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Precolumbian Social Change in San Ramón De Alajuela, Costa Rica

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Precolumbian Social Change in San Ramón De Alajuela, Costa Rica University of Pittsburgh Memoirs in Latin American Archaeology University of Pittsburgh Memoirs in Latin American Archaeology No. 22 Precolumbian Social Change in San Ramón de Alajuela, Costa Rica Cambio social precolombino en San Ramón de Alajuela, Costa Rica Mauricio Murillo Herrera University of Pittsburgh Universidad de Costa Rica Department of Anthropology Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica Pittsburgh 2011 San José Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Murillo Herrera, Mauricio. Precolumbian social change in San Ramon de Alajuela, Costa Rica / Mauricio Murillo Herrera. p. cm. -- (University of Pittsburgh memoirs in Latin American archaeology ; no. 22) ISBN 978-1-877812-90-3 (alk. paper) 1. Indians of Central America--Costa Rica--San Ramón (Canton)--History. 2. Indians of Central America--Costa Rica--San Ramón (Canton)--Social conditions. 3. Indians of Central America--Costa Rica--San Ramón (Canton)--Politics and government. 4. Social change--Costa Rica--San Ramón (Canton) 5. San Ramón (Costa Rica : Canton)--Antiquities. I. Title. F1545.1.S36M87 2011 972.86’5--dc23 2011038808 ©2011 Center for Comparative Archaeology Department of Anthropology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260 U.S.A. © Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica Ciudad Universitaria “Rodrigo Facio”, Costa Rica Apdo. 11501-2060 Tel.: 2511 5310 • Fax: 2511 5257 [email protected] • www.editorial.ucr.ac.cr All rights reserved Printed on acid-free paper in the United States of America ISBN 978-1-877812-90-3 Table of Contents Contents . .v List of Figures . vii List of Tables . xi Acknowledgements. xiii 1. Social Change and Precolumbian Central America . .1 2. Methodological Design . .7 3. Regional Demographic Reconstruction . 27 4. Sociopolitical Change in San Ramón de Alajuela . 45 5. Sociopolitical Development in Precolumbian San Ramón: Implications for Models of Precolumbian Social Change and Further Research . 69 Appendix . 73 Bibliography . 75 v Contenido Contenido . vi Lista de Figuras . viii Lista de Tablas . xii Agradecimientos . xiv 1. Cambio social y América Central precolombina . .2 2. El diseño metodológico . .8 3. Reconstrucción de la demografía regional. 28 4. Cambio sociopolítico en San Ramón de Alajuela . 46 5. Desarrollo sociopolítico en San Ramón precolombino: implicaciones para los modelos de cambio social antiguo e investigaciones futuras . 70 Apéndice . 74 Bibliografía . 75 vi List of Figures 1.1. Costa Rica, San Ramón de Alajuela, and archaeological regions and subregions . .3 1.2. Location of the San Ramón region, the Central Valley, and other geographic features . .4 2.1. The San Ramón region, local geography . .9 2.2. Geology and soil origins of the San Ramón region and neighboring localities . 10 2.3. Examples of Barba ceramic complex found in the San Ramón region . 15 2.4. Examples of Pavas ceramic complex found in the San Ramón region . 16 2.5. Examples of Curridabat ceramic complex found in the San Ramón region . 17 2.6. Examples of Cartago ceramic complex found in the San Ramón region . 18 2.7. Examples of ceramic from Guanacaste region found in the San Ramón region . 18 2.8. Unsmoothed surface representing Curridabat occupation in the San Ramón region . 21 2.9. Three collection units from San Ramón rasterized into 100-m cells . 21 2.10. Contour map of the occupational peaks in one section of the San Ramón region during the Pavas phase . 23 3.1. Precolumbian occupation of the San Ramón region by period . 29 3.2. An example of how several collection units comprise a single site, and the changing pattern of occupation through time of the same site . 30 3.3. Modern settlement distribution in San Ramón de Alajuela . 31 3.4. Total number of collections in the San Ramón region by period . 31 3.5. Total area of collections in the San Ramón region by period . 33 3.6. Total number of sherds recovered from the San Ramón region by period . 33 3.7. Density-Area Index for the San Ramón region by period . 35 3.8. Barranca, notice the disturbed earth mounds and the stone used as foundation material . 36 3.9. Region from where Dávila’s descriptions of indigenous towns in 1566 come from, in relation to the San Ramón region, current towns, and Jesús María archaeological site . 39 3.10. Location of settlements with mapped structures within the Central Highlands and Central Pacific regions . 42 4.1. Maps of settlement distribution . 49 4.2. Settlement pattern distribution during the Barba phase . 