On Top of the World

邮发代号2-903 CN11-1429/Z 国内零售价： Canada $7.80 Australia $9.10 USA $5.10 On TopOn of World the 60 Years of Transformation in Tibet Vol. 849 March 2019 10 Turkey TL.10.00 Europe €5.20 UK 元 ₤ 3.20 3.20 China’s Dinosaur King Xu Xing: Paleontologist 42-47 Foundation for a New China aNew for Foundation the Laying 1959: to 1949 56-63 Craftsmanship Cross-Continental 70-75 可栽绕已种地塞达树木寒来球罕沙赤坝按半个多世纪，暑地道机往，变林海，荒牢记使命械林三场原成代人的森林覆盖率绿洲。耕耘。 80%

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1 米株距排开，艰苦创业 12 圈。

绿色发展

Saihanba is a cold alpine area in northern Hebei Province bordering the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It was once a barren land but is now home to 75,000 hectares of forest, thanks to the labor of generations of forestry workers in the past 55 years. Every year the forest purifies 137 million cubic meters of water and absorbs 747,000 tons of carbon dioxide. The forest produces 12 billion yuan (around US$1.8 billion) of ecological value annually, according to the Chinese Academy of Forestry. Mar. 2O19

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出版日期每月1日国内刊号: CN11-1429/Z 国际刊号: ISSN0009-4420 Features People Culture 京海工商广字第0121号 In China, subscriptions are available at any post office. 10 On Top of the World 42 Paleontologist Xu Xing: China’s Dinosaur King 64 The Orphan of Zhao: Hamlet of Classical —60 Years of Transformation in Tibet Subscription and distribution agency in Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan: Chinese Literature Hong Kong Peace Book Company, Ltd. 38 Pictures from the Heart Society 68 Homes Where Hearts Belong 17/F., Paramount Building, 12 Ka Yip Street, Chai Wan, Hong Kong 48 A New Year for Retirement Communities 70 Cross-Continental Craftsmanship Visit China Pictorial on the Internet: www.china-pictorial.com.cn Express 52 Mountain Heroes 76 Spring Festival Diaries 06 China’s Economy Keeping Steam 70 Years in Pictures Cover caption Follow us on: 56 1949 to 1959: Laying the Foundation for a July 26, 2018: A senior spins prayer wheels on Spotlight the Thousand-Buddha Mountain in Lhasa, Tibet. 08 Major Topics Forecast for 2019 “Two Sessions” New China by Duan Wei/China Pictorial EXPRESS | NEWS MAR · 2O19

Forbidden City Lights Up

February 18, Beijing: The Palace Museum, or the Forbidden City, tests new lighting systems. The museum extended its opening hours into the eening on February 19 and 20 in celebration o this years Lantern Festial. It was the irst time the museum was open to the public or ree at night in its 94-year history, and the irst time the ancient buildings in the Forbidden City were decorated with lights on a large scale at night, the museum said. VCG

China Clones Gene-edited Monkeys

anuary 22, Shanghai: Cloned monkeys with circadian rhythm disorder at the Institute o euroscience under the Chinese cademy o Sciences. China cloned ie monkeys rom a by Li Xueren/Xinhua gene-edited macaue with circadian rhythm Important Progress in Trade Talks disorder, the irst time that multiple monkeys hae been cloned rom a gene-edited monkey February 15, Beijing: Chinese President Xi inping (center) meets .S. Trade epresentatie obert Lighthizer or biomedical research. Scientists made the and Treasury Secretary Steen Mnuchin, who made the trip to Beijing or a new round o China-.S. high-leel announcement on anuary 24, with two articles economic and trade consultations, at the Great Hall o the People. President Xi reealed that important progress published in ational Science eiew, a top or the current stage was made during the two-day talks. nglish-language scientiic journal in China. by Jin Liwang/Xinhua

Joint Global Efforts Chinese Wisdom at WEF

February 16, Munich, Germany: German anuary 23, aos, Switzerland: alian ight recep- Chancellor ngela Merkel addresses the 55th tion during the 2019 World conomic Forum (WF) annual Munich Security Conerence. In a passionate meeting, highlights Chinese culture with its decorations. speech, Merkel said the international politi- From anuary 22 to 25, this years orum attracted global elites cal structure built ater World War II could not to discuss Globalization 4.0. Chinese wisdom was again be smashed but instead reormed in a multi- eatured prominently at the meeting. Chinese Vice President lateral way. She also suggested Germany learn Wang ishan called on countries to work together to shape the rom China about its practices in deelopment global architecture in the age o the ourth industrial reolu- tion with the ision to create a better uture or all mankind. IC cooperation with rican countries. VCG

04 VOLUME 849 CHINA PICTORIAL 05 EXPRESS | COMMENT BUZZWORDS MAR · 2O19

regulating institutions and crack- burden on local enterprises. For the performers. In 2018, several provinces ing down on iolations o laws and uture, it is necessary to intensiy and cities in China bestowed the “Snail regulations, China has eectiely eorts to rectiy and change iscal Award” on government departments Snail Award that were hesitant and inefficient in their China’s Economy protected the legitimate rights and reenues and earnestly reduce taxes Edited by Li Zhuoxi work, to hold them accountable. After the interests o small and medium ines- and ees or enterprises. success of the “Snail Award,” some other Keeping Steam tors. n marketization, China has The second is improing admin- awards were created such as the “Hedge- The “Snail Award” is not an honor but hog Award” for those with bad attitude Text by Wan Zhe maintained normal issuance o new istratie eiciency. In the past a crown of shame—a specially designed in service and the “Ostrich Award” for shares, regulated reinancing o ew years, streamlined adminis- punishment to draw attention to poor leaders with little sense of responsibility. China’s economy has not lost momentum considering that the listed companies, curbed excessie tration and decentralization and country’s reforms have been orderly and unceasing. Only more inancing, supported mergers and reduction o approal aairs proactive reforms can bridge to a better future. acuisitions with industrial integra- hae achieed good results, but tion as the ocus, and streamlined better administration will happen examination and approal proce- not only through decentraliza- dures, all o which gie the capital tion but also with the proision o market more power in its role in better serices. We must work hard hinas economy in 2018 can doing business has been improed. sering the real economy. in administratie process design be characterized by three China has urther remoed obstacles It should be noted that the and management, reduce institu- eatures: relatiely strong impeding trade and become more reorm o the capital market tional costs o doing business and resilience, steady reorm o open to the world. has achieed early results while improe the abilities o adminis- Cthe capital market and increasingly Facing a complicated and olatile withstanding tremendous pressure. trators at all leels, so goernment lower institutional costs. external situation, China should lthough the capital market is aairs are more open, procedures mid an increasingly compli- harness more domestic uel and temporarily at a low aluation due are reasonable, and management and cated situation at home and abroad dynamism in its economy. Chinas to changes in internal and exter- superision are eectie. and iercer disputes in trade, China reorm has entered a deep-water zone, nal enironments, the prospects The third is promoting the rule On April 18, 2018, Bichuan Primary School in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province was granted a has generally ulilled its main and mountainous pressure lies ahead. or alue inestment and long-term o law. Marketization and legaliza- “Snail Award” for a five-month delay on its playground construction. VCG targets in economic deelopment in Howeer, the reorm is still ongoing inestment remain promising. tion are key to reducing institutional 2018: The growth rate o its GP and more potential or Chinas Considering the progress o costs. The Central conomic Work reached 6.6 percent, the urban economy has yet to be tapped. the ie major tasks (cutting exces- Conerence released reuirements sureyed unemployment rate stayed The capital market has always sie industrial capacity, destocking, o marketization and legalization. A recent survey of over 2,000 partici- at around ie percent, oreign trade been a ocus o the goernments de-leeraging, lowering corporate Marketization must be guaranteed pants showed that 51.3 percent had fallen olume hit a new high, economic work in economic deelopment. costs and improing weak links), by rule o law. therwise, enter- victim to internet enterprises that take Big Data advantage of regular customers through restructuring continued progress- Howeer, only recently was it the irst three hae been completed, prises and indiiduals will not the use of big data. The enterprises can ing, emerging industries maintained mentioned at the Central conomic and China has made concrete eorts be willing to become inoled in Profiteering create an accurate “user portrait” based relatiely ast deelopment, and the Work Conerence as an area that to improe weak links. Lowering long-term inestment, the market Edited by Li Zhuoxi on enormous user information and data urbanization rate increased steadily. aects the whole picture, which corporate costs will be a ocus o will not be able to operate in a collected on internet platforms and charge higher prices to more capable or ll indicators point to the high resil- eidences the signiicance o the uture economic policies, and China healthy manner, and economic eager buyers. ience o Chinas economy. capital market in Chinas economic will also ocus on the reduction o power and itality will not be The resilience o Chinas deelopment and restructuring. institutional costs. This reduction truly released. economy can also be seen in lexible In recent years, the reorm o should include multiple aspects: Chinas economy has not lost policies. Since mid-2018, uncer- Chinas capital market is heading The irst is cutting taxes and momentum because the countrys tainty in the economy has increased, or internationalization, legal- administratie ees. Since last reorms hae been orderly and so China has changed its macro ization and marketization. From year, China has repeatedly stressed unceasing. nly more proac- policies accordingly. Monetary the perspectie o internation- reducing taxes and administratie tie reorms can secure a better policy was adjusted to prudent alization, two-way opening o ees, but ordinary people haent uture. and policymakers stressed that to Chinas capital market has steadily seemed to witness any eect. ue ensure liuidity in the market, iscal progressed. In terms o legaliza- to local goernments eort in policy should be loosened. The tion, China has adhered to strict debt clearance, real estate purchase goernment owed to enact more superision in accordance with restrictions and other policies, they policies such as cutting taxes and the law and constantly improed are not in a good inancial position. The author is a member of the Academic administratie ees, inestment and basic systems o stock issuance, Few local goernments are willing Committee of the Pangoal Institution and chief economist of China National Gold According to research, several internet platforms providing services such as bookings inrastructure projects hae been listing and delisting. While impro- to reduce administratie ees, and Group Co., Ltd. This article is reprinted for flights, movies, tickets and hotels as well as online shopping and tourism have taken expanded, and the enironment or ing releant laws, regulations and they hae barely reduced the actual from ce.cn. advantage of regular customers through the use of big data. VCG

