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DOI 10.7603/s406-01-000-y GSTF International Journal on Computing (JoC) Vol.3 No.4, April 2014

Ouya: The Launch of a New Paradigm

Jonathon Kissinger and Tony Morelli

Received 18 Oct 2013 Accepted 19 Nov 2013

 Abstract—Recently a new approach to console video gaming, , was released. This console is relatively inexpensive, and offers all of its on a free to play basis. This paper compares the release of Ouya to the 360, Playstation 3, and the U as well as investigates how games on Ouya are utilizing unique control features, including a touchpad on the controller itself. We found that when comparing the first 12 weeks after launch of the systems, Ouya had a significantly higher number of games released when compared to the other three consoles, and the ratio of games being released since launch when compared to the launch day was significantly higher than the other three consoles. We also found that only 12.5% of Ouya games made use of the touch pad.

Index Terms—Entertainment , User Interfaces, Human Interaction, Technological Ouya retains the remaining 30% [1], which is the same revenue share as app stores from Apple [12] and [13]. Ouya also encourages development by offering awards to I. INTRODUCTION developers who agree to a six-month exclusivity for their game on Ouya. Ouya will match any funds raised on Kickstarter for UYA (pronounced OOO-yah [1]) was announced via a Free the Games Fund O Kickstarter project on July 10, 2012 and expected to raise the game up to $250,000 through its [3]. $950,000 [2] to bring the new console to life. When the A minimum of $10,000 must be raised which increases Kickstarter program ended on August 9, 2012, Ouya had awareness of the program. Offering this extra incentive for raised over 8.5 million dollars and was backed by over 63,000 developers is a method of attracting more developers to the people [2]. console as well as increasing console sales by having titles Ouya promised to be something different than the big name available on the system that are not available elsewhere. consoles that had come before it like the Playstation 3 and the Beyond introducing a revolutionary game console pricing . All games on Ouya are free to play. Developers method, Ouya also offered some attractive hardware qualities. can sell their games through in app purchases, but all games Each controller features a touch pad in addition to the must have some kind of trial version in order to be approved directional pad, thumbsticks, and shoulder buttons. for the Ouya store. There is no physical distribution of games, The console itself is very small when compared to the everything is download only. existing consoles. Ouya is slightly smaller than a can of soda. In addition to requiring all games to be free to the public, It runs Android as an , which could make it Ouya also promised all games would be free to release for easy to port games from android phones over to this new developers. The tools to develop for the console are free, and platform. In addition to being a space saver, the console is there would be no charge to release a free game on their virtual also a wallet saver as it only costs $99 to purchase the console store. If a developer choses to charge a fee to unlock the full along with one controller (Figure 1). game, or to purchase virtual currency of some kind, the The design of Ouya followed a hybrid design of recent developer keeps 70% of the transaction and mobile technologies and existing console based systems. The console is a physical piece of hardware that is not portable much like an Xbox 360 or Playstation 3. However the software distribution is very similar to the market. Games are downloaded from the Ouya Manuscript received October 18, 2013. much like games are downloaded from or the Jonathon Kissinger is with Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI Apple App Store for Android and iOS based phones and 48859 USA (e-mail: kissi1j@ cmich.edu). tablets. Pricing for games is set by the developers of the Tony Morelli is with Central Michigan University, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859 USA (989-774-3005; fax: 989-774-3728; e-mail: [email protected]). games, but are expected to be more within the range of phone

