DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION

Anticipated climate change in coastal heritage regions - A case study of northern Bohuslän, part of Swedish Westcoast

Abstract This paper intends to provide an overview of how the anticipated effects of climate change are adapted in the municipalities' comprehensive plan. The case study is limited to two coastal municipals; Strömstad and Tanum in northern Bohuslän, 's west coast. Municipalities with limited financial resources can sometimes find it challenging to find protective measures to have a workable basis to the anticipated climate change effect of new constructions and the built cultural environment. Often it depends on the economy must serve for several sustainability assessments that affect a municipality. National Government authorities carry out flood mapping to provide guidelines to support the municipal planning. Through planning and legal regulation, municipalities can work preventively on the effect of the anticipated climate change.

From the beginning, it was from the natural resources of the sea that the coastal inhabitants had built their existence. Thus, the shift in coastal communities has also restructured its main economy from the fishing and canning industry, shipping and stonemasonry to primarily the visitors and tourism industry. During the 2000s, densification and exploitation also have changed these areas in Bohuslän, to a transformation in privatization. During the summer season, when the population often triples, it becomes very high stress on social functions and infrastructure. In the same time, Nordic cultural environments are particularly susceptible to climate change and many coastal communities are within an apparent risk zone for rising sea level, flooding and coastal erosion. With that in mind, the question is how the municipals is handling the anticipated climate change and how to consider the cultural heritage values.

Keywords: adaptation to climate change – coastal cultural heritage - comprehensive plan – sea- level rise – flooding – coastal community – planning protective measures – northern Bohuslän

Course code and name: KUA060, Individual In-depth Course in Conservation 1. 7,5 hec Date: 2020.10.29 Title: Anticipated climate change in coastal heritage regions - A case study of northern Bohuslän, part of Swedish Westcoast Author name: Maria Sikström TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ...... 3

Background and problem ...... 4

Method ...... 4 Concepts ...... 4

Case study - Municipality planning ...... 5 The municipal of Strömstad ...... 5 The municipal of Tanum ...... 6

Result ...... 8

Discussion ...... 9

Conclusion ...... 10

References ...... 12

2 Introduction In 2007, the commission of inquiry" the Commission on Climate and Vulnerability " cast the final report and accordingly finalized official duties" Sweden facing climate change - threats and opportunities " (SOU 2007:60) to Ministry of the Environment and Energy, set up by the Swedish Government. The commission was about to map out the vulnerability to global climate change in Swedish communities, and anticipated consequences in the regional and local level. In 2009, the County Administrative Board in Sweden had been commissioned by the Swedish Government, to coordinate and conduct adaptation to climate change work at the regional level. (Länsstyrelsen, the County Administrative Board, 2011, s. 13) The first of august 2018, Sweden's Planning and Building Act (2010:900) was revised to improve preparedness in the municipalities for climate change. (Boverket, the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning, 2018)

Sweden's Planning and Building Act (2010:900) contains rules on how land may be planned and developed, with the aim"… promote a societal development with equal and fair social living conditions and an appropriate and long-term sustainable living environment for the people in today's society and future generations", portal paragraph §1. Each municipal in Sweden shall according to Sweden's Planning and Building Act (2010:900) have a current plan and from the Municipal Council adopted a comprehensive plan which covers the entire municipality's land and water surface. The comprehensive plan describes in general how land and water, the built environment should be used, developed and preserved, designed as a decision basis for the municipality's administration. “In-depth comprehensive plan”, in Swedish “fördjupad översiktsplan”, distributes in more details than the municipal-wide comprehensive plan, how land and water utilized to use for certain geographical parts and in the municipality. The detailed development plan is legally binding and forms the basis for the building permit.