06 VOLUME 849 CHINA PICTORIAL 07 SPOTLIGHT MAR · 2O19

Communist Party o China. chieing this goal would reuire all rural residents liing below the current poerty line to be lited out o poerty by 2020. It would Major Topics Forecast mark the irst time in Chinas history that extreme poerty is eliminated. In 2019, the goal is to raise 10 “ ” million rural residents aboe the poerty line. ll for 2019 Two Sessions signs point to poerty reduction becoming a hot topic at the two sessions. round a billion Chinese people Text by Yi Mei hae worked their way out o poerty oer the last our The annual “two sessions” have always enjoyed intense focus from both the public and media. decades o reorm and opening up, which was irst introduced in China in 1978. Those still let under the poerty line are the targets o Chinas current poerty reduction eorts. PC deputies and CPPCC members are expected to contribute great wisdom and plentiul suggestions on this topic. February 28, 2019: A workshop of Xintao Textile Co., Ltd. in Huzhou s one o the three critical battles China must City, Zhejiang Province. After investing 20 million yuan (US$2.5 ight, pollution control has in recent years been million), the company became equipped with AI-based technology that helps it realize green production and diversify its products. VCG emphasized by the Chinese goernment and captured mounting public concern. In the most recent years, Chinas enironment has seen gradual improement. To address air, water and soil pollution, the Chinese goernment has designed and enorced a ten-point list o measures or each and achieed solid progress. The pursuit o a clean enironment is not only a public health issue but also conducie to China transerring its economic deelopment mode rom energy-intensie to greener and higher-uality. So, enironmental protection will ineitably be heaily discussed at the two sessions. Since he took oice in 2012, Chinese President Xi inping has igorously promoted anti-corruption to build a clean goernment. China has strengthened goernment superision and auditing-based oersight, taking steps to inestigate, prosecute and address iolations o law and regulations and seerely punish- February 10, 2019: Customers buy fruit at a supermarket in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province. During the 2019 Spring Festival holiday, Nantong Port in Jiangsu Province. The port welcomed a busy first month of 2019, with the amount of handled cargo reaching nearly 25 million ing those engaged in corruption. The anti-corruption household consumption in China exceeded one trillion yuan (US$125 tons, up 20.4 percent over the same period of the previous year. VCG campaign has snowballed into a crushing tide with billion), up 8.5 percent year-on-year. VCG stronger and growing momentum. How to take the he second session o the 13th ational Peoples protectionism globally, Chinas economy aces great anti-corruption campaign to the next leel and consoli- dependence on exports. So, new policies concern- Congress (PC) and the second session o the challenges despite a sturdy perormance last year with a date its ruits remains a key topic to be discussed at the ing peoples lielihood may be released at the coming 13th ational Committee o the Chinese Peoples year-on-year GP growth rate o 6.6 percent, totaling two sessions. conerences. Political Consultatie Conerence (CPPCC), S$13.6 trillion. The 7th round o trade talks between In the goernment work report he made in 2018, The Chinese goernment has actiely pursued Tcollectiely known as the two sessions, will open on China and the nited States. has just inished. The Chinese Premier Li Keiang said, ll o our work is coordinated deelopment o Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei March 5 and March 3, respectiely. Trump administration announced it would delay the work or the people. Peoples lielihood has always and deelopment o the Yangtze ier conomic Belt s the annual sessions o Chinas top legislatie and tari increase on China now scheduled or March 1. It been the concern o the Chinese goernment, which and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay adisory bodies, the two sessions, inoling thousands was positie news or Chinas economy. But considering adheres to the ision o people-centered deelopment. rea, designed and implemented related plans, and o PC deputies and CPPCC members, hae always pressure on China to delier a domestic economic trans- So, issues that concern the people mosteducation, undertaken numerous key projects. lso the country drawn intense scrutiny rom both the public and media. ormation, economic issues will easily make the top o employment, healthcare, social security and order has planned to deelop major city clusters and pursued This year, Chinas economy will clearly be a hot the two sessions agenda. need to be properly addressed to ensure the people eel more balanced deelopment o small, medium and large topic at the two sessions considering it is already in the China is striing to become a moderately prosper- richer, happier and saer. dditionally, improing the cities as well as small towns. It is obious that coordi- spotlight o both domestic and international media. ous society in all respects by 2020, just beore liing standards o Chinese people will boost indiid- nated deelopment will also be on agenda o the two gainst a backdrop o increasing uncertainty and rising the centennial anniersary o the ounding o the ual consumption and reduce Chinas economic growths sessions.

08 VOLUME 849 CHINA PICTORIAL 09 FEATURES MAR · 2O19

On Top of the60 Years of Transformation World in Tibet

The photo shows Tibetans reading Text by Wen Zhihong, Gong Haiying and Hu Zhoumeng a newspaper. After the peaceful liberation of Tibet, modern “Today, as we plainly describe the effort to ‘overthrow the education took root in the region with a rising number of formal system of feudal serfdom’ in Tibet, most don’t realize the people schools as well as increasing night underwent a radical emancipation of the mind.” schools, seasonal winter schools and newspaper reading groups. by He Shiyao/China Pictorial

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The photo shows workers constructing the 2,400-kilometer Sichuan-Tibet Highway, along a cliff on the Nujiang River. Built in the 1950s, the Qinghai-Tibet Highway and the Sichuan-Tibet Highway ended the prolonged isolation of Tibet, substantially cutting travel time between Tibet and other parts of China. Fotoe

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In many scholars’ view, the most prominent force driving Tibet’s development has been the transformation of the social system. The shift from serfdom to a socialist system brought radical changes to productivity and production relations in the region. Given ownership of land and livestock, Tibetan farmers became highly motivated. This 1959 photo shows ordinary Tibetans who were given houses, land, livestock and production tools. by Chen Zonglie/CFB

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ibetan natie Wande Khar has worked or China Tibetology esearch Center (CTC) or decades. He was born and grew up in Hezuo City in Gansu Proinces Gannan Tibetan utonomous Preecture. In the late 1970s, Tibetan language education had just been oicially introduced to local schools. ter graduating rom high school, Khar became a teacher in a local primary school. August 2007: Wande Khar (second right) takes a photo year later when the gaokao (national college with herders from nearby Gegyai County at the foot of entrance examination) resumed in China, he Mount Kailash in Ngari, Tibet. The herders came to circle enrolled in orthwest Minzu niersity. In the mountain as a pilgrimage. courtesy of Wande Khar 1988, he graduated with a bachelors degree. By that time, CTC had been established based on inadeuate sensory experience and or only two years. Khar entured to Beijing imagination, they seem to think Tibet stopped to join the research center which eentually deeloping. became Chinas most prestigious institution Howeer, ater six decades o modern- or Tibetological studies. ization and transormation, Tibet has indeed ew years ago, Khar was approached by achieed sel-suiciency in grain production an elderly uropean woman while attending and supply, deeloped modern industry rom an academic exchange eent in France. She scratch, and enjoyed conenient transporta- showed him a 1984 photo o Xigaze in Chinas tion acilities, with all low-income armers Tibet utonomous egion and asked whether and herders coered by the social security the area remained as poor and underdeeloped system. Increasing numbers o Tibetans as decades ago. I suggested she isit Xigaze educated elsewhere are returning home to again and take another photo or comparison, support local deelopment. Moreoer, Tibet he recalls. In the eyes o many Westerners, is known as one o the regions with the Tibetans were a ery ulnerable group, and best enironmental uality in the world and Since the democratic reform of Tibet, the region has built a sound educational system with Tibetan features and ethnic characteristics, offering pre-school, primary, middle and high schools as well as vocational, adult training and higher education. This 1960 photo shows Sonam Chodron, whose parents were serfs, in class at a local school. by He Shiyao/China Pictorial

remains a world-renowned tourist destina- tion eaturing distinct, abundant religious and cultural heritage. From the peaceul liberation o Tibet in the early 1950s to the launch o Tibets democratic reorm in 1959 and the establishment o the Tibet utonomous egion in 1965, Tibet has kept in step with the countrys epoch-making changes. longside the great liberalization and deelopment o its productie orces, the autonomous region has accumulated abundant social wealth and transormed the traditional

Four scholars from China Tibetology Research Center participate in a group interview with China Pictorial. From left to right, they are mindsets o locals. Tsering Yangdzom, Wande Khar, Li Jian and Yang Tao. by Chen Jian/China Pictorial

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The photo shows Tibetan textile workers in 1960. Abundant in wool and cashmere, Tibet has developed a long-standing textile industry. by He Shiyao/China Pictorial

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a reenue sharing mechanism inoling the goernment, inestors, armers and herders in “Radical Emancipation Tibet, let alone institutional optimization that aims to beneit more poerty-stricken armers of the Mind” and herders. ecently, our Tibetological researchers rom CTCTsering Yangdzom, Wande Mount omolangma, known as Mount Khar, Li ian and Yang Taowere inter- erest in the West, attracts some 60,000 iewed by China Pictorial. The researchers tourists each year, proiding plentiul oppor- agreed that the democratic reorm that started tunity or local armers and herders to six decades ago has been the most proound improe their lielihood. t an altitude o and radical social reorm in the history more than 5,000 meters, the omolangma o Tibet and laid the groundwork or the base camp in Tashi zom Township, Xigazes modernization o Tibets social system. Tingri County oers serices such as tents, riginating in the 13th century, the eudal camp carts, yaks and workers or transport- serdom system enorced a strict hierarchical ing supplies, as well as tour guides. In ugust structure in Tibet. Lords accounted or less than 2016, Yang Tao, a scholar rom CTC, spent a ie percent o Tibets population and maintained week conducting a surey there. He ound that ownership o the ast majority o production due to limitations o capital thresholds and yak means, while sers and slaes who accounted numbers, it was hard or poor locals to beneit or more than 95 percent o the total population rom tourism deelopment, so Yang suggested lacked production means and personal reedom. optimization o the tourist reenue sharing In his book ld Tibet Faces ew China, French mechanism o the base camp. Tibetologist lexander aid-eel wrote, Income distribution is an ineitable topic ll the armers in Tibet are sers saddled with in all sorts o economic theories. Six decades lielong debt, and it is almost impossible to ind ago, it would hae been unimaginable to orm any who hae paid o their debts.

Yang Tao (left), a scholar from China Tibetology Research Center, and a Tibetan woman who operates the tent restaurant behind them. In August 2016, Yang conducted a survey at the Qomolangma base camp and interviewed local Tibetans engaged in tourist service on how the boom of tourism had impacted their lives and the local ecological environment. courtesy of Yang Tao

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Tibetan women donning new clothes for the annual Horse Racing Festival in 1963. The festival, with a history of more than five centuries, is an important local entertainment and trading activity. by Ru Suichu/China Pictorial

In Yang Taos eyes, the most prominent characteristic o Tibets deelopment is institutional reorm creating a strong driing orce. emocratic reorm enabled Tibet to shit rom a eudal serdom system to a socialist system, not only bringing radical changes to productiity and production relations, but also giing ordinary armers land and liestock and considerably boosting their enthusiasm or agricultural production. Wande Khar beliees that the democratic reorm eliminated the eudal personal Tsering Yangdzom (second left) on a research trip to Shuang- independence relationship that had existed hu County in Nagqu, Tibet. courtesy of Tsering Yangdzom in Tibet or centuries and enabled sers to become independent persons, which is the most important cornerstone or Tibet becom- 1988, she joined CTC and became Khars ing a modern society. colleague. Yangdzom has paid great atten- Tsering Yangdzom grew up in Lhasa. tion to the disruptie inluence o Tibets Thanks to substantial improement o educa- democratic reorm on peoples minds. Today, tional acilities ater the peaceul liberation as we plainly describe the eort to oerthrow o Tibet, she had access to uality education the system o eudal serdom in Tibet, most rom primary school to college. She once dont realize the people underwent a radical Designed by Zhang Xuedan worked as a teacher at Tibet niersity. In emancipation o the mind.