©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open by the GSTF DOI: 10.5176/2251-3043_3.4.289 48 GSTF International Journal on Computing (JoC) Vol.3 No.4, April 2014 apps (<$20) as opposed to console games (>$50). a gaming console. In comparison, when the Xbox 360 We anticipate that a significantly higher amount of titles will be available for Ouya on release based on the low barrier for developer entry. We also suspect most games will be ported from existing Android phone and tablet games and will make use of the touch pad as a direct port of the touch screen interface of existing games. The choice of Android of the operating system for Ouya combined with the new touchpad on the controller may create a scenario where many developers make use of the touch pad. We anticipate a majority of the developers will make use of the touchpad as it more closely mimics the touch interface of mobile devices making ports easier to complete. This paper analyzes the release of Ouya over the first 12 weeks of operation. We compare the amount of game titles released on Ouya to the most recently released consoles that launched in November of 2005, it had 28 game titles available have been available for more than 3 months including the at launch [6]. Further showing how large Ouya’s number of Playstation 3, Xbox 360, and . We also look into the launch titles are, the Playstation 3 launch in November of 2006 unique features of Ouya’s hardware and report on how many contained 19 game titles [7]. The most recent major console games are making use of the new features on the controller and to release, the Wii U in November of 2012, give an in depth review of how these new controls are being contained 34 game titles at launch [8]. used as the controls will be present on the Playstation 4. Although Ouya had a much higher number of games available on launch day when compared to the other three most II. 12 WEEK COMPARISON recent console launches, it is important to note that the other Ouya was made available to the general public on June 25, three consoles were all backwards compatible with their last 2013. Ouya shipped out consoles for those who preordered generation systems. That is, the Playstation 3 had its specific from their website or through the Kickstarter campaign. launch titles, plus it would play the library of Playstation 2 Consoles and controllers were also available at several games. However on Ouya, there is no last generation so the and mortar stores including Best Buy and GameStop. Ouya numbers used in this study are based on titles that were promised this console would be more accessible than developed specifically for a platform. The same applies to the traditional consoles to developers due to the low cost of Nintendo Wii U (backwards compatible with the Nintendo publishing games (free). Also, because this console would run Wii) and the Xbox 360 (backwards compatible with the a version of Android and the hardware would contain mainly original Xbox). parts found in upper end phones, the development The existing consoles were compared together without Ouya community would already be familiar with the platform and in order to see if they differed significantly from each other would simply need to add control options that utilized Ouya’s (Figure 2). This was done to see if there were any trends in controller as opposed to relying on touch based interaction. past console releases. A one-way ANOVA found no We compared the launch of Ouya to the current state of the significant difference in the number of titles released over the art consoles for the first 12 weeks after each system’s launch. first 12 weeks for the Playstation 3, Xbox 360, and the Wii U The release data for these consoles was obtained from (p > 0.05). Although traditional consoles may release fewer gamespot.com’s listing of games and their release dates. The titles early on in their lifecycle due to developers requiring specific data for Ouya did not exist. The official ouya.tv their time split between supporting the previous generation website contained a listing of all games, but only provided the console, as well as learning the new platform, these hurdles do last date that the game was updated. We wanted to compare not exist on Ouya. Ouya is based on Android so developers the first date the game was available not the date of the latest would have the knowledge to create the games, also there is no update patch. The information for release date was obtained previous generation of Ouya to support. This would indicate from the user maintained thread at ouyaforums.com. Due to Ouya may have more releases at launch. ine if Ouya’s launch the manual steps needed to keep this data up to date, it may not To determ availability was significantly be up to the second accurate, however our investigation was to better or worse than the current consoles, the break down releases by the week after launch and the forum number of titles released each week was compared (Figure 3). thread provided that much granularity. We created a tool A one-way ANOVA found the number of games available (written in bash utilizing curl) to crawl the forums and record throughout the first 12 weeks to be significantly higher on the release date for each game released. Ouya (p<0.05 [F(3,48)=5.87,p=0.002]) when compared to the On launch day, Ouya offered 167 games available for other consoles. Ouya averaged 21.83 (SD=8.18) new game download and sale. A launch this large was unprecedented for title releases per week compared with the Playstation 3 (0.83, SD=1.11), the Xbox360 (1.0, SD=1.35) and the Wii U (1.17,

©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF 49 GSTF International Journal on Computing (JoC) Vol.3 No.4, April 2014