The instruments that the municipalities have in legislation to the adaptation to climate change is primarily through the general planning in the comprehensive plan and partly in detail through legislation and detailed development planning. From the first of August 2018, the first amendment of the law Sweden's Planning and Building Act (2010:900), chapter 3, 5§, point 4. Demands are placed on the municipalities to give their"…views on the risk of damage to the built environment as a result of floods, landslides, avalanches and erosion that are climate-related and on how such risks can be reduced or eliminated". The other amendment of the law Sweden's Planning and Building Act (2010:900), chapter 9, 12§, point 3, that if the municipality has decided in the detailed plan, may decide if the site improvement permit required for" soil measures that may impair soil permeability". In the comprehensive plan, the municipality shall demonstrate how the effects of climate change are taken into account and provide an overview of the development of the physical environment— for example, avoiding new development areas where there is a risk of flooding or that the geography of the land constitutes a risk to health and safety. The detailed development plan enables the municipality to specify regulations aimed at increasing preparedness for dealing with the consequences due to climate change. For example, such a measure could be the location of the building in an area or placing the building on a higher ground level. (Boverket, the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning 2009, s. 28-30)

Thus, the delimitation of this paper is to provide an overview of how the anticipated effects of climate change are described in the municipalities' comprehensive plan. With that in mind, property owners and municipalities will increasingly have to consider climate-related issues that affect the management of cultural heritage.

3 Background and problem Climate forecasts show that Västra Götaland County in the future is one of the areas that will be most affected by torrential rain, and the coastline will be affected by sea-level rise. Water and especially the sea have a strong attraction, and Bohuslän's coastal area is developing at a high pace. The demand for exclusive accommodation near the sea is enormous in the coastal communities. The most effective solution to mitigate the effects of floodings is to avoid built environments development in risk areas. However, through intense pressure of expropriation, it tends to go in the opposite direction. Over time, ownership has changed, and the tendency for dwelling in the coastal area has turned to seasonal accommodation, to go from year-round living to stay half-yearly instead. Thus, the buildings in central parts of the communities are owned by part-time residents, which strengthens the contrast between the active events of the summer and winter months here. In this way, the service base is hard to maintain for the municipalities, and provisions in legislation constitute today no possibility for the municipals to govern new constructions to ensure purchase to the settled population. Based on municipalities' adaptation to the impact of climate change and investing in attractive year-round living to get municipal residents to move in, this paper intends to try to shed light on the following issues in a concise way: How is climate adaptation elaborated in the municipality's comprehensive plan?

How does the municipality work on climate-adapted protective measures for new constructions and built environment?

Method The method for this paper has been to study act literature and case study research, conducted by interviews. It is noteworthy that when it comes to legal act literature, there is a plethora of material from propositions, reports and investigation reports. It has thus not been possible to have time to review all documents within the time frame for this course. The case study will research how municipalities does the work about adaptation to climate change in the comprehensive plan and the detailed development plan when it comes to new constructions and built environment. The chosen municipalities for this case study are the municipal of Strömstad and the municipal of Tanum in northern Bohuslän, western Sweden. Interviews were conducted with planning department in both municipals. The interviews will aim into further understanding how high sea-level rises and flooding is handled when it comes to new constructions and built environment in these municipalities, and how to consider the cultural heritage values.

C ONCEPTS Adaptation to climate change: Adaptation to climate change means measures that adapt society to the climate changes that already exist today and those that cannot be avoided in the future, such as rising sea levels and increased precipitation. This means adapted measures to reduce or prevent the consequences - or take advantage of the opportunities - created by the expected climate change. (Länsstyrelsen, the County Administrative Board, 2011)

4 Climate change: The term means a clear and relatively lasting trend or change in the climate over time. The consequences that happen is both naturally and something caused by humanity. This term often refers to the global warming of the climate that transcends natural variation and derives directly or indirectly from human activity (UN 1992). Climate change linked with global warming will affect the conservation conditions for cultural heritage buildings and other cultural heritage sites in a built environment.