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Assistance and Communication

ue to high altitudes, cold weather and uneen population distribution, Tibet suers higher costs or industrial deelopment and human resources than many central and coastal regions. ccording to Yang Tao and Li ian, the harsh natural enironment is a core actor impeding Tibets endogenous deelopment and sel circulation. Tsering Yangdzom stressed that traditional culture and ethnic sentiment o Tibetans make them less enthusiastic about commercialization, so reorm is eidently promoted rom top to bottom. Since the early 1980s, the Chinese goernment has ormulated and implemented a series o major measures conducie to the deelopment o Tibet and the well-being o Tibetan people by upholding the principle o catering to actual local conditions and putting peoples The 43 aid projects launched in Tibet in March 1984 were focused on public welfare including construction of power lielihood irst. For this reason, goern- plants, schools, hospitals and cultural centers, of which ment-backed national assistance is the most the Lhasa Hotel, Tibetan People’s Hall, Tibet Public Art Museum have become landmarks in Lhasa. The 1985 photo prominent eature o Tibets modernization. shows Tibetans greeting workers with an aid project This is also a policy and measure or regional launched by eastern Jiangsu Province on a construction site. by Cheng Xi/Xinhua coordinated deelopment with Chinese characteristics, which is rare worldwide. In March 1984, the second ational Conerence on Work in Tibet passed a decision to organize goernments o nine proinces Chengdu. That ticket cost what my mother amous rikung Thil Monastery, a been supporting Bainang since 1995. and municipalities and seeral ministries earned in two whole months. ne o her class- Tibetan asked Yang Tao whether the Han In addition to sending oicials to aid and departments o the central goernment mates once asked her, o you eat rice and people considered sky burial cruel. Yang Tibet, a group o Shandong armers also to construct 43 projects that Tibet urgently drink tap water at home Feeling discrim- replied, course not. Thats the real entured to Bainang to teach locals how needed, especially public establishments such inated against, young Yangdzom angrily eternal home. The Tibetan gae him a to grow egetables. Today, Bainang has as power plants, schools, hospitals and cultural answered, We dont eat or drink thumbs-up. n the way back, the Tibetan become the largest plateau greenhouse centers. Some o these projects later became With limited interactions and exchange drier asked Yang what sounded good or egetable base in Tibet, with annual sales landmarks in Lhasa such as the Lhasa Hotel, taking place, such misconceptions were not dinner. He said anything would be ine, exceeding 100 million yuan (S$14.8 Tibet Peoples Hall and Tibet Public rt uncommon back then. ot until the early een just soup. I you reuse to eat their million). More and more Tibetans are Museum. Primary statistics show that by the 1980s were large-scale institutional aid projects ood, they will think you dont respect beginning to embrace and eat egetables. end o 2018, nearly 10,000 assistance programs beneiting Tibet launched across the country. them. That drier assured me that I really Li stresses that Tibets uniue- had been carried out in Tibet, nearly 8,000 Concrete action has also reealed channels and do respect their customs. ness means that the autonomous region oicials had been dispatched to work in the opportunities or mutual understanding and Because it is hard to grow egetables cannot directly copy the deelopment autonomous region, and more than 30 billion cultural integration between Tibet and the rest in alpine areas, the traditional Tibetan modes o other parts o the country yuan (S$4.48 billion) in aid unds had been o China. ust as the Tibetan ciilization has diet usually consists o highland barley to sole its problems. ccording to allotted to Tibet. repeatedly integrated with other ciilizations and meat. uring a surey in Bainang him, howeer, alongside aid projects, The irst time Tsering Yangdzom let Tibet throughout history, mutual recognition between County, Tibets Xigaze City, Li ian new ideas and experiences are lowing to study elsewhere in 1978, her amily spent Tibet and the rest o China is also increasing. discoered that Shandong Proince, into Tibet, ueling new deelopment 61 yuan (S$9.1) on her ticket rom Lhasa to n the celestial burial platorm o the a major producer o egetables, had concepts.

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From June 10 to 18, 2018, residents in Rungma Township, Nyima County, Nagqu City moved 1,000 kilometers away to Lhasa for an ecological relocation program. Rungma Township was the first demonstration area for ecological relocation in high-altitude regions. This photo shows a caravan of vehicles taking the residents of Rungma Township to Lhasa on June 18, 2018. by Jogod

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up, proposed a ision o building a moderately prosperous society. The report to the 18th Vision of a Moderately ational Congress o the Communist Party o China proposed to complete the building o a Prosperous Tibet moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020. s Chinese President Xi inping pointed out, building a moderately prosperous society in herder named igzin lied in a illage in all respects should be based on the situation o northern Tibets ungma Township, yima speciic areas. Howeer, with a ast territory and County, about 1,200 kilometers away rom dierent situation in dierent areas, productiity Lhasa. The illage is within the core area o aries, so the goal or prosperity should be dier- the iangtang ational ature esere at an ent at arious leels. aerage eleation o 5,000 meters. The scenery Yang Tao argues that instead o indicators like is beautiul, but the harsh conditions are not GP, three standards or moderately prosper- riendly to human residents. Many illagers ous are more important in regions inhabited by suered rom rheumatism and heart diseases, ethnic minorities: improement o peoples liing and the aerage lie expectancy was less than standards, enironmental protection and poerty 60 years. Without the necessary conditions or elimination. deeloping public serices, the township een Li ian points out that as the only proincial-leel had not a single egetable shop. Because o region with contiguous poor areas and a ast area its extremely ragile ecological enironment, with extreme poerty, Tibet should not only raise ungma Township became the irst pilot project or ecological relocation in Tibet. n une 18, 2018, ater oluntary relocation, igzins amily and 240 other households moed into a illage in the suburb o Lhasa. The resettlement site was built with total inestment o 226 million yuan (S$33.8 million), and a modern agricultural and animal husbandry demonstration park under construction, which coers an area o more than 30 hectares, will oer adeuate job opportunities. June 17, 2018: Rigzin (left) and his wife Karma Detso, In the late 1970s, eng Xiaoping, chie together with other herders from Rungma Township, architect o Chinas reorm and opening move to the suburbs of Lhasa. by Jogod June 18, 2018: Rigzin (center), a former herder in Rungma Township, poses for a photo with his family in front of their new house. by Jogod

150,000 impoerished people out o poerty, but also income and climb out o poerty. ensure that inrastructure acilities like roads and Li stresses the innoatie power o young other basic public serices are aailable to all. people in the age o internet. Tibetan millenni- In addition to the large-scale support by the als who receied higher education hae led the central goernment and local goernments, the local armers to become inoled in emerging new direction or poerty alleiation in Tibet industries. By deeloping industries such as plant- should be enhancing local impoerished peoples ing Tibetan medicinal plants and manuacturing abilities to create wealth. Tibet boasts ery uniue tourism souenirs, they help the poor earn more landscapes, which makes it an ideal place or money. The South sia channel has drawn Lis tourism and special industries such as plateau arm special attention recently. With the construction products processing. Li once isited the indus- o the South sia channel and the Belt and oad trial park or modern animal husbandry in Tibets Initiatie projects, Tibet will become the crux o Coen County. The introduction o modern cooperation instead o a landlocked remote area

June 18, 2018: Local villagers in Gurum Township, Lhasa’s Doilungdeqen District welcome the newly arrived migrants from Rungma Township. production techniues has created many jobs and and gain location adantages that will produce by Jogod proided locals the opportunity to earn a stable more uel or deelopment.

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Dranang County has taken on a new look after the democratic reform of Tibet. Blackboard newspaper began to appear on the streets in its townships and villages in 1960. by He Shiyao/China Pictorial

that the most sought-ater proessions are doctors and ciil serants. Living Standards Leap: Li ian and the other three scholars ound Education and Medical that the deelopment o modernity is altering local peoples eeryday lies through their own Services research in Tibet. ducation is a crucial drier or deeloping a modern society in Tibet. Beore the democratic reorm o Tibet, the region Scholars at CTC once conducted a amily- lacked schools in the modern sense and less than based surey in Chamdo, eastern Tibet, to ind two percent o school-age children had access to out what parents expect their children to do or education. But now a sound educational system Education is a crucial driver of the development of modern society in Tibet. After the peaceful liberation of Tibet, Tibetan children and a liing ater they grow up. The surey, coering with Tibetan eatures and ethnic characteristics youngsters were granted greater access to education and more opportunities to pursue personal development. This photo shows students herders, armers and urban residents, suggests has taken shape, including pre-school, primary, playing in the campus of a primary school in Lhasa in 1966. by Ru Suichu/China Pictorial