SD=1.85). It is observed that the three mainstream consoles various platforms. In April of 2013, 90% of apps in the iOS received a bump in the number of titles available at about the App store were free. This compares to the 100% of apps in 4th week. Ouya did not receive such a bump and has been consistently rising since the release date. Although Ouya continues to release more games per week than the existing consoles, the barriers to entry are lower. We wanted to confirm whether or not the initial release total of 167 games created a situation where the success of Ouya could be inflated. To examine this situation, we looked at the releases per week as an average of the percentage of the available titles on launch day. We found the weekly average number of game releases for Ouya was 12.48% (SD=5.80%) of the initial release count. The other consoles together averaged releasing just 3.80% (SD=5.37%) of the launch total each week. A one way ANOVA proved this difference to be significant (p<0.05 [E(3,44)=8.20,p=0.0002). This shows that not only was Ouya off to a better start releasing games, it the Ouya store which are required to be free, or to the 56.34% continued to have more games released for it than the other of games in the Ouya store that are completely free with no platforms even including the ease of distribution. option for a purchasable update. The average price of an Another analysis was to consider if Ouya was losing , Android app is $0.06, an iPhone app is $0.19, and an iPad app that is has the hyped fizzled out, or is Ouya continuing to comes in at an average price of $0.50. This compares to our release many games. To do this, we looked at the number of calculated average purchase price of an Ouya app of $1.58 games released for the first four weeks and compared them to (SD=$2.59). We use this average cost for all calculations the number of games released in the last four weeks of the throughout this paper involving price per game on Ouya. twelve week study. The first four weeks, Ouya had an average These numbers are difficult to directly compare as there are no of 24.75 (SD=8.26) games released per week. The final four stats for average cost of in app purchases for iOS and Android weeks saw this average drop to 15.5 (SD=1.73) games apps and some apps require in app purchases to keep the game released per week. A one way ANOVA showed that this is not playing (i.e. purchasing virtual currencies for play in a casino), a significant decline (p>0.05). Based on that, we conclude that however general conclusions can be drawn that show Ouya although the average number of games being released on a games are generally more expensive than their mobile weekly basis has declined since the console’s release, it is not counterparts. Each game in our calculations is only counted a significant decline. once, that is if a game has a purchase option, its only cost is its purchase price. The surveys for the Android and iOS apps III. GAME PRICING may have counted the lite variant as well as the paid variant as All games on Ouya must be free to try. The cost for the two different titles, thus bringing the calculated averages games more closely resembles the pricing of mobile apps as down. opposed to traditional video game consoles. Overall, we found that 57.4% of the game titles available on Of the 410 games surveyed for the pricing research, 231 Ouya were also available on the Apple App Store. This (56.34%) of the games were completely free and offered no compares with 38.55% of game titles available on Ouya being option to purchase an unlocked or expanded version of the available on Google Play. We suspected that Android ports game. The remaining games had an unlock price of $1.58 would be more common than iOS ports due to Ouya running (SD=$2.59) each. Prices for the games ranged from $0.99 to Android, however these numbers show otherwise. $14.99. One game () offered to unlock the As the number of titles available on Ouya is larger than game at a monthly rate of $9.99 per month. Three games other platforms, Ouya offers players to browse titles through a (Wind-Up Knight, Pizza Boy, and Galaxoid) offer players the ranking system called the O-Rank [5]. The O-Rank is defined “our homegrown game/app ranking algorithm option to unlock the full version of the game for a discount if by Ouya as the full version is purchased immediately after the first play. If driven by key player engagement metrics. Ranking = Fun Factor”. We found that 40 out of the top 50 games (80%) that purchase is dismissed, players must pay a higher price for those titles if and when they eventually choose to purchase the contained an option to purchase additional content while the full version. This limited time offer may entice players to bottom 50 games only contained 5 titles (10%) that offered purchase the game right away. Other games offered power ups some kind of in app purchase. 9 out of the top 50 game titles as in app purchases. (18%) were Ouya exclusives, while 25 out of the bottom 50 These numbers can be compared against traditional titles (50%) were Ouya exclusives. device apps. analytics specialist Flurry [4] Another look into a pricing comparison was to look at the released data analyzing the distribution of cost of apps on total dollar value of games at launch for the three most recent video game consoles compared to Ouya. Ouya had 167 games