50 4.3. Settlement pattern distribution during the Pavas phase . 50 4.4. Contour surfaces representing the population during the Pavas phase . 53 4.5. Surfaces representing the Pavas phase occupation . 54 4.6. Defining potential hamlets and villages for the Pavas phase . 55 4.7. Defining potential districts for the Pavas phase . 55 4.8. Settlement pattern distribution during the Curridabat phase . 56 vii Lista de Figuras 1.1. Costa Rica, San Ramón de Alajuela y regiones y subregiones arqueológicas . .3 1.2. Ubicación de la región de San Ramón, del Valle Central y de otros rasgos geográficos . .4 2.1. La región de San Ramón y su geografía local . .9 2.2. Orígenes de la geología y suelos de la región de San Ramón y de localidades vecinas. 10 2.3. Ejemplares del complejo cerámico Barba encontrados en la región de San Ramón . 15 2.4. Ejemplares del complejo cerámico Pavas encontrados en la región de San Ramón . 16 2.5. Ejemplares del complejo cerámico Curridabat encontrados en San Ramón . 17 2.6. Ejemplares del complejo cerámico Cartago encontrados en la región de San Ramón . 18 2.7. Cerámica de Guanacaste encontrada en la región de San Ramón . 18 2.8. Superficie sin suavizar representando la ocupación Curridabat en la región de San Ramón . 21 2.9. Tres unidades de recolección en San Ramón puestas sobre celdas de 100 m. 21 2.10. Mapa de contornos de los picos de ocupación en una sección de la región de San Ramón durante la fase Pavas . 23 3.1. Ocupación precolombina en la región de San Ramón por periodo . 29 3.2. Un ejemplo de cómo varias unidades de recolección componen un único sitio y el patrón cambiante de ocupación a lo largo del tiempo de un mismo sitio . 30 3.3. Distribución moderna de los asentamientos en San Ramón de Alajuela . 31 3.4. Número total de recolecciones en la región de San Ramón, por periodo . 31 3.5. Área total de recolecciones en la región de San Ramón, por periodo . 33 3.6. Número total de tiestos recobrados en la región de San Ramón, por periodo . 33 3.7. Índice de Área-Densidad para la región de San Ramón, por periodo. 35 3.8. Barranca, nótese la alteración actual de los montículos de tierra y de las piedras utilizadas como material para los basamentos. 36 3.9. Región de donde provienen las descripciones de Dávila acerca de los poblados indígenas en 1566, en relación con la región de San Ramón, poblados modernos y el sitio arqueológico Jesús María . 39 3.10. Ubicación de asentamientos dentro de las regiones Intermontano Central y Pacífico Central con estructuras mapeadas . 42 4.1. Mapas de distribución de asentamientos. 49 4.2. Distribución de asentamientos durante la fase Barba . 50 4.3. Distribución de asentamientos durante la fase Pavas . 50 4.4. Contornos de superficies que representan la población durante la fase Pavas . 53 4.5. Superficies que representan la población durante la fase Pavas . 54 4.6. Definiendo caseríos y aldeas potenciales para la fase Pavas . 55 viii LIST OF FIGURES ix 4.9. Contour surfaces representing the population during the Curridabat phase . 57 4.10. Surfaces representing the Curridabat phase occupation . 58 4.11. Defining potential hamlets and villages for the Curridabat phase . 59 4.12. Defining potential districts for the Curridabat phase . 60 4.13. Comparing proportions of rough pottery in local communities during Curridabat phase, and the identification of each community . 60 4.14. Rank-size graph for local communities in the San Ramón region during the Curridabat phase . 61 4.15. Settlement pattern distribution during the Cartago phase. 61 4.16. Contour surfaces representing the population during the Cartago phase . 62 4.17. Surfaces representing the Cartago phase occupation . 63 4.18. Defining potential hamlets and villages for the Cartago phase. 64 4.19. Smoothed surface map showing the integration of the entire San Ramón region during the Cartago phase . 65 4.20. Comparing proportions of rough pottery in local communities during Cartago phase, and the identification of each community . 65 4.21. Rank-size graph for local communities in the San Ramón region during the Cartago phase . 66 4.22. A values for Curridabat and Cartago phase regional political integration compared . 68 5.1. Barranca and Volio sites in relation to a village (Pavas phase), two autonomous villages (Curridabat phase) and a chiefdom (phase Cartago) . 71 x LISTA DE FIGURAS 4.7. Definiendo distritos potenciales para la fase Pavas . 55 4.8. Distribución de asentamientos durante la fase Curridabat . 56 4.9. Contornos de superficies que representan la población durante la fase Curridabat . 57 4.10. Superficies que representan la población durante la fase Curridabat . 58 4.11. Definiendo caseríos y aldeas potenciales para la fase Curridabat..
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