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With maturing medical agencies and the establishment of a disease control and prevention system, Tibetan people have seen a remarkable rise in life expectancy from 35.5 years to 68 years as their health conditions have substantially improved. This photo shows members of a medical aid team from northeastern Liaoning Province making rounds with local doctors at Nagqu People’s Hospital on March 15, 2018. Xinhua

middle and high schools as well as ocational, adult training and higher education. Many The photo on the left, taken by He Shiyao of China Pictorial in 1955, shows pedestrians on a dirt road in front of the Potala Palace. The right, Tibetan scholars such as Tsering Yangdzom and taken by Zhu Xingxin in 2019, shows a tourist taking a selfie near the palace. As one of the grandest architectural masterpieces in Tibet, the Wande Khar hae become leading igures in the Potala Palace has witnessed tremendous transformation of the region across the past six decades. areas o their studies. Young Tibetans now hae greater access to education and more opportunities to pursue personal deelopment. oicial medical institutions were aailable treatment are transerred to larger hospitals ter the launch o Chinas reorm and alongside a ew priate clinics. The ratio o in cities or een Lhasa. egular checks are opening up in the late 1970s, increasing numbers medical sta to the total population in Tibet perormed on clinics in rural areas to ensure o armers and herders began swarming into was a paltry 0.4 or eery 1,000 people. Because expired drugs are pulled o the sheles, cities in search o jobs and business opportuni- o chills and lack o oxygen in the high-alti- said Yangdzom. May 24, 2018: Students in Lhasa perform scientific experiments at a touring ties. The inormation and skills they acuired in tude region, een a cold or dysentery could be Partly because o the local religious science and technology exhibition. According to the 2019 government work the process returned to make a positie impact deadly, and an outbreak o smallpox or typhoid culture, many Tibetans ormerly resisted report of Tibet Autonomous Region, the gross enrollment rate of kindergartens stands at 77.9 percent, the graduation rate of compulsory education at 93.9 on the social deelopment o Tibet. In Li ians eer could easily kill thousands. both Western and traditional Chinese percent, the gross enrollment rate of high schools at 82.3 percent. by Liu Dongjun/Xinhua eyes, Tibetan society has beneited substantially In the early 1950s, the Chinese Peoples medicine. Instead, they looked to deities or rom educational deelopment and changing Liberation rmy began to oer medical recoery or only trusted Tibetan medicine. population structure especially since 2000. The serices to Tibetans as they trekked through Yangdzom and Khar both noted that educa- number o armers and herders with undamen- the region. When the 21st century arried, tional and medical deelopment, which tal education has risen dramatically in Tibet. a healthcare system eaturing ree medical Tibetans alue more since the democratic uipped with basic scientiic and cultural serices coered all counties and more than 96 reorm, has introduced the beneits o knowledge, they are more productie than the percent rural townships in Tibet. With matur- modern ciilization. ter the peace- preious generations, and also more socially ing medical agencies and the estabalishment ul liberation o Tibet, doctors rom other inclusie. o a disease control and preention system, parts o China helped locals tackle their Looking back on her childhood in Lhasa, Tibetans hae seen great progress in health health problems. Tibetans eentually accept Tsering Yangdzom says, Back then the conditions and a remarkable rise in lie expec- that they should see a doctor when they get only hospitals we could isit were the Tibet tancy rom 35.5 years to 68 years. Green sick. In the past, a cold or dysentery could utonomous egion Peoples Hospital and medical passages hae been built in many be deadly or some Tibetans, but ater they Lhasa Peoples Hospital. But now there are herding areas, such as amxung County in tried granules or berberine or colds, they September 18, 2018: Students play basketball in a primary school in Gegyai County, Ngari, Tibet. Tibetan students now enjoy diverse physical education dozens in Lhasa. Beore the peaceul libera- central Tibet, which Yangdzom isited with realized that medicines can cure and that classes and extracurricular sports activities. by Liu Dongjun/Xinhua tion o Tibet in 1951, just three poorly euipped Yang Tao in 2011. Patients who need more such diseases didnt mean a death sentence.

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The photo taken on January 15, 2017 shows black-necked cranes in the Karze reservoir in Lunzhub County, Lhasa City. Tibet has become the world’s largest winter habitat for black-necked cranes, attracting more than 80 percent of the world’s total. by Liu Dongjun/Xinhua

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Howeer, the ecological enironment is extremely ragile on the plateau. It takes as long Saving Mountains as seeral years in certain areas o Tibet to grow grass that can be restored within a single year and Rivers in areas with lower altitudes. The dilemma o balancing economic deelopment and enironmental protection was identiied by uropean Where else in the world has 40 percent o countries and the nited States during the early the land been set aside in nature preseres in period o industrialization and in eastern China twenty years How hard is it to reerse a steady in the 1980s and 1990s. Tibetans realized the decline in number o endangered species The importance o coordinating economic growth industrious Tibetans achieed it, wrote ormer and natural resources and enironment as early .S. President immy Carter in the preace o as the 1970s. the book cross the Tibetan Plateau: cosystems, Beneiting rom the prolieration o green Wildlie, and Conseration. deelopment policies, Tibet has kept most o In Yangdzom and Khars memories, the region untouched, with 47 natural preseres Tibet once embraced a great leap in industrial at all leels that coer Yarlung angbo construction. uring the cultural reolu- Grand Canyon, Mount omolangma, Lake tion period (1966-1976), dozens o non-errous Manasaroar and more world-known tourist metals, rare metals and non-metallic ore were attractions. ound in the region, but massie exploita- long with enironmental protection hae tion was eentually terminated, mostly due to come economic gains. merging industries ecological protection concerns. such as ecological tourism are thriing in Tibet Tibet has tremendous ecological signii- thanks to its strength in natural resources. cance. It is the source o riers lowing through In 2018, 33.68 million tourist isits to Tibet China, South sia and Southeast sia and generated reenues o 49 billion yuan (S$7.3 the climate regulator or China and een the billion), which accounted or about 34 percent eastern hemisphere o the planet. n import- o its GP. Tibet is better integrated into ant gene tank or protecting arths biological the entire Chinese market, and the countrys diersity, it is home to oer 9,600 types o wild demand or improed liing standards and plants, 798 types o ertebrates and nearly ecological products hae injected strong This August 2017 photo shows Tibetan macaques walking near a group of people in Gongbo Gyamda County, Tibet. In recent years, the population of Tibetan macaques has been rising thanks to local measures to protect the ecological environment and strengthen public 4,000 types o insects. momentum into Tibets economic deelop- awareness of environmental conservation. by Zhang Rufeng/Xinhua ment, Yang Tao noted. Concepts o enironmental protection tourism. To keep their hometown attractie to rom the West were introduced to China in tourists, they actiely ight behaiors that could the 1980s, and hae integrated with and been harm the orest. Protecting woods has een restructured by traditional alues about nature been added to the local code o conduct. in the country. In the eyes o Tibetans, there The agze Industrial Park, located in is a worldly space in nature behind the deiied eastern Lhasa, is home to more than 1,200 concepts that can be utilized or surial. companies that inole production o Tibetan Modern concepts o enironmental protec- ood, handicrats with ethnic characteristics, tion mingle with local alues about nature reined processing o agricultural and animal through communication between locals and products and new energy. In 2017, its industrial outsiders as well as within local communi- output hit 1.28 billion yuan (S$191 million). ties. Traditionally, armers and herders in Tibet The industrial park has implemented low-car- chop wood or household use, but those liing bon and recycling transormation in recent in Lulang Town, yingchi City hae sponta- years to promote clean production technolo- neously taken the role o orest rangers. uring gies, raise energy eiciency, reduce resource Li Jian, a scholar from China Tibetology Research Center, during a trip to Ngari, Tibet to research cultural heritage a research tour to Lulang in une 2018, Yang consumption and strengthen waste recycling. protection in September 2013. During the research trip, noted that local awareness o ecological protec- In Yangs iew, green economic engines as he stayed in a tent for one night at a herders’ camp, with an altitude of 4,600 meters, located at the foot of Mount tion has grown with the tourism boom. They December 3, 2017: A snow leopard is filmed by infrared cameras in the valley of such are critical or balancing economic deel- Kailash in Burang County. courtesy of Li Jian are earning more money because o thriing the Nujiang River in Chamdo, Tibet. Xinhua opment and ecological protection in Tibet.

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Pictures from the Heart Text by Yi Mei Photographs by Jiang Zhenqing

“I was moved more by the humanity of the region and its people than by their devotion.”

iang hening, winner o the Golden Statue ward or China Photography, the top award o its kind in China, is known or his work in Tibet. He irst entured Jthere in 1987 and was enchanted by its breath- taking scenery and deout people. To record what he saw, iang picked up a camera. More than three decades hae passed, and Tibet is presered not only on his ilm but in his heart. The irst place I isited in Tibet was gari, reeals iang. It was ctober and already really cold in Tibet. espite altitude stress and harsh conditionsI had to stay oernight in a collapsing monastery in the extreme coldI was amazed by Tibets snowy mountains, riers, prayer stones, monasteries and worshipers. I could not help but take pictures. Since then, iang has returned to Tibet nearly 30 times. t irst, he looked or dierent or noel scenes on the plateau, and his photos captured the mysterious and artistic aspects o the land and locals. ter becoming more acuainted with some Tibetan people and eating and sleeping with them, his iews about the region and people changed. In this picture, We are not so dierent, he asserts. Jiang Zhenqing combines a We just lie in dierent places and practice Mandala painting slightly dierent religion and customs, but we from the Sakya Monastery with share the same emotions and eelings such Tibetan worshipers as aspirations or a better lie and loe or he photographed.

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amilies. Tibetan people also hae a secular carings and olk arts as part o a drie to lie. Gradually, iang moed on rom shoot- better protect them through the creation ing things that were dierent and started o digital materials. Conseuently, iang using his camera to record genuine Tibetan has isited almost all the ancient monaster- people and their lies. I was moed more by ies in Tibet and has photographed rescos the humanity o the region and its people than and thangkas dating back to the Yuan (1271- by their deotion. 1368), Ming (1368-1644) and ing (1644- Considering his outstanding peror- 1911) dynasties painted by epalese and mance, the Tibet Federation o Literary and Chinese (both Tibetan and Han) artists. rt Circles entrusted iang to shoot wall nduring altitude stress, I climbed up and paintings in ancient monasteries, Mani stone down ladders and worked in old dim and

The picture’s background is part of a thangka dating back to the 12th century from the Riwoche Monastery in Tibet’s Qamdo Prefecture. The young Tibetan is holding a photograph of a Buddha statue on Gyantse Dzong Mountain.

chilly monasteries, recalls iang. Those o digital technology. exuisite paintings hae weathered seeral ten, I pair portraits o Tibetan people hundred years, and some are decaying, so with a resco or thangka to oer a glimpse documenting them was an urgent task. I was into naties spiritual lie and the peaceul happy to contribute what I could. Buddhist world, explains iang. I hope my boe and beyond shooting relics, iang work draws more attention to the protection has endeaored to display them to the public. o Tibets traditional cultures o both great In recent years, he introduced the idea o artistic and religious alue. ttention is just conceptual photography using photographs what iangs eorts produce: His acclaimed One part of a wall painting from the Tashilhunpo Monastery depicts a peaceful Buddhist land with people talking about Buddhist doctrine, crossing a river and doing business. The background is snowy mountains in Tibet. Photographer Jiang Zhengqing puts them he has shot in Tibet oer last three decades to prints hae been purchased by many collectors together in the picture. create three-dimensional eects with the help rom both home and abroad.