©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF 50 GSTF International Journal on Computing (JoC) Vol.3 No.4, April 2014 available at launch at an average cost of $1.58 for a total of $263.86 of available purchasable games. Although specific numbers for launch titles were unavailable, most games released for the current generation of consoles are between $49.99 and $59.99 and we used the value of $54.99 for the following calculations. Xbox 360 released with 19 games for a total of $1,045.00, the Playstation 3 had a grand total of $1,538.72 (28 games) and the Wii U released with a total of 34 games at a total price of $1,869.66. Although Ouya launched with a significantly higher count of games, the cost to purchase them all was an order of magnitude less than purchasing all of the launch titles for the other consoles. This is largely due to the number of free titles, but also the highest price game for Ouya ($14.99) is less than 50% of the price of the lowest There were 166 unique button usage combinations used by priced launch title for the other three systems. games. The most prevalent of these, using the O, U, Y, A, D- Ouya has over 24,000 registered developers [9], however pad, and left stick was used by 18 games (5.2%). The second we found that only 276 of them had published a game for most common combination of buttons consisted of only the O Ouya (as of 8/30/2013). This gives Ouya a ratio of 1.25 titles button and the left stick, this combination was used by 16 per developer, which is slightly below the Playstation 3 and games (4.7%). The third most used combination was the O Xbox 360 [10]. button, D-pad, and left stick, used by 13 games (3.8%). This third combination is very similar to the second and in almost IV. BUTTON USAGE ANALYSIS all cases the D-pad and left stick performed the same function. There were two combinations used by 11 (3.2%) games On August 30, 2013 a snapshot of Ouya.tv was taken listing respectively. The first combination consisted of the D-pad and all games currently available on the Ouya console. There were left stick. The second involved only the left stick. The fifth 391 games available at the time. Forty of these were excluded combination of buttons was used by 10 games (2.9%), it because they were apps or , while seven games were consisted of the O, A, D-pad, and left stick. The remaining removed because they were no longer available on Ouya when combinations of buttons were used by less than 10 games each, the time came to survey them. This left 344 games. with 115 of the combinations being unique to the game that Ouya’s controller was designed to have 14 buttons [13]. used them. These 14 buttons consist of (Figure 5):

V. TOUCHPAD USAGE  Four digital buttons (O, U, Y, and A)  A four direction digital pad (D-Pad)  Two analog (LS, RS) Of the 344 games analyzed, 43 (12.5%) made some use of Ouya’s built in touchpad. Ouya’s touchpad is located in the  Two digital bumper buttons (L1, R1)  Two analog triggers (L2, R2) center, top of the controller. Its location is indicated horizontally by a black bar that bisects the controller.  Two digital buttons that activate when the joysticks Vertically there is no visible delineation of where the are pushed straight down (L3, R3) touchpad begins and ends. The touchpad measures 4.25cm  A touchpad, configured to behave as a mouse input horizontally by ~2.5cm vertically. It’s difficult to tell, even (Touchpad) upon close scrutinization, where the touchpad begins and ends

vertically. It functions very similarly to a touchpad. A The most commonly used button of the 14 on Ouya’s mouse pointer pops up on use of the touchpad. When using controller was the left stick, LS, (293 games, 85.2%), followed the touchpad there is a noticeable feeling of impreciseness. closely by the O button (262 games, 76.2%). Third was the D- The touchpad makes use of acceleration, the quicker a finger pad (198 games, 57.6%), followed by the A (175 games, is swiped the faster and farther the cursor moves. On Ouya’s 50.8%), Y (151 games, 43.9%), and U (149 games, 43.3%) system menu, moving slowly all the way across the touchpad buttons. The remaining buttons, consisting of the shoulder gets the cursor about halfway across the screen, while a fast buttons, touchpad, right stick, and L3/R3 buttons, were used in swipe moves further than a full screen length. This is not less than 25% of the games. The L3/R3 buttons were the least appropriate for every game and likely contributes to the feeling utilized at 17 (4.9%) and 18 games (5.2%) respectively. of impreciseness when using the touchpad.

The largest group of games, 21 (48.8%), were the games using the touchpad to replace a touch or mouse interface. Most of these games were 2D games using the touchpad exactly as a would be used on a mobile device. One such game, Egypt Reels of Luxor FREE, used the touchpad as the only means of game play. None of the other

