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Key Sociological Thinkers Also by Rob Stones Key Sociological Thinkers Also by Rob Stones: Sociological R£asoning: Towards a Past-modern Sociology Key Sociological Thinkers Edited by Rob Stones Selection and editorial matter © Rob Stones 1998 Individual chapters (in order of appearance) © Bob Jessop; Lawrence Scaff; Whitney Pope; Ian Craib; Patrick Warier; Ken Plummer; Robert Holton; Alan Sica; Mary Evans; Jason Hughes; Robin Williams; Nicos Mouzelis; John Heritage; Ted Benton; William Outhwaite; Loi:c J.D. Wacquant; Karin A. Martin; Simon J. Williams; Lawrence Barth; Michele Barrett; Ira J. Cohen 1998 The translation of Chapter 5: Georg Simmel by Patrick Warier © Phil Brew and Rob Stones All tights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency; 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their tight to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 1998 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-0-333-68767-3 ISBN 978-1-349-26616-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-26616-6 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 Editing and origination by Aardvark Editorial, Mendham, Suffolk For Apinya, Chaiyan, ]amaree and Anan Department of Sociology and Anthropology University of Chiang Mai Contents cseeing Things Differently~ IX Acknowledgements Xl Notes on Contributors X11 Introduction: Society as More than a Collection of 1 Free-floating Individuals by Rob Stones (University of Essex) PART I Contents 19 1 Karl Marx 21 by Bob Jessop (University of Lancaster) 2 Max Weber 34 by Lawrence A. Scaff (Pennsylvania State University) 3 Emile Durkheim 46 by Whitney Pope (UDiversity of Indiana) 4 Sigmund Freud 59 by Ian Craib (University of Essex) 5 Georg Simmel 71 by Patrick l*ltier (University of Strasbourg) 6 Herbert Blumer 84 by Ken Plummer (University of Essex) 7 Talcott Parsons 96 by Robert Holton (The Flinders University of South Australia) PART II Contents 109 8 Robert K. Merton 111 by Alan Sica (Pennsylvania State University) 9 Simone de Beauvoir 124 by Mary Evans (University of Kent) vii viii K£y Sociological Thinkers 10 Norbert Elias 138 by Jason Hughes (University of Leicester) 11 Erving Goffman 151 by Robin Williams (University of Durham) 12 David Lockwood 163 by Nicos Mouzelis (London School of Economics) 13 Harold Garfinkel 175 by John Heritage (University of California, Los Angeles) 14 Louis Althusser 189 by Ted Benton (University of Essex) PART III Contents 203 15 Jiirgen Habermas 205 by William Outhwaite (University of Sussex) 16 Pierre Bourdieu 215 by Ltiic J.D. Wacquant (University of California, Berkeley) 17 Nancy J. Chodorow 230 by Karin A. Ma-rtin (University of Michigan) 18 Arlie Russell Hochschild 240 by Simon]. WUliams (University of Warwick) 19 Michel Foucault 252 by Lawrence Barth (University of California, Los Angeles) 20 Stuart Hall 266 by Michele Barrett (City University, London) 21 Anthony Giddens 279 by Ira]. Cohen (Rutgers University) Conclusion: Tolerance, Plurality and Creative Synthesis in Sociological Thought 291 by Rob Stones (University of Essex) Notes 306 Bibliography 332 Index 352 'Seeing Things Differently' This is an alternative contents list, focusing just on the section appearing within most chapters, entitled 'Seeing Things Differently'. In this section authors relate how the perspective of their key thinker has made them see the social world in a new and illuminating way, drawing their attention to aspects of the world that otherwise would have passed them by. In this section they do not draw directly on examples given in the work of their thinker, but use examples from everyday life, literature and film, or from the work of subse­ quent sociologists working within the tradition of that thinker. The examples tend to be graphic and colourful. Thus, the idea of giving a separate contents list here is that the relatively greater accessibility of these sections means that readers may wish to get an initial feel for a thinker new to them (or even to those not so new to them) by going first to this section before returning later to read the chapter from the beginning. I have taken the liberty of providing my own individual titles for the sections. In one or two cases authors did not include a section explicitly entitled 'Seeing Things Differently'; where this is the case I have selected an analogously colourful or illustrative section of their chapter towards which to direct the reader, inventing an appropriate heading. In these cases I have followed my heading with the author's