Netherlands 6 FREE Nature, Augustuslaan 36, NL-6642 AB , the Netherlands

Abstract: During the second half of the 20th century, wolves (Canis lupus L. 1758) have greatly expanded their range in Europe. Experts believe that wolves will ultimately recolonise the Netherlands. In March 2015, a Ger- man wolf (named ‘Wanderwolf’) visited the Netherlands, leaving a trail of sightings and several attacked sheep. This raised a lot of media interest and public discussion. In this article, we summarise the spread of the wolf across north-western Europe in the 21st century, often into habitats previously considered too small for viable popula- tions, track Wanderwolf’s background and journey across the north-east of the Netherlands and discuss other pos- sible sightings of wolves in the Netherlands since 1990.

Keywords: Canis lupus, Europe, habituation, Netherlands, wolf, management, dispersion, recolonisation, habitat, expansion.

Introduction territorial individuals in France and 40 wolf packs or pairs in (Kontaktbüro During the second half of the 20th century, Wolfsregion Lausitz 2016, ONCFS 2016). wolves (Canis lupus) have greatly expanded The first wolves to come back into Ger- their historical range in Europe. The most many were sighted in the Lausitz region close important reasons for this expansion seem to to the Polish border. In 2000, for the first be European-wide legal protection, especially time in approximately 150 years, wolf pups since the fall of the Iron Curtain (the wolf was were born in Germany, at a military training not a protected species in the former German area (Kontaktbüro Wolfsregion Lausitz 2016, Democratic Republic (DDR) until 1990), and NABU 2016). From 2002/2003 wolves began increased populations of prey species, which to spread mostly in a north-westerly direc- allowed wolf populations to recover from tion, occasionally visiting Denmark by 2012 their last refuges in Spain, Italy and Eastern (Jensen et al. 2015). Europe and to recolonise France, Switzerland Wolves have also been heading back to and Germany. It is estimated that there are the Netherlands. In March 2013, a camera currently 46 wolf packs, 15 wolf pairs and 4 captured a territorial female wolf in a mili- tary training area near the city of Meppen in © 2016 Zoogdiervereniging. Lutra articles also on the Lower Saxony (Germany), some 50 kilome- internet: http://www.zoogdiervereniging.nl tres from the Dutch border. The same wolf

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Lutra_59_1_Text_v4.indd 23 13/12/2016 23:29 was sighted a year later in March/April 2014 without resident wolves, a single wolf wan- at military areas near Meppen and Nord- dered through the Dutch provinces of Dren- horn (through camera trapping and photos the and Groningen in broad daylight. From 7 by passers-by). DNA analyses showed that the to 10 March 2015, the Netherlands witnessed female wolf came from the Gartower pack in the comeback of an iconic species. In this arti- the Wendland region, Germany (B. Habbe, cle we describe the appearance of this wolf, its personal communication). history and the response by the general public The wolves’ rapid colonisation of densely and others. populated western European countries sur- prised many since most of the older literature describes suitable wolf habitat as large areas ‘Wanderwolf’ (up to thousands of square kilometres) with minimal human disturbance (Mech & Boi- ‘Wanderwolf’ had caught the eye of German tani 2003, Kaartinen et al. 2005). Others sug- wolf experts long before it reached the Neth- gested that these were refuge areas instead of erlands. The first noticeable and documented being a preferred habitat of wolves (Llaneza, incident with this young wolf, was in Feb- Lopez-Bao & Sazatornil 2012). A 2013 Ger- ruary 2015 when he attacked a sheep flock man study showed that European wolves are in Schleswig-Holstein. What was conspicu- highly adaptive to cultivation and can deal ous about this incident was that he attacked with human population densities of up to 80 them in broad daylight and did not seem to people per km2 (Fechter & Storch 2014). A be as timid as its conspecifics. The wolf did Dutch study suggested that the Netherlands not show any aggressive behaviour towards may provide enough suitable habitats for at humans (Kabel 2015a), but kept returning to least 40 wolf packs (Lelieveld 2012), despite the flock for about an hour despite humans the country’s high average population den- being just a few metres away, trying to pro- sity of 500 people per km2 (CBS 2014) and the tect the flock. A few weeks later, he was identi- intensive cultivation of its rural areas. Fechter fied to be a yearling from the Munster pack in and Storch (2014) argue that wolves can deal Lower Saxony, a pack known for its indiffer- with even more densely populated areas than ence towards humans. Such unusual behav- suggested by Lelieveld’s study (2012). iour has only been reported in this particu- Nonetheless, wolves tend to colonise areas lar wolf pack in Germany. Experts began to with relatively little human disturbance, such discuss the possibility that humans had made as military areas or former open-cast coal a contribution to this conspicuous behaviour mining areas. German wolves are known to through feeding them (Kabel 2015b). have occupied territories of 200 km2 on aver- The authorities in Lower Saxony decided to age, sometimes even as small as 80 km2, indi- make Wanderwolf more wary of human pres- cating that the need for large territories is ence. The first step in this process was to per- not, in itself, an obstacle for the settlement of mit a wolf advisor to startle the wolf by shoot- wolves. It is likely that territory size is highly ing at it with rubber bullets. The authorities depending on the availability of prey (Fechter also permitted the killing of the wolf if it were & Storch 2014). to actively threaten humans. These actions In light of the expansion of wolves from the caused much debate among wolf experts and Polish border to the northwest of Germany conservationists, who argued that startling and the sightings in Denmark, the appearance a wolf with rubber bullets fired from a short of the wolf in the Netherlands was no surprise distance could cause injuries and this should to most experts. In March 2015, this expec- only be done by experts. After a meeting, tation was fulfilled when, after generations all the stakeholders agreed it would be best