Flooding: Floods can be caused by torrential rain, rapid snow melting or a combination of the two. In the case of watercourses, flooding can occur at high water levels, storm winds and waves. (Länsstyrelsen, the County Administrative Board, 2012)

Sea-level rise: Sea level rise poses a serious threat to coastal life around the world. Consequences include the increased intensity of storm surges, flooding, and damage to coastal areas. In these areas in many cases, this is where large population exists, in addition to fragile wildlife habitats. The effects of the rising sea level will also depend on topography. (Länsstyrelsen, the County Administrative Board, 2012) The built cultural environment: The physically built environment, thus the architectural heritage; consists of urban structure, buildings' exteriors and interiors, courtyards and green areas, infrastructures such as streets, roads, canals and bridges. It also includes land use and how buildings have historically been built. (Boverket - the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning)

Case study - Municipality planning T HE MUNICIPAL OF S TRÖMSTAD Strömstad is Sweden's most westerly coastal community and an esteemed bathing and holiday town in northern Bohuslän. The first city plan" depicted anno 1695" by Johan Kempenschiöld, included a few plots by the shore and along the south side of Strömsån. The current city plans were developed during the 1930s by architect Erik Friberger. (Strömstads museum) The fishing, canning and tourism industry have been important factors for the municipality, as well as border trade with Norway. The geographical location near the Norwegian border still promotes the tourism and service industry, and significant border trade is still going on all year round.

The municipality currently has around 13,000 year-round residents, but the number of inhabitants is multiplying during the summer season. The housing shortage is currently an obstacle to population growth. The trend during the 2000s shows that more inhabitants in Strömstad municipality work in Norway while the number of inhabitants of Norwegian descent increases. (Informant 2) The coastal and archipelago area is attractive for development and visitors, and new constructions are planned mainly within the Strömstad city centre area and Skee area. Thus, conflicts of interest arise between preservation and development. In the municipality's surrounding area on the other hand, the demand for new constructions is low.

5 Anticipated climate change – Flooding and High level of water The sea-level rise is not expected to be as broad in real terms but may due to extreme weather such as increased precipitation to mean higher water levels. Together, the expected water levels pose a risk to buildings. In the municipality's comprehensive plan, part 3, under the title "risk and safety factors", elevated sea levels are noted in risk and vulnerability analysis, which may constitute a risk that affects the municipality in the long run. Coastal erosion occurs mainly along exposed sandy shorelines. (Part 3, CP p. 54) In the future, elevated sea levels may cause Strömsvattnet's highest water level to increase to levels that damage existing buildings. The lake Strömsvattnet is drained by the watercourse Strömsån, which passes through Strömstad, flows towards Strömstadfjorden out to Skagerak. (Part 1, CP p. 24) The municipality recommends that the conclusions in the County Administrative Board's report "Rising water" to be applied in connection with detailed development planning and building permit management. (Part 1, CP p. 25) However, that includes also the identification of flood zones 1-4 to be done, a so-called flood mapping. (Part 3, CP p. 56) A flood mapping identifies the areas that pose a risk of flooding when water flows reach a certain level.

The comprehensive planning follows the County Administrative Board's "Rising water" and is confirmed by the environmental planner in Strömstad municipality. However, the anticipated climate change is continuously under surveillance. Planners dissuade to develop new constructions by watercourses that risk flooding due to high flows. (Informant 1) Strömstad's urban sprawl is high situated comparatively to the ground level, and the city centre is mostly located on the bedrock and therefore manages comparatively quite well when it comes to elevated sea levels and floods. Thus, it is a good condition for the built cultural environment. (ibid) At elevated sea levels, however, road networks can be in the risk zone, which can affect socially essential functions such as accessibility for fire brigades and ambulances etcetera. The weakness of a comprehensive plan in a small municipality is to see where the risk areas for high flows, watercourses and floods are. These primary data are complex and require financial resources that may not always be possible to a small municipality to handle. Sea levels are easier to manage because the County Administrative Board has given the prescribing to the municipality to handle. (ibid)