©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF 51 GSTF International Journal on Computing (JoC) Vol.3 No.4, April 2014 buttons had any functionality in-game. Most of the other this console, and if the decline in releases becomes games had alternative means of , such as using the left stick to drive a mouse pointer. The second largest group of games, 7 games (16.3%), were games that used the touchpad for in-game menu navigation. This is very similar to the previous group with the exception that touchpad use is restricted to menu navigation and has no use in gameplay. This is somewhat useful in games where there are lots of menu options such as Star Shipping Inc. which can have more than 10 menu items on screen at a time. The next largest group, games that used the touchpad solely as a button, is tied with the previous group at 7 games (16.3%). This primarily included games such as The Bard’s Tale which allowed the touchpad to be tapped to advance in- game dialogue. The next group, five games (11.6%) were games that used the touchpad to look around usually as a substitute for, or to mimic, one of the sticks. Three of the games in this significant it may indicate a lack of interest from developers, group allowed the player to also use the touchpad as a button, possibly due to a lack of profitability. whereas two did not. All but one of these games were 3D, Looking at the percentage of ports (games that exist on contrasting with the largest group which was primarily made other platforms and converted for use on Ouya) available, we up of 2D games. One example of this group was Crest of War, found a higher percentage of iOS ports were available when an FPS which allowed the touchpad to be used like a mouse to compared to Android ports. This was not as expected as Ouya look around and tapped to fire. While firing using the runs Android and it seems like they would be the more likely touchpad was necessarily awkward, as it had to be double titles to be ported. One explanation is that a game being tapped and could not be used to aim while being tapped unless released for iOS must be released on the Apple App Store timed correctly, aiming with the touchpad was useful. Quicker which gave us one single place to look for releases. Android than the stick, though less precise, if the touchpad were located apps may be released on Google Play, but they may also be differently it might have been a viable option for this game. released on the Amazon App Store, or released independently One game, Riding Rhodri, used the touchpad solely for of any commercial app store. The only source used to check horizontal movement. Two games allowed the touchpad to be Android availability was the Google Play Store. Games used but the implementation was extremely glitchy. For released through other stores were not counted, and it may be example, in one game, Avoid this Asteroid! a 2D arena game the reason our numbers show a lower amount of ported titles. with a top down view, the touchpad of any controller could be When looking at ranking, we found that the top games, used to control all players at once, excluding AI, and could according to Ouya’s O-Rank, were more likely to offer In-App even push players off-screen. In another game brushing the purchases, and less likely to be Ouya exclusives when touchpad at all would cause the game to immediately crash. In compared to games located at the bottom of the O-Rank. addition many games used the touchpad for out of game menu According to Ouya, the games at the top of the ranking are navigation, such as clicking start, but this was not recorded as more fun. Because they are more fun, players could be more it did not fit the focus of our project. likely to purchase content, and because players may be more Given the impreciseness of Ouya’s touchpad, its use in likely to purchase, developers may be more likely to offer many of these games felt clunky and more ‘tacked on’ than purchases. Also, games at the top could have spent more useful. The one instance where use of the touchpad seemed money on advertising, which in turn creates more of an helpful was when there were many menu items to navigate. awareness for players, and more of a need to recoup expenses However, even in these limited circumstances some games through in app purchases. employed the joysticks to drive a mouse pointer which felt Games at the bottom of the ranking contain more Ouya more fluid and precise than the touchpad, if slightly slower. exclusives. This could be that the low cost for developers to develop games for Ouya creates the scenario where developers VI. DISCUSSION can turn out quick and unpolished games in order to have a Our results show that Ouya had significantly more titles game released, or to experience the process of releasing a available at launch when compared to the standard gaming game. consoles (Xbox 360, Playstation 3, and Wii U). This was Only 12.5% of available games utilized the touch pad. This anticipated due to the low cost for developers to distribute goes against what we initially predicted. The initial prediction their games on this system. was based on the ease of existing mobile applications We also found that after 3 months of live play, Ouya’s to Ouya and simply replacing the standard mobile device touch releases per week had dropped, however it was not a interaction with the touch pad on the controller. Although they significant decline. This shows that there is still strong interest are both touch sensitive devices their behavior is much in developing for Ouya. It is still early on in the life cycle of different. The touchscreen is a touch and action all in one

©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF 52 GSTF International Journal on Computing (JoC) Vol.3 No.4, April 2014 press. The player touches on the screen where he wants the for the console from developers is dropping possibly due to action to take place. The touchpad, behaves more like a the amount of funds the system is generating.