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Lutra_59_1_Text_v4.indd 24 13/12/2016 23:29 to capture the wolf and study its health and with photos verified by experts (C1 under the behaviour. If the wolf proved to be healthy SCALP criteria) was at 7 March around 8 a.m. and wild, it should be released back into its near Erm, approximately 17 km from the Ger- parents’ territory and startled during release man border. Other validated sightings showed by experts to make the wolf more wary of that the wolf continued in a north-westerly humans. To follow its movements, it should direction, through and . A be tagged with a GPS transmitter. However, man driving with his daughter on the N381, Wanderwolf took matters into its own hands between and Noord-Sleen, not far and entered the Netherlands before German from Emmen, stopped their car for a wolf experts were able to capture it. crossing the road in front of them. He took photos and sent them to various media outlets. Between the first and last C1 sighting, at Wanderwolf wandering through the Wezuperbrug on 7 March, the wolf walked a Netherlands distance of 17 km. The next morning, the ani- mal was reported to be nearby Amen, 15 km In the afternoon of 6 March 2015 a German further northwest (P. Venema, personal com- wolf expert contacted the platform organi- munication). On the same day, two observ- zation ‘Wolven in Nederland’ (‘Wolves in the ers photographed the wolf crossing a road in Netherlands’) to inform them that Wanderwolf Wezuperbrug. According to their description, was heading towards the Dutch border and the wolf was wandering slowly and jumping at was expected to enter the Netherlands soon. a bird. Shortly after these first sightings were The information was forwarded to the relevant reported in the news. Dutch authorities: the Ministry of Economic On 8 March, Wanderwolf was photo- Affairs, the Province of , Faunafonds graphed many times during daylight hours and other nature organisations. The authorities in the Drentse Aa National Park. The next from Lower Saxony also made contact with the morning it was photographed (C1) close to Province of Drenthe. Annen, approximately 16 kilometres from On the evening of 6 March 2015, a local where it had been seen the day before. The resident witnessed the wolf near to the Dutch wolf continued to follow a northerly direc- border at the Bargerveen Nature Reserve, (see tion, travelling through the villages of figure 1). The observer was not able to make Hoogezand and Kolham between 8:30 and a photograph, so the sighting remained an 10:30, which resulted in almost a live feed of unverifiable C3 classification under the SCALP verifiable sightings. Once outside the villages, criteria (Kaczensky et al. 2009, Reinhardt et al Wanderwolf seemed to take a rest in the after- 2015). noon and continued northwards in the even- In the night between 6 and 7 March 2015, ing where he was photographed near Wouds- Wanderwolf left the first evidence of his pres- bloem. At 10 March, the wolf travelled further ence in the Netherlands when a sheep carcass north and reached the most northerly main- was found near Nieuw Amsterdam (see figure land point of the province of Groningen, the 2). News about this was reported to Fauna- Eemshaven. He was seen and photographed fonds (the responsible authority) which sanc- by several people near this industrial harbour. tioned the dissection of the sheep to research A sheep farmer near Holwierde reported a institute Alterra UR to carry out panic amongst his sheep late in the evening of DNA analysis of the saliva in the bite marks 10 March and the next morning found a dead (see figure 3). Their findings confirmed that the sheep that had been attacked by a wolf. On sheep had been killed by a wolf (Alterra 2015). that same morning (11 March), a farmer near The first sighting that could be validated Termunten drove away a ‘wolf-like’ animal