T HE MUNICIPAL OF T ANUM The regional centre in the municipal of Tanum is , situated in northern Bohuslän. From the beginning, Tanumshede was the original trading post that interlinked hinterland and coast. Sixteen smaller communities are characterizing the municipal. Together, the population, service and business are spread and offers in this way different categories of public services. (Part 2, CP p. 192) Many of the earliest city plans are designed about 1920s-1940s by Albert Lilienberg, city planning engineer in , 1907-1927, and city planning director in Stockholm, 1927- 1944. Comparing to Strömstad, Tanums coastal communities have also restructured its main economy from the fishing and canning industry, shipping and stonemasonry to mainly the tourism and visitors.

Today the municipal has 12 800 year-round residents; however, it is like Strömstad Municipality, Tanum is a municipality with two seasons. During the summer season, the proportion of people who live or stay in the municipality increases significantly. The population density is highest along the coast and drops inland to be lowest towards the border with Dalsland. (Part 2, CP p. 192)

6 Anticipated climate change – Flooding and High level of water To suppose, during the period the 1990s-2100s, the main water level at Tanums coast is expected to rise about one meter. The isostasy is estimated to be sufficient to counteract sea-level rise until around 2020, after which sea level will rise. (Part 1, CP p.120) The municipality of Tanum has carried out a general risk analysis by identifying buildings and infrastructure within the community areas that is assessed as flood-threatened areas. In all the municipality's communities along the coast, there are existing buildings that are at risk of being exposed to floods. Higher water levels will have consequences for buildings. In , for example, many centre functions are located in the area that is at risk of flooding. Today at high water levels, the square and the thoroughfare are flooded, which means that the road must be closed. (Part 1, CP p. 63) The municipality thus assesses that parts of society may need to be moved to a higher ground level, as well as to raise specific building constructions. There are also extensive problems with ground stability in Fjällbacka, mainly in the area around the port. (Part 1, CP p. 67) In the municipal, there are existing low conditions of stability in many areas. The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency investigation" General stability mapping", in Swedish “Översiktlig stabilitetskartering”, recommends that geotechnical investigation must be done in case of new land development. (Part 2, CP p. 222)

There has been a mapping identifying the areas with a risk of flooding as a result of rising sea levels. According to the comprehensive plan, 2030 shall include new constructions, that does not have to be placed near the sea, to be placed on the ground level that does not risk flooding according to calculations for the year 2100. In the case of built cultural heritage environment and building structures with coastal cultural heritage values, the municipality intends to adapt to rising sea levels with the help of construction technology that reduces the risk of damage at high water levels. The adaptation also embraces existing activities located in areas at risk of flooding, that have to expand, but it is not possible outside the risk area. (Part 1, CP p. 121) It is possible to confirm that the municipal of Tanum is working with adaptation to climate change in general planning, and the comprehensive plan 2030 is flooding raised as an essential issue. Flood issues are also handled further in in-depth comprehensive plans. Currently, work is under way to produce a flood strategy with necessary data to update the in-depth comprehensive plans belonging to Grebbestad, Fjällbacka och . (Informant 3) These communities consider being the most relevant in flood issues. During the interview, Grebbestad came into focus. Because of currently flooding issues, there is an initiated process to develop a flood strategy started. This strategy then forms a basis for the development of a new in-depth comprehensive plan to Grebbestad.

That adaptation to flooding risks is fundamental in comprehensive plan 2030 and that it is affecting Grebbestad is confirmed by Informant 3. The traffic situation along the thoroughfare, through the community via the port, occasionally entails limited passability. The reason for that is, partly due to the seasonal increase in traffic. Partly due to the high-water level caused by the sea, it is flooding the square and the thoroughfare. That means that the road must be temporarily closed. The detailed development plans that encompass the built environment at the quayside in Grebbestad are ongoing. Due to the flood issues, these detailed development plans are stalled. Which means there is no possibility to handle building permits.