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u Xing is a well-known close contact with dinosaur ossils, Liaoning, ilin, Heilongjiang, name in paleontology. which sowed seeds o interest in Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Paleontologist Xu Xing 2012 article published paleontology that gradually bloomed Yunnan and Hunan. The places they in the British science in his heart. isit are usually located in deserted Xmagazine ature stated: s he Xu likens his relationship with areas. ield surey can last as reolutionizes ideas about dinosaur paleontology to a couple who long as 70 days, and een the short- China’s Dinosaur King eolution, Xu Xing is helping to married irst and ell in loe later. est takes a ew weeks. The size o a make China into a paleontolog- ter I really doe into paleon- surey team ranges rom a dozen up Text by Hu Zhoumeng Photographs courtesy of Xu Xing unless otherwise credited ical powerhouse. Xu has named tological research, I realized how to more than 30 members. The area 60 species so armore than any interesting it is to examine ossils o an excaation site aries rom After winning a series of “coin tosses” that determined his fate, Chinese paleontologist Xu Xing is working other ertebrate paleontologist and write papers, he explains. For dozens o suare meters to tens o in full force to unveil the mysteries of dinosaurs. alie today. more than two decades now, his suare kilometers. uring expedi- Xu ended up deoted to paleon- work has ocused on the research tions, Xu and his crew oten lie in tology by accident. Born in Ili in o dinosaurs dating back tens o tents or months. Sometimes their northwestern Chinas Xinjiang millions o years. camp is set up hundreds o kilome- ygur utonomous egion in 1969, ters rom the nearest water source, Xu dreamed o becoming a physi- Searching No-Man’s Land and the crew must transport supplies cist when he was young. t the Xu preers working outdoors eery week. Xu remembers once age o 18, he enrolled in Peking oer spending all day in the oice trekking through the wilderness or niersity. With only a ew options or laboratory. Fortunately, research- more than 20 days, ater which his back then, he was assigned to the ing dinosaurs reuires both lab work socks could stand on their own department o paleontology. ter and ieldworkot only do paleon- due to being soaked in sweat and graduation, he joined the Institute tologists obsere ossils under a dirt or so long. o Vertebrate Paleontology and microscope, analyze data with a nder the scorching sun, crew Paleoanthropology under the computer and write papers in the members oten walk 20 to 30 Chinese cademy o Sciences (CS). oice, but they also collect ossils kilometers to search or ossils in While in school, Xu attempted to in the wild. deserts. They ace arious dangers transer to the economics depart- Since the late 1990s, Xu and in the wild including car accidents ment and learned computer sciences his crew hae conducted ield and insect bites. nce, the brake himsel or a while. ot until the sureys almost eery year, leaing hose o the ehicle carrying Xu and third year o his postgraduate ootprints in proinces and auton- two oreign scientists broke ater program did Xu begin to experience omous regions including Xinjiang, running downhill or hal an hour

Xu Xing digs out fossil fragments from the ground deep in a desert in northwestern China’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region during August 2011: Members of a China-U.S. joint survey team pose for a photo at their base camp in a desert in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. a field survey in August 2005. Xu and his team discovered important fossils of Limusaurus inextricabilis and Haplocheirus during the Professor James M. Clark (7th left, back row) from George Washington University has been a research partner of Xu Xing (5th right, back row) field survey. for many years. Since 2000, they have conducted scientific expeditions in regions like Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia almost every year.

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A rendering of Limusaurus inextricabilis by Portia Sloan. About 1.7 meters in length, this genus of dinosaur lived in the Jurassic Period 160 million years ago. Like birds, it lacked Fossils of the claw of Limusaurus teeth and featured a beak, inextricabilis. Through comparative short forelimbs and thin, long research of dinosaur fossils hind limbs. and modern avian embryos, Xu Xing and his team concluded that the innermost “thumb” and the outermost “little finger” of dinosaurs were gradually lost as they evolved into birds.

A fossil of Limusaurus inextricabilis, discovered by Xu Xing and his team in Junggar Basin, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in August 2005. Four years later, they named the dinosaur genus Limusaurus inextricabilis in a paper they published in the Britain- based scientific magazine Nature.

on a mountainside in unggar Basin, o their ield sureys ended up with The smallest dinosaur ossil Xu resulted in his knee problem and inormation and data depends on dinosaurs can only be dated to the Xinjiang. We were lucky because no discoery o any ossils with eer discoered was a small tooth gastroenterological disorders. nce, a scientists skills. For Xu, scien- Cretaceous Period that started 145 our car had already reached the oot research alue. almost inisible to the naked eye. while carrying a 50-kilogram pack tiic research is like playing a million years ago. Many belieed o the mountain at that moment, But Xu is lucky because his team In microossil excaation sites, o plaster, Xu seriously injured his game inoling inding interest- that the hands o bird-like dinosaurs Xu recalls. It would hae been has oten discoered aluable ossils crew members oten must lie on the waistan injury which continues ing uestions and then soling had three ingers, with the outer disastrous i the brake went out 30 and specimens in places where ground with their heads and eyes to plague him to this day. en so, them. The game to which Xu has two ingers were lost during the minutes earlier when we had just others preiously ound nothing. almost touching dirt and rocks. ne the 50-year-old paleontologist still deoted the most energy is research- course o eolution. Modern theory started down the long slope. For instance, Xu and his crew o the biggest ossils Xu excaated cannot resist the allure o nature and ing the origin o birds. on aian embryo deelopment For paleontological researchers discoered ossils o our neer-be- was rom a sauropod dinosaur. The conducts ield sureys eery year. s early as 1868, British suggests that birds hae three digits like Xu, harsh working eniron- ore-seen dinosaur species in Inner rock wrapping the ossil weighed six Xu beliees that the only way to ind naturalist Thomas Henry Huxley (like ingers) in their wings, with the ments remain bearable, but the Mongolias renhot, where seeral to seen tons. The ossil wasnt a answers to the uestions still haunt- concluded that birds eoled rom innermost thumb and the outer- greater challenge is oercom- oreign surey teams had prei- complete skeleton, Xu explains. I ing him is to personally inestigate dinosaurs, a theory now widely most little inger lost during the ing trips in which they come up ously worked. the indings, it was complete, the dinosaurs neck the places where dinosaurs lied. accepted. Howeer, in 1995 when process o eolution. empty. lthough scientists can Gigantoraptor was listed as one o would stretch to nearly 15 meters. Xu began his career as a paleon- The best way to dispel doubt choose the sites or ieldwork based the Top 10 Scientiic iscoeries o When he was young, Xu spent Modern Living Dinosaurs tological researcher, the theory is to ind more eidence and make on geological conditions, exist- 2007 by Time magazine. three to our months a year doing xcaating and inding ossils remained a hypothesis clouded in more analyses, Xu grins. ter ing research and their experience, Some indings happen by ieldwork. The delight o disco- is merely the irst step o paleon- doubt. For instance, the archaeop- years o ield sureys, his team the process o excaating ossils chance, Xu admits. But these ering dinosaur ossils came at the tological research. When you teryx is belieed to hae lied in discoered not only many ossils in the wild remains ull o uncer- chances would neer emerge i we cost o deastation to his health. hae rice, how do you cook it Xu the late urassic Period 150 million o urassic bird-like dinosaurs that tainty. Xu reeals that at least a third didnt insist on ieldwork. Lengthy work in the wilderness asks hypothetically. Interpreting years ago, but ossils o bird-like lied earlier than the archaeopteryx,

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but also some ossils o Limusaurus inextricabilis, an herbiorous theropod dinosaur. esearch o the ossils o this theropod indicated that bird-like dinosaurs didnt lose their two outer ingers but the thumb and little inger. The three ingers in the middle remainedjust like todays birds. In past decades, Xu has been endeaoring to shed more light on the relationship between birds and dinosaurs. With more and more aluable ossils discoered around China, a basic theoretical ramework that birds eoled rom dinosaurs has been gradually established. July 2017: Xu Xing lectures on dinosaurs at Zhejiang Museum of Natural History in Hangzhou, In 2000, Xu and other research- capital of Zhejiang Province. ers including CS cademician hou honghe discoered some ossils o Microraptor in western Vertebrate Paleontology and ature circles, but spread throughout the Liaoning. The eet, toes and claws as a major breakthrough o his early- public. He took an actie role in o Microraptor were similar to stage research. Later, Xu and Clark the establishment o natural history those o some tree-perching birds. became close partners. Since 2000, museums such as the rlian Basin Through years o research, Xu they hae conducted scientiic expedi- Cretaceous inosaur ational concluded that Microraptor had an tions in regions like Xinjiang and Geopark in Inner Mongolia, the asymmetric plumage structure, just Inner Mongolia almost eery year. hucheng Cretaceous inosaur like birds with strong lying ability. r. Xu has a wonderul combi- ational Geopark in Shandong and Moreoer, the dinosaur had not only nation o relentless drie or the Changji inosaur Museum in its orelimbs and tail coered with dinosaur ossils and a deep knowl- Xinjiang. Moreoer, he has partici- eathers, but also hind limbs. That edge o their anatomy, Proessor pated in popular science programs means it has our wings. Fossils Clark once remarked. What has on teleision and radio and authored unearthed in Liaoning, Hebei and impressed me most, though, is how mainstream articles and essays on Inner Mongolia in the subseuent Xu Xing stands amidst replicas of dinosaur fossils at the Paleozoological Museum of China. good he is at working with people. popular science. His inosaurs Founded by the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, the museum decade showed that many other houses fossils of various prehistoric vertebrates including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and Biological eolution is a Flying to the Blue Sky has become dinosaurs and een some o the mammals, as well as Paleolithic specimens and replicas. by Chen Jian hot topic worldwide, Xu says. standard curriculum or Chinese earliest birds eatured our wings. Paleontology is a science that has primary-school students. Xu is In the ery beginning, little practicality. Howeer, you are particularly ond o disseminat- dinosaurs lied on the ground, impeding scientiic research, Xu dial-up modem to the computer in then, it was commonly recognized more likely to ind answers to the ing knowledge about dinosaurs and later some began to perch on asserts. Back in the 1960s and his oice at his own expense so he that Therizinosaurus lied in the unknown world i you orgo practi- to children, in hopes o inspir- trees and eoled into species with 1970s, China lagged in terms o could email oreign colleagues to Cretaceous Period, but our ossils cality in research. ing them to explore the secrets o all our limbs as wings. s their paleontological research capacity ask or reerences, consult on scien- indicated that the species could be er these years, Xu has nature. Visitors to his oice at the orewings became stronger and and methods. ter the countrys tiic concepts and methods and ask traced back to the urassic Period. attended academic conerences in Institute o Vertebrate Paleontology stronger, their hindwings gradu- implementation o reorm and or eedback on his papers. ames M. Proessor Clark inspired me by many countries such as the nited and Paleoanthropology will witness ally disappeared. entually, they opening-up policy, the rise o the Clark, a proessor o paleontology at mentioning that the inding could be States, Britain and rgentina and seeral handwritten letters taped to eoled into birds, Xu explains. In internet opened a new window or George Washington niersity, was used to research the origin o birds. published nearly 250 papers in his iling cabinet with greetings and this sense, dinosaurs neer really Chinese researchers, making it much one o the earliest oreign scholars lthough the ossils do not proide Chinese and nglish. basic uestions rom children. went extinct. easier to share oreign research to write back to Xu. irreutable eidence, they still indicate characteristic o scientiic research Scientists like to ask uestions, methods and achieements. s t the time, my tutor hao that bird-like dinosaurs might hae is to publish papers openly or as do children, Xu smiles. Flowing Knowledge a result, paleontological research Xijin and I were researching ossils existed in the urassic Period. counterparts to comment. Childrens potential is ininite, and The lack o inormation merged into a ast lane in China. o shanosaurus, a genus o Xus paper documenting this In Xus opinion, knowledge their abilities could be beyond our exchange is the biggest obstacle In the mid-1990s, Xu installed a Therizinosaurus, Xu recalls. Back inding was published in ournal o should not be conined to academic imagination.