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Lutra_59_1_Text_v4.indd 25 13/12/2016 23:29 Figure 1. Map showing the locations of key life events of the Wanderwolf; the natal pack, locations of his juvenile dispersion in Germany and the Netherlands, locations in the Netherlands of predated livestock and the location where the Wanderwolf was hit by a truck. The sightings in the Netherlands were classified by SCALP criteria (Kac- zensky et al. 2009 and Reinhardt et al. 2015) into verifiable and validated sightings (C1) and non-verifiable sight- ings (C3). On this map, from the C3 classification only C3a (unverifiable, but ‘most likely a wolf’) are shown. The authors do not have geographical information on validated sightings in Germany, and so sightings reported in the media have been classified as ‘unknown’ on the map.

from his flock, one of which had already been with the situation. The provincial authorities killed. Samples taken from the teeth marks on and Wolven in Nederland were regularly con- both sheep tested positive for wolf DNA. tacted for updates about sightings and ques- The last verified sighting in the Netherlands tions that ranged from the potential danger was on 11 March around 9:30 in the morn- to pets to safety while walking in the forest. ing when the wolf was photographed near Bad Experts were interviewed in live media; Leo Nieuweschans. One hour later, around 10:50, Linnartz of Wolven in Nederland featured in the wolf was sighted near Bunde in Germany, a popular television talk show. 6 kilometres from Bad Nieuweschans. Because of the urgency of the situation, the Province of Drenthe called in a crisis team in close cooperation with the authorities from Crisis management: media hype and Lower Saxony during the weekend Wander- governance wolf was in the Netherlands. The team con- sisted of members of several Dutch authori- The short visit of the wolf to the Netherlands ties and Wolven in Nederland, and decided to sparked a media frenzy about how to deal follow the advice of German wolf experts of

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Lutra_59_1_Text_v4.indd 26 13/12/2016 23:30 Figure 2. One of the predated sheep, Nieuw-Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 07-03-2015. Photo: Bart Beekers.

the Lupus Institute and the policy of Lower until 23 July) (NLWKN 2016). At that time Saxony. Preparations were made for keeping it was not known whether the wolf had been the animal temporarily in an enclosure while examined or where its carcass was. Research planning on what to do with the wolf after by Wolven in Nederland, later (in January having determined its wildness and origins. 2016) revealed that the wolf was stored at the However, in the end it was decided to tran- Lower Saxony Ministry for Environmental, quilise the animal, collar it with a GPS trans- Energy and Climate Protection in Hanover. mitter and to immediately release the animal The authorities there agreed to donate the back into the wild. During the following day, wolf to the Netherlands for education and the team started searching for the wolf in an research purposes. The carcass of Wander- attempt to sedate it. On 11 March the wolf had wolf was picked up at Friday 29 January 2016 returned to Germany, before the team got a by Wolven in Nederland and handed over to chance to capture it. the Na­tu­ra­lis Biodiversity Center in Leiden to be incorporated in its collection.

Returning to Germany Revealing the background of Wander- After Wanderwolf left the Netherlands and wolf returned to Germany, it disappeared out of sight for some time and media attention on it Examination of Wanderwolf by autopsy and decreased. However, on 15 April 2015 it was the analysis of its DNA revealed a lot of infor- killed in an accident with a truck on the A7 mation on its background. The DNA analy- highway nearby Berkhof close to Hannover, sis traced the wolf back to the Munster pack Germany (although this was not announced in Germany. The territory of this pack is sit-

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Lutra_59_1_Text_v4.indd 27 13/12/2016 23:30 Figure 3. Research by Dennis Lammertsma and Hugh Jansman on one of the sheep killed by Wanderwolf at Alterra Wageningen UR. Photo: Wendy Bos.