As explanation that, in larger areas, the flood issues must be handled in the comprehensive plan. According to this, those issues automatically are handled in the in-depth comprehensive plan. The reason there is no strategy for floods in built environment areas has to do with the flood strategies that exist are produced for documentation and guidance for planning new constructions. In summary, this is one of the main reasons why there are no flood strategies for the built environment. (Informant 3)

7 Result

How is climate adaptation elaborated in the municipality's comprehensive plan? Since these are the County Administrative Board's bases for review in the detailed development plan, the municipalities must prove the handling of the adaptation to climate change in their comprehensive plan. Both the municipal of Strömstad and the municipal of Tanum work with the recommendation based on the County Administrative Board's report "Rising water". Indeed, "Rising water" provides guidance for planning new constructions and exploitation of new areas.

On the one hand, when planning of new areas in the detail development plan in the connection below sea level land and low land areas, any risk of flooding must be taken into account. On the other hand, when it comes to the existing built environment, the guidance lacks guidelines for managing floods within current detailed development plans for the built environment. This causes the construction rights in the current detailed development plan are still operative despite the imminent risk of flooding. Thus, flood issues cannot be significantly affected by a building permit.

Despite this, the comprehensive plan does not research flood issue further. In many older in- depth comprehensive plans, there is no strategy for how to handle the flood issue but have a notification that it must be taken seriously. The municipalities are therefore now working to develop a flood strategy that will form the basis for the development of new in-depth comprehensive plans, where the risk and adaptation for future rising sea levels will be investigated.

How does the municipality work on climate-adapted protective measures for new constructions and built environment? Adaptation to climate change and buildings present planners with new economic, social, environmental and cultural issues of principle. It is not only the anticipated climate change but also relocations and temporary accommodation that make the situation in coastal communities a much more complex problem. For a small municipality, lack of resources can become apparent as many other societal functions must be monitored due to urbanization, increased number of relocations, increased number of temporary accommodations and fewer year-round residents. For example, Strömstad, which has a geographical location close to the sea and proximity to Norway, has seasonal housing multiplies its inhabitants many times a year. In reality, then the cooperation tends to be important in expanding the region with both Norwegian and Swedish neighbouring municipalities. (Informant 2)

The problem of ongoing sea-level rise and increased rainfall, often torrential rain, continues along the entire coast. Somewhere, rising seas and waters from torrential rains will meet, and coastal communities tend to be affected to varying degrees. The importance of the flood issue in an area depends on which activities exist and what is involved in the area. It is perceived as problematic by planners that there is no template for handling flood issues that can be applied to different areas. The investigation must be done site-specifically, as the assessment is very local. Also, real property owners are affected by the issue. In summary, Strömstad municipality primarily manages the estimated future water levels and does not need the same acute flood strategy as in . Erosion in port areas, impact on quay and seawall areas are not built for high water levels. Thus, it can cause stability problems and will need to be strengthened and maintained in the future. (Informant 1)

8 Discussion In some cases, it is the developer who pays for the production cost of what the municipality considers necessary for the detailed development plan, for example, an investigation about stormwaters and torrential rain. In the matter of a building permit, the municipality may require the applicant to prove whether a geological inquiry is needed. As many other issues in community planning also need to be monitored, a weakness arises for smaller municipalities that must have sufficient resources to carry out geological investigations. The difficulty arises when the comprehensive plan is needed, but it takes a lot of resources to produce informative material and an excellent Geographical Information System documentation, GIS. This is a system for collecting, managing, analyzing and visualizing information that is linked to a place and provides a reasonable basis for decision-making when the geographical location is essential. (Informant 1)

The disadvantage will then be that you do not have the documentation needed for building permit matters—the municipality desire and requests then better support in the form of documentation from the County Administrative Board. (Informant 1) The question of production of protective measure is unclear when the question of responsibility affects several of the municipal administrations. The water issue, the sea level rise and the flood issue require coordination as several departments and administrations within a municipality are affected by the problem. As mentioned earlier, real property owners are also affected by this issue. The planning department in Tanum has been commissioned by the Municipal Executive Board to develop a flood strategy. Question formulations about protective measures and division of responsibilities will thus be examined in the development of this flood strategy. The flood strategy will also form the basis for real property owners in clarifying the division of responsibilities and the effect of the flood issue. (Informant 3)