46 VOLUME 849 CHINA PICTORIAL 47 SOCIETY MAR · 2O19 A New Year for Retirement Communities Text by Li Zhuoxi Photographs by Guo Shasha

As the “senior wave” hits China, the traditional pension mode is also subtly changing.

ata rom Chinas ational were among the irst residents o Bureau o Statistics shows the retirement community. With the that in 2017, a total o support o their children, the couple 241 million people liing moed here in uly 2015. senior Din China were aged 60 and older, uniersity has been organized in accounting or 17.3 percent o the the community. Courses ary rom countrys total population. s the Sudoku, cloth art, painting, music worlds irst country with oer 100 and calligraphy to teaching residents million senior citizens, China is to use WeChat, mobile banking and acing a seere aging problem. online shopping. Teachers are all s the senior wae hits China, residents in the retirement commu- the traditional pension mode is also nity. ery day, the couple checks the subtly changing. head o the 2019 schedule or classes they are inter- Spring Festial, Taikang Yanyuan, a ested in. Chen himsel also became high-end retirement community in a teacher to share his proessional Changping istrict o Beijing, was expertise by oering aerospace enguled by a estie atmosphere. lessons to residents. This year, more elderly people were sked how they planned to staying here to obsere the estial. spend the Spring Festial, Sun said, We hae decided to stay here or Retirement Begins with the Spring Festial. ur children Learning and grandchildren will come to meet Chen Yiyuan, who is 84 years old, us or a reunion dinner. ur sched- Two elderly people chat in the garden of the Taikang Yanyuan retirement community. Over 80 percent of the seniors in this community have and his 85-year-old wie Sun Liuang ules are ull, and we dont want to chosen to stay back for the Spring Festival in 2019.

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Meng Fanmin’s embroidery works and her husband Liu Baokai’s gourd pyrography works. The large oil painting on the wall behind them was Zhang Jiaqing and the daughter of his friend who came to visit him. Zhang usually meets friends and relatives in his room in the retirement also created by Liu. The couple are enthusiastic about art and their home is decorated with their works. The retirement community has held community during the Spring Festival. exhibitions for them. miss out on the actiities and classes care in China. hang iaing, now in his 90s, is her himsel, so she moed into the oered by the community. The community is our new as igorous as eer. Within seeral medical center or treatment. ne home, where we will spend the days prior to the Spring Festial, year and a hal ago, ater negotiating New Concept of Senior Care Spring Festial, Meng said, adding he welcomed relaties, riends and with their children, hang decided Meng Fanmin, 76, has been that during the estial, they would students in waes. espite the low to moe into the retirement commu- liing in the retirement commu- enjoy the company o both their o isitors, his daily routine would nity with his wie. nity or more than three years. ur children and riends in the commu- not be broken: Twice a day, he dries The Spring Festial is around generation has many deep-rooted nity. With the arrial o the Laba an electric cart nicknamed little the corner, he proclaimed. nother prejudices about retirement, she Festial (the 8th day o the 12th BMW rom the liing uarters year passed in the blink o an eye. admitted. Most still beliee that month in the Chinese lunar calen- to the nursing area to see his Staying alie is no longer enough only those without children end dar), a estie atmosphere erupted as wie Li Huan. we want to lie with dignity. hang up in nursing homes. They hae celebration actiities were organized hang and Li are typical Chinese is satisied with his wies current little knowledge about retirement eery day in the community, empty nesters. Their son and daugh- situation. Senior care, in a simple communities, imagining poor making it a place een lielier than ter moed abroad. ew years ago, sense, is giing them time to lie. conditions and insuicient labor. their own homes. Li was diagnosed with lzheimers Today, the elderly seek a higher spiri-

They hae no clue about the rapid disease. s her condition worsened, A variety of entertaining games are organized in the retirement community to celebrate the tual pursuit o injecting lie into deelopment o domestic elderly Injecting Life into Time hang became unable to take care o Spring Festival. The picture shows Chen Yiyuan shooting balloons. time, according to hang.

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n the irst day o 2019, 31-year-old Tang Tianjun and his teammates rom the o. 1 suadron o the OChengdu orest ire serices diision Mountain buttoned up their uniorms and headed to ingcheng Mountain to perorm rounds. bout 70 kilometers rom Chengdu, capital o Sichuan Proince, lies ingcheng Heroes Mountain, a SC World Text by Ru Yuan Photographs by Cheng Xueli Heritage site known as one o the birthplaces o Taoism and a key area or ire preention. Through reform, a more professional Chinese fire and rescue team This year marks the 14th year with greater capabilities to save victims from fires and many other that Tangs suadron has carried out disasters as well as provide incident stabilization in forest fires, floods ire preention duties in the orested and hazardous material releases will emerge. areas o ingcheng Mountain. The team is also responsible or protecting nearby areas including the ujiangyan scenic spot, known or its time-honored irrigation and lood control project constructed around 256 B.C. that is still in use today. typical day or ireighters on ingcheng Mountain starts uite early. morning brieing on the oerall ire strategy or the region is held beore ireighters head o to dierent areas to patrol. ter the brieing, personnel are dispatched to their respectie areas, ully outit- ted with ireighting euipment. ingcheng Mountain is home to more than 30 peaks, with the tallest, Laojunge, being nearly 1,300 meters high. It makes patrolling no easy task. uring holidays, especially major Chinese estials when tons o people stream into the Taoist temples on the mountainside to burn incenses and pray or good luck, work becomes een heaier. nother part o ire preention work on ingcheng Mountain inoles the popularization o ire preention knowledge among both employees o the scenic spot and The No. 1 squadron of Chengdu forest fire services division patrols Qingcheng Mountain Taoist priests. You wouldnt beliee early one morning. One of the most important Taoist centers in China, the mountain is a that many Taoist priests are actually key area for fire prevention. uick learners on how to use ire

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2 3 5

1. Firefighters pose for a group photo. In late 2018, they switched from their former olive-green uniforms to new blue ones. 2. An old lady gives fruit as a gift to a firefighter for helping her up to the mountaintop. 3. Firefighters on duty at Qingcheng Mountain immediately enter first-level operational readiness for rescue efforts after a 5.3-magnitude quake hit Gongxian County of Yibin City, Sichuan Province on January 3, 2019. 4. Fully equipped firefighters on patrol. 5. Helping tourists is another part of firefighters’ work at Qingcheng Mountain.

extinguishers, grinned Tang. nd a plan on institutional restructur- rom many other hazardous condi- they are obiously good students ing o Chinas State Council resulted tions such as automobile crashes when it comes to protecting their in the establishment o the Ministry and collapsed structures. They need temples rom ires. Tang and his o mergency Management. to proide incident stabilization or teammates reuently share inor- Incorporating unctions o many orest ires, loods and hazardous mation about ires, saety and how ormer ministerial-leel agencies, material releases, just to name a ew, to respond to emergency situations. the new ministry is responsible and work uickly to reduce dangers They disseminate ire preention or compiling and implement- and minimize damage. knowledge to eery group in the ing emergency management plans To prepare or the new situation, community. as well as organizing rescue and Tang and his teammates now receie ter ighting ires or more than relie or disasters and workplace daily systematic and rigorous train- 10 years, this year is a bit dier- accidents. It also oersees compre- ing. They learn and practice skills ent or Tang and his teammates. n hensie management o the ire and ater their daytime duties. While ecember 26, 2018, they switched rescue serice. Chinas ireight- proessionalization o ireight- out their ormer olie-green ers, who preiously were part o ing has long been standard in the uniorms or new blue ones. More the military, became ire and rescue nited States and some uropean importantly, alongside ire preen- teams under the new ministry. countries, China started late. We tion and ireighting, their workload For Tang and his colleagues, the need to work ast to catch up with now includes more rescue eorts. change reuired them to receie them, asserted Tang. We will The change came as a result urther training and become more try our best to sae lies as well as

A firefighter teaches Taoist priests to use fire extinguishers. Qingcheng Mountain is home to abundant Taoist temples, which makes the o Chinas ongoing reorm o its proessional. ow the team not only minimize damage to property and popularization of fire prevention knowledge among Taoist priests very important. ireighting system. In March 2018, rescue ictims rom ires, but also the enironment.

54 VOLUME 849 CHINA PICTORIAL 55 7070 Years YEARS in Pictures IN PICTURES MAR · 2O19

The founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 marked the dawn of a new era for the Chinese nation. Over the course of the seven decades since, generation after generation of Chinese people have recorded the progress and changes in the country with their cameras. For the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, let’s pass through the light and shadows to take a look at landmark events during the past 70 years with photographs to refresh our memories of the nation. 1949 1959 Laying the Foundation for

1949 aConcept by China PictorialNew China On October 1, 1949, a ceremony celebrating the establishment of the central government of the People’s Edited by Li Zhuoxi Photographs courtesy of CFB unless otherwise credited Republic of China was held at Tian’anmen Square in Beijing. The founding of the People’s Republic of China is the greatest milestone in Chinese history and one of the world’s greatest events of the 20th century. It ended a history of a few exploiters ruling the working-class people and imperialists enslaving all ethnic groups of China. Since then, Chinese people have become masters of their ust ater the Peoples epublic o China was ounded, Chairman Mao edong lamented the countrys poor own country, and the Chinese nation has turned the page on a new chapter in history. manuacturing industry. What can we make now he asked. We can produce tables, chairs, teapots and tea cups. We can also grow grains, grind wheat, and make paper. But we cannot produce a single automobile, plane, tank or truck. His words relected Chinas poerty and weakness at that time, and the urgent need to Jlay a solid oundation or economic deelopment. ter a decade o recoery rom 1949 to 1959, a stable situation gradually emerged in ew China. uring the First Fie-Year Plan period (1953-1957), Chinese people built their irst truck, irst transistor, irst large-size machine tool and irst jet plane. China also creatiely completed the socialist transormation o agriculture, handicrats and capitalist industry and commerce. The establishment o a basic socialist system marked the most proound and signiicant social change in Chinese history and laid the oundation or uture deelopment and progress.