uated in a large military training area and to fear humans. The wolves of the Munster was established when a female wolf from the pack never showed an interest in people and Nochten pack in Saxony settled in the area in clearly backed off whenever they were closely 2011 (Landesjägerschaft Niedersachsen 2016). approached. Nonetheless, in reaction to the The pups of the Munster pack that were unusual behaviour of this pack of wolves, the born in 2014 made a stir in the beginning government of Lower Saxony decided to tag of 2015 when they showed less timid behav- two young wolves with GPS transmitters. In iour towards humans than usual. One of June 2015, the authorities tagged one male them eventually became known as ‘Wan- and one female from the Munster pack, both derwolf’. This wolf travelled along roads, born in 2014. The male of this pack was culled through villages, towns and industrial zones. later, on 27 April 2016, because of its lack of The remarkable daytime activity caused dif- shyness towards humans, even though he ferent reactions amongst the general public. never showed any aggressive behaviour. Some people concluded that the animal must have been of captive origin, or even intention- ally released. Some were afraid for their chil- Previous sightings of wolves in dren, others for their dogs, cats and horses, the Netherlands or asked if they still could walk safely with or without their dog in nature areas. Experts Before Wanderwolf in March 2015, the Neth- continued to advise that wild wolves do not erlands may have been visited by other wild avoid human structures, such as roads and wolves. However, none of these earlier poten- buildings, but do mostly avoid the risks that tial visits could be verified as wild wolves dis- humans may impose, although this behaviour persing to the Netherlands in a natural way. can be changed by habituation as a result of Fifteen years earlier, in 2000, a first wolf-like (un)intentionally feeding. Habituated wolves animal was sighted in the southernmost part themselves form no danger, but can spread of the province of Zeeland, close to the Bel- the effect by not teaching their offspring gian border. The animal was first sighted on

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Lutra_59_1_Text_v4.indd 28 13/12/2016 23:30 14 October and had reportedly been killing The wolf today in Dutch society sheep on a regular basis. Local people claimed that the animal was a wolf, but the only evi- The road trip of Wanderwolf through the dence was a short video of a wolf-like crea- Netherlands proved to be a highly success- ture taken from far away, which was regarded ful PR event for this species. In the 15 years insufficient evidence for validation. The -ani between the first supposed wolf sightings in mal was reported to have been around until the Netherlands and Wanderwolf, a lot has at least 22 December, but disappeared after- changed in peoples’ attitudes towards the wards. Rumours say the animal was shot, but expected return of wolves to the Netherlands this is not proven (Calle 2010). (Anonymous, 2012). Disbelief, aggression, The next sighting of a wolf-like animal was misinformation and fear were the main initial on a Saturday afternoon on 27 August 2011 reactions. Education and awareness-raising when people stopping at a gas station along work have much to better inform public opin- the A12 near Duiven, a town east of , ion. One of people’s main initial concerns has saw a wolf-like animal crossing this busy been to do with the protection of livestock. motorway. Pictures were taken with mobile Committed farmers in Germany have shown phones, but none of these pictures were of suf- that it is possible to prevent livestock preda- ficient quality to become evidence for a C1 tion by working together with other stake- sighting. However, German wolf expert Ilka holders to keep livestock safe and ensure that Reinhardt gave this sighting a C2 classifica- wolves stick to their natural prey. tion, making it a near-certain sighting of a The Dutch government has taken up its wolf in the Netherlands. responsibility concerning this iconic though Two years later, on 4 July 2013, a dead wolf controversial species. It has developed a wolf was found along a road near Luttelgeest in management plan (BIJ12 2015; cf. Groot Flevoland. This wolf most likely originated Bruin­derink & Lammertsma 2013), and from the Carpathian region (Gravendeel, de financially supported studies to determine Groot, Kik et al. 2013). Although at first it was the best damage-prevention measures for dif- thought that the wolf had arrived in Luttelgeest ferent kinds of livestock in the Netherlands. by itself, researchers later concluded that the Any damage to livestock will be compen- most plausible explanation was that the ani- sated completely by the authorities. Normally mal had been shot abroad (as bullet impacts the Faunafonds charges a handling fee and a and shattered fragments were found inside the deductible excess for any claims of damage by body) and dumped by the roadside to make it wildlife. Neither will apply in case of damage look like as if it had been hit by a car or truck by wolves. (Gravendeel, de Groot, Kik et al. 2013). Between April and July 2014, several pos- Acknowledgements: We wish to thank all those who sible wolf sightings were made on the Dutch helped to put the wolf on the political agenda in a posi- side of the Dutch-German border near tive, realistic and constructive way. Two of them, Peter Meppen and Nordhorn (Anonymous 2015). Venema and Hugh Jansman, have particularly helped The sightings were independent of each other to raise political awareness about the wolf and have and occurred before local media gave atten- helped this article by their solid advice. We also wish tion to these sightings. All the sightings and to thank two anonymous reviewers for their construc- findings of tracks and excrement (without tive feedback. proper DNA tests) were recorded as C3 sight- ings as there was no verifiable evidence.

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