In the master’s thesis" Real property owner liability and collaboration regarding damage prevention due to extreme precipitation variations" Ståhle (2020) describes the rules for protective measures that affect municipalities and real property owners, both concerning new constructions and, above all, built environments. There are good opportunities for control in detailed development planning and in particular for new construction. Protection of existing buildings is nonetheless extensive, but Ståhle argues that the municipality has the opportunity for instruments possible through detailed planning. (Ståhle, 2020, s. 80) According to Sweden's Planning and Building Act (2010:900), chapter 4, 2§, point 2, there is really nothing that prevents municipalities from planning existing buildings based on existing conditions:" a built environment that is to undergo changes or preservation, if regulation needs to take place in a context to take account of the physical environment in which the measure is to be implemented, to the character of the measure or extent or to the conditions in general". His argument proves that there should be no obstacle to aim through detailed development planning to create protective measures to the built environment; because of protective measures lead up to protect or preserve the built environment. How built environments are handled in the detailed development plan is not given, then it is challenging to assess reasonable and sufficiently effective protection measures. This is a problem for the coastal communities' valuable built cultural environment heritage, which is essential to protect as far as possible.

The question then arises as to whether the half-yearly residences can lead to the climate change being internalized in the property's value, for the owner to take the initiative to carry out measures to protect the real property units. Ståhle's (2020) study shows that a consecutive responsibility for the property owner to take measures cannot be demonstrated in the case of ongoing land use, or in the case of unique activities, nor in the case of changed land use, especially new construction. The municipality can, through municipal planning, force property owners to perform protection facility or protection measures, even if there is no explicit obligation of the municipalities' activities to take preventive measures on the property owner's

9 land. The public sector, id est, the activities of the State and municipalities, instead have the general obligation to inform, plan and sometimes to inspect. (Ståhle 2020, iv)

Historically, humanity has learned to live with and deal with the effects of rising sea levels and floods. In the master’s thesis" Elevated sea levels - Seeing water as an architectural asset" Talje (2016) is researching how architecture in waterfront environments can be used to reduce the risk of or manage the consequences of floods when planning urban environments. The idea of seeing water as an architectural asset is confirmed by Informant 3, whose argument is that it may even be appropriate to allow an area to be flooded to create, for example, a visitor area, and will enable the water to flow through part of the area. But in another area, it could be about protecting buildings from floods through more specific measures such as building mounds and seawalls. It is partly an aesthetic issue that may be investigated and assessed locally. (Informant 3)

In Strömstad, water levels are not the big problem, and in response to finding space for new constructions, it turns out that there is a tendency towards building on mountain heights instead. Thus, it will affect the older fishing community symptomatic characteristic and expression in a whole new way, if it becomes feasible. In several coastal communities in Tanum, many city centres and roads will be submerged in future floods. To avoid risk areas for flooding close to the shore, parts of the built environment in the community may need to be moved to a higher ground level. If it is not possible planning to protective measures, the construction of buildings must be elevated, and new constructions must be implemented at higher ground levels. This means that the municipality in its comprehensive planning must take into account the reservation of land at higher land levels that can withstand the expected flood level in 2100. It is, therefore, important to emphasize the difference between local and global estimated weather conditions. Many calculations extend until 2100 but will in all probability continue to change even after the year 2100. Talje (2016) wants to draw attention to the fact that most planners work based on these forecasts, but also wonders how long a time perspective is really needed. He argues for planning protective measures with sufficient clearance or enabling sufficiently flexible adaptation for the future for the reason that the level of protection needs to be raised. (Talje, 2016, s. 10) At the same time, he is aware that the right measure at the right time is difficult to predict and believes that it is probably more about different adaptations rather than one specific solution. Thus, the context becomes the decisive factor for each particular area or society, for example, the expected increase in water, cultural heritage value and economic conditions and value. (Talje, 2016, s. 28)