VIII. CONCLUSION This paper analyzed the release of Ouya, a new take on traditional console video gaming. We found that the low barriers to entry for developers provided significantly higher amounts of games available when compared to other game consoles. We also found that most games did not make use of the new control mechanisms provided by the console. Overall the support for Ouya remains strong after three months of live standard laptop computer touchpad. The player must first play, and only the future will tell if this trend will continue. move a cursor, then tap the touchpad to create the action. This could have an effect on porting existing touch based mobile applications to consoles containing touchpads as controller input. REFERENCES . FUTURE WORK [1] Ouya Inc. (10/15/2013) Ouya FAQ [Online]. Available: We have analyzed Ouya’s release from several different https://www.ouya.tv/faq/ [2] Ouya Inc. (10/15/2013) Ouya: A New Kind of angles and have uncovered some areas that require more focus. [Online]. Available: http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/ouya/ouya-a- One area of future research is the analysis of monetization new-kind-of-video-game-console of games distributed on Ouya. Financial numbers describing [3] Ouya Inc. (10/15/2013) OUYA Free the Games Fund [Online]. the profitability of games on Ouya are generally not publically Available: http://www.freethegamesfund.com/ [4] Gordon, Mary Ellen PhD. (7/18/2013) The History of App Pricing, and available. We seek to interview developers who wish to Why Most Apps Are Free [Online]. Available: disclose these numbers and seek out facts about the number of http://blog.flurry.com/bid/99013/The-History-of-App-Pricing-AndWhy- downloads Ouya games receive when compared to mobile Most-Apps-Are-Free device downloads. Also the attachment rate (the rate at which [5] Ouya Inc. (10/15/2013) GAMES Ouya [Online]. Available: a game’s in app purchases are utilized) is of particular concern https://www.ouya.tv/games/ [6] CBS Interactive Inc. (10/15/2013) New Games New Releases (Xbox on Ouya as that is the only way developers can profit from the 360) [Online]. Available: http://www.gamespot.com/new- platform. games/?game_filter_type%5Bplatform%5D=111 Another area to research is in the utilization of the touchpad [7] CBS Interactive Inc. (10/15/2013) New Games New Releases (Playstation 3) [Online] Available: http://www.gamespot.com/new- on the controller. With a new type of input available, and only games/?game_filter_type%5Bplatform%5D=113 12.5% of the games taking advantage of it, investigations into [8] CBS Interactive Inc. (10/15/2013) New Games New Releases (Wii U) the proper use of that new piece of technology should be done. [Online] Available: http://www.gamespot.com/new- This research will demonstrate the accuracy of Ouya’s touch games/?game_filter_type%5Bplatform%5D=118 pad compared to analog thumbsticks, and a traditional mouse [9] Topolsky, Abby. (9/1/2013) OUYA Fact Sheet September 2013 [Online] Available: pad on a laptop. https://www.dropbox.com/sh/67fld7t4vgsikay/_iMoAHvlLj/Docs/OUY The use of the touchpad is important as it will become A%20Fact%20Sheet%20September%202013.pdf mainstream with the release of the Playstation 4 [14]. The [10] Morelli, T. and Gunes, MH. As A Social DualShock 4 (DS4) (Figure 6) controller is similar to Ouya’s Network. 2012 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks and (ASONAM).:1183-1188 controller in that it contains almost the exact number and types [11] Apple Inc. (10/2/2013) Distribute Your App. [Online] Available: of buttons. The touchpad on the DS4 is multi-touch capable https://developer.apple.com/programs/ios/distribute.html and it will allow for the tracking of two fingers simultaneously, [12] Google Inc. (10/2/2013) Transaction Fees [Online] Available: while Ouya only allows for one. https://support.google.com/googleplay/android- developer/answer/112622?hl=en One future use of Ouya could be to quickly test new types of [13] Ouya Inc. (10/15/2013) Docs OUYA Developers. [Online] Available: games or input methods. Since there is no charge to deploy https://devs.ouya.tv/developers/docs/controllers software on the platform, developers can quickly test out new [14] Entertainment America LLC (10/15/2013) PS$ DualShock 4 ideas without incurring a large cost. New types of touchpad Controller. [Online] Available: http://us.playstation.com/ps4/features/dualshock4-controller/ inputs could be first developed and refined on Ouya prior to releasing on the more mainstream Playstation 4, which would reduce the development cost of games on the next generation This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which platforms. permits any use, distribution, and reproduction Finally, the continued analysis of the number of games in any medium, provided the original author(s) being released is necessary to show the strength of Ouya. and the source are credited. Should the decline in releases continue it may indicate support

©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF 53 GSTF International Journal on Computing (JoC) Vol.3 No.4, April 2014

Jonathan Kissinger is a graduate student pursuing his Master's Degree in Computer Science at Central Michigan University. He has a BS in Computer Science from Central Michigan University. His research interests include Video Game Interfaces and Educational Innovation using both Psychology and Computer Science methodologies.

Tony Morelli is an Assistant Professor of Computer Science at Central Michigan University. He has a BSEE from Purdue University, and an MS in Computer and PhD in Computer Science from University of Nevada, Reno. Prior to joining Central Michigan, Tony spent 14 years leading game development teams in the Gaming industry. His research interests include Accessible Technologies and Video Game Interfaces.

©The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access by the GSTF 54