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1950 1952 After land reform, pover- On July 1, 1952, some 300,000 locals celebrated the opening of the Chengdu- ty-stricken farmer Gao Caiguan Chongqing Railway at the Chengdu Railway Station. The Chengdu-Chongqing Railway in Changqiao Village, Gaozhao was the first railway independently designed and built by China, with all construc- Township of Jiaxing County, tion materials domestically produced. A great breakthrough in the history of Chinese Zhejiang Province, was allocated railways, the completion of the Chengdu-Chongqing Railway held great economic 0.2 hectares of land as his own as significance. The railway traverses the Sichuan Basin and promotes exchange of goods well as a water buffalo to share in southwestern China. with three other families. He put his boy on the back of the buffalo for the trip home. Before 1949, China maintained a feudal land system that severely hindered development of the rural economy and Chinese society. On June 30, 1950, China promul- gated Agrarian Reform Law of the People’s Republic of China, announcing the abolition of feudal land ownership and the implementation of farmer land ownership. By the end of 1952, the land reform was completed in most parts of the country. About 300 million farmers, who previously had little or no land, were allocated nearly 47 million hectares of land and other productive resources.

1951 In January 1951, troops of the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army joined forces with guerrilla troops of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) active behind enemy lines, south of the Chongchon River in the DPRK. On June 25, 1950, the Korean Civil War broke out. On June 27, the U.S. government launched a full-scale war against the DPRK. 1953 In spite of repeated warnings In October 1953, a seamless pipe mill under Anshan from the Chinese government, Iron and Steel Group, constructed with the help of the the U.S. military came quite former Soviet Union, began operation. The picture close to Yalu and Tumen rivers shows an expert from the former Soviet Union checking on the border between the electrical installations with Chinese workers. DPRK and China, and bombed In 1953, China began to implement its First Five-Year Chinese cities and villages on Plan (1953-1957). During those five years, the former the border, threatening China’s Soviet Union assisted China in constructing 156 national security. Under such key projects in fields like military industry, chemi- circumstances, the Central cal engineering, mechanical engineering, energy and Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) made the historic decision to resist U.S. aggression and aid medicine. Relatively complete systems for China’s the DPRK as they protected Chinese homes and defended the country. China’s victory in the War to Resist U.S. basic industry and national defense industry were Aggression and Aid Korea won the country a relatively stable and peaceful environment for further economic established, which laid a foundation for the country’s development and social reform. industrialization.

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1954 1955 On October 1, 1954, a parade to celebrate National Day carried a model of the Constitution of the People’s The first Asian-African Conference, also known as Bandung Conference, was held in Indonesia’s Bandung from Republic of China through Tian’anmen Square in Beijing. April 18 to 24, 1955. The picture shows then-Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai delivering a speech at the conference. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, The Common Programme of the Chinese People’s Political This was the first meeting held independently by Asian and African countries with an aim of seeking peace. Consultative Conference, which was passed in September 1949, served as a provisional state constitution. However, Then-Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai led the Chinese delegation to the meeting and proposed the principle of seeking with the gradual recovery of the national economy, the task of strengthening political construction was put on the common ground while shelving differences which was highly influential in the success of the conference. The agenda. On September 15, 1954, the first session of the First National People’s Congress was held in Beijing, during Bandung Conference enhanced other countries’ understandings of China’s foreign policy and created conditions which the first Constitution of the People’s Republic of China was adopted. for the establishment of diplomatic relations between some Asian and African countries and New China. It also laid a good foundation for the further development of ties between China and Asian and African countries.

1956 In January 1956, Kunqu Opera Fifteen Strings of Coins made its debut in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. A sensational masterpiece that ushered in a renaissance of Kunqu Opera, it created a miracle by “saving a genre of traditional Chinese opera with one play.” On May 2, 1956, China officially announced the policy of “letting a hundred flowers bloom” for literary and artistic work and “letting a hundred schools of thought contend” for scientific work. This campaign promoted the flourishing of the arts and the progress of science in the country.

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1957 Cars crossed the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge on October 15, 1957, as the bridge officially opened to traffic. The Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge was one of China’s 156 projects aided by the former Soviet Union. It started construction in September 1955 and officially opened to traffic on October 15, 1957. It was the first bridge to cross the Yangtze River in China and the first road-rail bridge built over the river after 1949. The bridge connected the Beijing-Hankou Railway with the Guangzhou-Wuchang Railway, which were previously separated by the Yangtze River. The link completed the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway system and played a major role in promoting China’s economic development.

1958 1959 On May 12, 1958, the trial production On September 25, 1959, industrial crude oil reserves were found in Songliao Basin in northeastern China of China’s first domestically produced by the country’s oil exploration team. Discovered just before the 10th anniversary of the founding of the sedan, the Dongfeng car (the predeces- People’s Republic of China, the oil field was named “Daqing,” meaning “grand celebration.” sor of the brand Hongqi), succeeded. The discovery of the Daqing Oil Field upended the long-standing belief that “China lacks oil.” Before Serenaded by warm applause, the 1949, China drilled only three small oil fields in Yumen of Gansu Province, Duzishan of today’s Xinjiang Dongfeng car cruised away from Uygur Autonomous Region, and Yanchang of Shaanxi Province and two gas fields in Shengdengshan and Changchun First Automobile Works. Shiyougou in Sichuan Province. With annual crude oil output of only 100,000 tons, China imported most The successful production of Chinese of the oil it used. In 1960, despite tremendous domestic difficulties, China harnessed abundant manpower homemade sedans marked big progress and resources to tap the Daqing Oil Field and began developing its oil industry independently. By 1963, the for the country’s automobile industry. country had basically achieved self-sufficiency in oil supply. From then on, the country’s car manufac- turing developed rapidly from scratch. Xinhua Information sourced from History of the Communist Party of China

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news agency, introduced the peror- and General Tuan Gu were two o mance in a special report: ctors the most inluential subordinates rom both sides perormed in o uke Ling o the in State. Tuan their mother tongues, but the Gu ramed hao un and slaugh- dialogue was luent and seamlessly tered 300 members o the hao connected, and thrilled both specta- amily. Soon thereater, a decree tors in China and Greece. The was orged to order the death o thens-Macedonian ews gency, hao uns newborn grandson, a Greece-based national agency, orphan hao Wu. The child was announced the show as Chinas entrusted to physician Cheng Ying Hamlet coming to Greece who worked or the hao amily. Cheng Ying consulted retired A Modern Portrait of Minister Gongsun Chujiu and Vengeance decided to sacriice his own child The rphan o hao is a zaju to sae the hao orphan. Cheng (ariety play) opera attributed raised the orphan early on, and to i unxiang, a Chinese drama- since General Tuan Gu lacked any tist rom the Yuan ynasty (1271- children o his own, he eentually 1368). It is a well-known tragedy adopted the hao orphan without rom ancient China. The ecords knowing his identity. t the age o the Grand Historian, written by o 20, hao Wu killed Tuan Gu to historian Sima ian o the Han aenge his amily. ynasty (202 B.C.220 ..), Based on historical records, i contains a chapter on the eents unxiang laored the script with endured by the hao amily in imagination and iction to create the Spring and utumn Period strong dramatic conlict with (770-476 B.C.). Minister hao un stunning aesthetic eects that

A still from The Orphan of Zhao. Wang Xiaoying features a strong modern sense and unique expression of the cruelty of vengeance in the Sino-Greek bilingual version of the play.

he rphan o hao, considered the Hamlet o classical Chinese literature, The Orphan of Zhao was staged at the ational TTheater o Greece rom oember 18 to ecember 2, 2018. Chinese Hamlet of Classical and Greek artists perormed one o Chinas greatest tragedies in their respectie languages. nd Chinese Literature or the irst time, a Chinese director instructed proessional actors Text by Wang Xiaoying in the national theater o a Western country on telling a Chinese story. The Sino-Greek bilingual version of The Orphan of Zhao features a strong modern sense The play sparked wide atten- and unique expression of the cruelty of vengeance, giving European audiences a taste of tion rom drama circles in both A still from The Orphan of Zhao. Chinese and Greek artists performed the tragedy in their the tragic power of human nature. countries. Xinhua, Chinas oicial respective languages, complementing each other to create a unique artistic style in the play.

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A still from Richard III, directed by Wang Xiaoying. The play received abundant attention and applause when it was premiered at the London A still from The Caucasian Chalk Circle, directed by Wang Xiaoying and performed by Australian artists in 2016. The play by German modernist Globe during the 2012 Globe to Globe Festival. playwright Bertolt Brecht derived from a zaju (“variety play”) opera from the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) and contains many Chinese elements.

until the situation orces him to and amily. The orphan o hao complex and iolent emotions. o the cross-cultural drama. The sacriice his own son and start ultimately becomes a man as cruel Stage designs such as a simple collision and exchange between taking steps to embark on the as Tuan Gu. table and two chairs against a dierent cultures ormed a new and tragic road to becoming a hero. In this ersion, iewers can see backdrop o the amous Chinese distinctie cross-cultural artistic Cheng has the most motiation how heroes are born, but not how painting Panorama o iers and language. to seek reenge, but it is he who hatred can be dispelled. It is dii- Mountains, traditional Chinese For a long time, most Chinese really relects and eentually stops cult to expect that the goodness opera costumes and simple ancient dramas were perormed in tradi- himsel. Giing up on the idea o and nobility o indiiduals can masks all bring out a sense o tional Chinese orms on the reenge reuires great kindness, eliminate the hatred in the world Chinese aesthetics. Symbolic international stage. Foreign which has become the contempo- and human nature. This is a deeper Greek drama traditions included audiences would appreciate Chinese rary interpretation o traditional tragedy. In extraordinary predic- a multi-unctional chorus with traditional arts long and rich irtues and a traditional solution to aments o lie, struggling human uniue introduction and narra- history but wouldnt grasp the the contemporary dilemma. nature shines and embodies tragic tion exclamation and comment modern deelopment and ital- During the rehearsal of The Orphan of Zhao, director Wang Xiaoying (left) exchanges ideas But can traditional irtues really alues in the modern sense. at critical moments and peror- ity o Chinese dramatic arts. with Greek actors. sole the diiculties o today mance o The Song o a Mother Chinese contemporary culture n unprecedented ending was Chinese Drama on the and The Song o Heroes in Greek and art should not only retain its designed or the bilingual ersion International Stage musical style to inoke a poetic solid cultural traditions but strie touched the hearts o countless eye or an eye, but both herbalist o The rphan o hao: t irst, the The Sino-Greek bilingual stage atmosphere. The production to enter the international cultural Chinese people or centuries. The Cheng Ying and the hao orphan orphan cannot bring himsel to kill ersion o The rphan o hao was designed to inite the audience context. The only solution is or story has inspired dozens o adapta- reiew the bloody past and accept his adoptie ather who had raised inherits the genes o two ancient to participate in moing the plot the ancient and proound Chinese tions, including those by Voltaire the cruel reality beore they strug- him or 16 years. When Cheng drama styles and organically orward in Gods View. drama to truly take center stage in and William Hatchett. It won a gle with the dilemma o seeking Ying raises his sword, he chooses uses them into a complete tragic ter ensuring luency and global mainstream culture. worldwide reputation comparable reenge or letting the past go. to gie up on reenge with the line, masterpiece. proiciency through coopera- to Shakespeares Hamlet. In this adaptation o the play, How can my beneolent hands The two Chinese actors tion in perormance, Chinese and When contemporary Chinese Cheng Ying no longer shoulders become those o a killer like you. used traditional opera peror- Greek actors complemented each dramatists adapt The rphan o the traditional sense o moral- But in the end, the orphan still kills mance methods such as language other to create a uniue artistic The author is deputy president of China hao, engeance is always the ity. He makes a promise to rescue Tuan Gu in the same way that the rhythm and body moements style in The rphan o hao. This Theater Association and a renowned theme. Modern alues uestion an orphans as an ordinary doctor latter killed his biological ather to express the tragic characters highlights the true artistic alue director from the National Theater of China.