Conclusion There is a captivating and distinctive building structure in an exciting relationship to the barren and dramatic granite landscape that meets the sea in Bohusläns built cultural environments. The need to protect existing buildings in these areas is today extensive. The municipals must investigate the safety when land development and detail development planning in an area with high water flows and watercourses. The municipals have an obligation to carry out measurements where high flows at watercourses occur.

During spring 2013 the Municipal Executive Boards of Strömstad, Tanum, Sotenäs and , in common, took a decision on what the planning should look like when it comes to the sea. The municipalities worked together to develop a comprehensive plan named" Blue Comprehensive Plan regarding northern Bohuslän". The plan became legally binding as an in-depth comprehensive plan. The Blue Comprehensive Plan regarding northern Bohuslän treats the municipalities' sea areas up to the territorial border, id est, the international border in the west. It contains recommendations for how sea and archipelago areas should be used in the long term and how the common marine

10 resources should be used sustainably, for example, with wind power and aquaculture. The Blue Comprehensive Plan is a guideline when handling matters that affect the sea's resources both for municipalities, the County Administrative Board and other Government authorities. The intention is that each municipality will work the result into the individual comprehensive plan or be handled as a supplement to the same. (Blue Comprehensive Plan regarding northern Bohuslän, 2018) Climate change and the link to flooding and erosion are briefly described in the Blue Comprehensive Plan regarding the northern Bohuslän.

Opportunity for more profound studies in this comprehensive plan has not been included in this paper. Instead, it enables the connection to resume the sea as a resource and cultural heritage asset. Talje (2016) sees opportunities to connect water and land through urban planning in a permissive way for the inhabitants to get closer to the sea. Still, which also makes the water an integral part of the urban environment. (Talje 2016, s. 28) For the smaller coastal communities, this may create a more sustainable cultural heritage and economic asset. The sea as a resource does not just mean swimming and boating. In Bohuslän, a project is in progress where research is underway with what is called" allotment in the water", in Swedish “kolonilott i vattnet”. It is a floating jetty which is placed in the water where it should be possible to grow alga, mussels and oysters on ropes that hang from the outside of the floating jetty. This self-sufficiency and own cultivation could mean a change, and there is a lot of research on alternative food from the sea and is something that is taken into account in the municipality's planning already today. (Informant 1) The sea will probably continue to be a fundamental resource, but in other and new ways than the traditional.

11 References

Informants

Informant 1 Wallbom, Anna. Environment planer, Municipal of Strömstad, Strömstad. Telephone interview 2020.10.14

Informant 2 Richardsson, Björn. Comprehensive Planner, Municipal of Strömstad, Strömstad. E-mail 2020.10.16

Informant 3 Man/Woman, Municipal of Tanum, Tanumshede. Skype meet 2020.10.23

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Talje, Johan 2016, Förhöjda havsnivåer – Att se vattnet som en arkitektonisk tillgång http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=9004658&fileOId=900466 4 (Retrieved 2020.09.01)

Tanum kommun Översiktsplan 2030 Vunnit laga kraft 2017.07.18 https://www.tanum.se/download/18.a79b8ed161873b47be198db/1518536510143/Del%201%2 0-%20Introduktion%20och%20användning%20av%20mark-%20och%20vattenområden.pdf (Retrieved 2020.10.08)

Strömstad kommun Översiktsplan 2013 Vunnit laga kraft 2013.12.10 http://www.stromstad.se/byggaboochmiljo/samhallsutvecklingochplanering/oversiktsplan/over siktsplan.4.389fb914148552742d45690a.html (Retrieved 2020.10.08)

Strömstad museum https://www.stromstadsmuseum.com (Retrieved 2020.10.19)

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