own section heading in brackets. l. Karl Marx (Bob Jessop): Post-industrial Society or RJJmpant Capitalism at Century~s End? 21 2. Max Weber (Lawrence A. Scaff): Claustrophobic Offices and the Impwerishment ofLife at Work 34 3. Emile Durkheim (Whitney Pope): The Collective Symbols and Rituals ofAmerican Collegiate Football 46 4. Sigmund Freud (Ian Craib): Crime and Moral Outrage 59 5. Georg Simmel (Patrick Warier): Forms and Content: From Liaisons ofLave to Meals without Hunger (Form and Content) 7l 6. Herbert Blumer (Ken Plummer): Studying Sexuality up offthe Seat ofYour Pants 84 7. Talcott Parsons (Robert Holton): A Parsonian Epiphany in the Midst ofa Departmental Meeting 96 8. Robert K. Merton (Alan Sica): Have lli Lost the Wwld of Katharine Hepburn and 'The American Soldier)? (Sociological Inspiration from a World Nqw Lost) Ill 9. Simone de Beauvoir (Mary Evans): A Puwerfol Symbol of women~s Possibilities 124 ix X K£y Sociological Thinkers 10. Norbert Elias (Jason Hughes): From the Use ofTobacco as 11 M£11ns to Lose Control to its Use as 11 M£ans ofSelf-control 138 11. Erving Goffinan (Robin Williams): Wh11t it is tlbout Licensed Bllrs th11t Makes us Behewe Differently 151 12. David Lockwood (Nicos Mouzelis): Between Puppets 11nd Underst~~nding Faces 163 13. Harold Garfinkel (John Heritage) How Winston Churchill 11nd John E Kmnedy Got Their Audiences to Applllud 175 14. Louis Althusser (Ted Benton): Connecting Socia.l Theorising 11nd Politiclll Commitment 189 15. Jiirgen Habermas (William Outhwaite): From 'ComrtUles' in F11ntasy Km-lds to Post-n11tionlll Identities 205 16. Pierre Bourdieu (Loi'c Wacquant): Tweeds or ]e11ns? Golf or Soccer? Poetry or Sitcoms?: Taste as the Distaste ofthe Tastes of Others (11Jste, Classes 11nd Classificlltion) 215 17. Nancy J. Chodorow (Karin A Martin): The US Marines 11nd Misogyny: Why They Kiss Their Momm~~ Goodbye 230 18. Arlie Russell Hochschild (Simon J. Williams): Deep Bodily Sc11rs tJnd Disease as the Legacy ofthe Emotion l%1-k Dem~~nded by Society? 240 19. Michel Foucault (Lawrence Barth): The Fashioning ofthe Pri'PIIte Soul 252 20. Stuart Hall (Michele Barratt): F11mous from Being on Telmsion 266 21. Anthony Giddens (Ira J. Cohen): Time, Space 11nd Personal Grooming on the Highw11y 279 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Catherine Gray at Macmillan for coming up with the very bright idea for a collection on key sociological thinkers and for her advice and support throughout the editorial process. Thanks also to Diane Streeting for help in the early stages of the book, relaying messages for a good six months between myself in Bangkok and invited contributors whom I had asked to use my address at the University of Essex. Also, without the invalu­ able help of Sue Aylott in formatting chapters, entering in editorial changes, preparing contents pages and bibliographies, and much more, the book would have been much the poorer, and published much later. Aardvark Edito­ rial, for their part, provided their unfailing combination of skill and lightning efficiency. Thanks also to my brother, Mike Stones, for designing and illus­ trating the book's cover with his usual patient enthusiasm. I am grateful also to Phil Brew for co-translating with me Patrick Warier's chapter on Simmel, and for improving my French in the process. Thank you, Klong, Pimai and Ja for stepping carefully- sometimes- over the piles of papers. And finally, of course, I would like to express my appreciation to the contributory authors of each chapter for making the book as good as it is. xi Notes on Contributors Michele Barrett is Professor of Sociology at City University, London. She is author of Virginia WOolf Women and Writing (1979), "Ufunen's Oppression Today: Problems in Marxist Feminist Analysis ( 1980 and 1988), and The Politics of Truth: From Marx to Foucault (1991), a co-authored book (with Mary Mcintosh) The Anti-Social Family (1982 and 1988), and an edited collection (with Anne Phillips) Destabilizing Theory: Contemporary Feminist Debates (1992). A new collection of essays will be published in 1998. Lawrence Barth is completing his PhD in Urban Planning in the School of Public Policy and Social Research at the University of California, Los Angeles. His thesis, 'The Rule of the Metropolis', explores the advent of the Los Angeles metropolitan region in the first decades of the twentieth century. He currently resides in London where he lectures part time at the Architec­ tural Association and Birkbeck College, University of London.
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