66 VOLUME 849 CHINA PICTORIAL 67 CULTURE | BOOKS MAR · 2O19

Institute o Milan in Italy to continue her studies o architectural protection. She started hoping that more Homes Where and more people, especially youngsters, would understand the charm o olk architecture and become inspired to join in protection eorts. Hearts Belong Born in the 1980s, Mao grew up Text by Gong Haiying reading comic books and eentu- Before building a house, the owner (left) A drawing of the tiled roof structure of a ally realized that we are in an era o invites a geomancer to give advice on the Beijing siheyuan building. Every folk house in China is the fruit of artisans’ ragmented inormation in which orientation and shape of the house and an meticulous and laborious efforts, embodying the auspicious date for construction. Geomancy people preer to read with pictures is a mysterious art with a long history in deep love Chinese people have for their homes. rather than text, which gae her China and a certain scientific basis. the idea to compile a book introducing construction knowledge on olk architecture primarily through images to kindle more interest in the subject. Mao noted that the construction process or traditional Chinese homes depended considerably on aailable special techniues, In ancient China, the foundation of When building a house, workers on the and embodied the great wisdom the house had to be tamped solid by ground throw tiles up to constructors on o the working people o ancient manpower, layer by layer with tools. A the roof, and the process is called “flying common way of tamping earth in modern tiles.” China. Various rituals and customs times is having four people pull ropes to manipulate a big stone tamper with related to architecture carry another person steering. abundant inormation about traditional culture, while also relecting peoples hopes and longing or a better lie. By reerencing many academic books on traditional olk houses The cycle from building a house to getting married and having that contain systematic architectural Drawing Traditional Folk Houses, children. In China, house building inormation and abundant construc- a book compiled by Mao Ge and is a big matter for each family because parents normally have published by Tsinghua University tion blueprints and photos, Mao In fancy siheyuan buildings, people often draw to prepare a house for their son A neat and hard foundation is important Press in January 2019. landscapes, figures, flowers and bird patterns to get married. completed rawing Traditional Folk for a house, which becomes more solid and beautiful when covered by bricks and stones. or the Chinese character “fu,” meaning “good Houses, an educational book with fortune” and “happiness,” on the beam ends simple and interesting illustrations and other spots in the house. and easy words to introduce basic hina has a ast territory and houses, she realized that each house, how to protect and deelop tradi- knowledge o traditional Chinese southeastern Fujian Proince, the in promoting Chinese traditional a multitude o ethnic groups. with its distinct regional charac- tional residential buildings has olk architecture to young people, book captures the uniue residen- architectural culture and presering n the long road o history, teristics, was the result o artisans drawn wide attention and eoked including teenagers. tial culture o China. existing structures. arious olk houses with meticulous and laborious eorts. heated discussions, the number o By sharing inormation on In the preace, Proessor Luo The author holds a bachelors Cuniue characteristics hae sprouted In those houses, she could eel the olk houses has continued declining. the origin o Chinese architec- wrote that in the era o rapid deel- degree in architecture rom Tsinghua across the country. deep loe local people hae or lie, long with their disappearance, the ture and general construction opment o urbanization and niersity and a masters degree in In 2005, Mao Ge, then an architec- regardless o ethnic group, and traditional construction techniues, procedures and introducing eight astonishing disappearance o the architecture rom the Polytechnic ture student, began studying Chinese whether rich or poor. building tools and other related representatie types o traditional olk architecture, such a book is Institute o Milan, Italy. She currently olk architecture with Luo eyin, an With the ast deelopment architectural knowledge are also Chinese olk houses including particularly aluable to coney the works or Tsinghua Tongheng rban associate proessor o the School o o urbanization in the 1980s, being orgotten. siheyuan (residential uadrangles) alue o olk architecture to the Planning and esign Institute in rchitecture at Tsinghua niersity. reinorced concrete became the ter becoming so deeply in Beijing, cae dwelling court- public, especially young people. Beijing. She is also the author o ter isiting many illages in most important building material attached to traditional olk houses, yards in central Henan Proince He also expressed hope that the rawing ld Houses and Three China and seeing many kinds o olk in China. lthough the uestion o Mao entured to the Polytechnic and tulou (earthen buildings) in book would play a positie role Manors in Gongyi.

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The exhibition “Wonder Lab,” held at the National Museum of China, presents masterpieces from French and Chinese craftspeople. by Guo Shasha

Chinese book on crats- cratsmanship, was uneiled at Spirit of Craftsmanship manship dating back 2,500 the ational Museum o China, The rapid deelopment o Cross-Continental years recorded the detailed presenting masterpieces rom 15 science and technology and the wide contents o 30 crats in top French handicrat masters and application o modern machines ree Asix categories including carpentry, 11 prestigious Chinese cratsmen mankinds hands and extend our Craftsmanship dyeing, polishing, metalworking, and cultural heritage inheritors. wisdom, proclaims Wang Chuna, Text by Yi Mei Photographs courtesy of the National Museum of China unless otherwise credited ceramics and leather making, and The 180 exhibits include ceramics, director o the ational Museum deined cratsman as inheritor o straw weaing, leather and eath- o China. Technology also helps the things that saints created. ers, shadow play, olding ans, highlight how charming handi- The exhibition “Wonder Lab” was unveiled at the National Museum of China, presenting masterpieces ecently, the exhibition olding umbrellas and woodblock crat works with distinct eatures from French and Chinese craftsmen. Wonder Lab, themed the watermarks, among other materi- and national attachment are. He beauty o Chinese and French als and types. considers the exhibition a response

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objects, creating unlimited possibil- ities in new ields. dditionally, they set instructie dialogues between elements in nature: water and rain, air and wind, ire and sun, earth and soil, which gae birth to a world ull o charm and imagination. Meanwhile, artists reiewed ancient techniues like caring and printing and injected new lie into them, proiding the audience with a resh artistic experience. egardless o nationality, as artists, we are responsible or passing down traditional cultures by sharing them, says Gan rke, inheritor o Huizhou lacuerware, one o Chinas national intangi- ble cultural heritage items. I hope that this exhibition helps people ocus on the passion and uniersal emotion shared by all people, which is coneyed by the exhibits. I also hope the whole o society pays more attention to cratsmenan endangered species. The Creation by Wang Jianzhong, glass, 87×26×60cm, 2016.

Sino-French Cultural Communication The year 2019 marks the 55th anniersary o the establishment o Sino-French diplomatic relations. t the opening ceremony o the exhibition, ean-Maurice ipert, French ambassador to China, opined that without cultural communication, there would be no cultural diersity in the world and without cultural diersity, there would be no reedom or creation. So, cultural exchange between the two countries plays an Corolla by Nelly Saunier, dried feathers & acetate, 2017. by Guo Shasha important role in promoting world cultural communication. In 1906, French missionar- to public aspirations or exui- by contemporary masters. Some traditional genes. ies rom the aughters o Charity site handicrats and a proound inited artists are inheritors o The exhibition includes ie arried in Haimen City (now demonstration o the spirit o amily techniues and some learned sections and juxtaposes similar Taizhou), bringing Western chasing cratsmanship. rom great masters. But they all works rom both countries, proid- and drawn thread work, reerred to This exhibition embraces enjoy decades o experience and ing a space or dialogue between as Catholic Church embroidery the concept o cratsman- deploy adanced skills, stand- them. mploying arious materi- to locals. Catholic Church embroi- ship by displaying traditional ing out through bold creation als, master artists broke the hedges dery blended with local skills and French and Chinese handicrats and modern aesthetics based on between artworks and unctional eoled into the Taizhou genre Infinite by Nathanaël Le Berre, brass sheet & black patina, 2014. Eric Chenal, HEART & Crafts Ⓒ

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o embroidery with strong local eatures, says Lin Xia, a third-generation inheritor o Taizhou embroidery. This was one o the earliest ruits o Sino-French communication in handicrats. sually, embroidery adds threads to cloth, but the Taizhou style both cuts and adds items to cloth. I hope to use modern artistic language and modern techniues to present traditional crats and breathe resh air

into them. 3 Lina Gohtmeh, French designer o the exhibition, reealed that the Forbidden City was an inspiration or her design. The color o the

wall in the irst hall is the same red 1 as the walls in the Forbidden City, she notes. I hope the audience can enjoy dierent experiences and get surprises eery time ater they pass a gate, just like when they trael around the Forbidden City. Some French artists inoled in this exhibition hae connections to China, which hae enabled them to 4 oster deep emotions about the nation. Some een leerage Chinese elements as their main creatie inspiration. Conerred Master o rt o France in 2006, Pietro Seminelli is a cabinet maker and interior designer. He happened upon the traditional clothing o Chinas Miao ethnic group at an exhibition in France and was amazed by its pleating

techniues. He eentually applied 2 5 6 the pleating into haute couture and interior design. I eel a kind o 1. Drum by Jean Girel, ceramic, 24×31cm, 2018. Eric Chenal, HEART & Crafts 2. Lacquer Plum Vase with Red Gold Spot by GanⒸ Erke, 20cm in diameter and 42.6cm in height, 2013. destined connection with Miao 3. Series of Thousand Waves like Snow World by Zhu Bingren, copper, 140×35×65cm, 2018. clothes, says Seminelli. I ell in 4. Sea Urchin by Sylvain Le Guen, painted aluminum, silk & quills in acetate, 9×110×40cm, 2014. Eric Chenal, HEART & Crafts 5. Eclosion by Nelly Saunier, natural & dyed feathers, wood, 250×120cm, 2017. by Guo Shasha Ⓒ loe with them at irst sight. I long 6. Hidden Place by Nelly Saunier, natural feathers, 100×100×100cm, 2009. Philippe Chancel, HEART & Crafts Ⓒ to isit Guizhou to see with my own eyes how Miao women make those he was 10 years old and became eye-catching, says Wang. antastic costumes. Here, I brought passionate about the history and Wangs works are no doubt the some o my works that salute symbolism o ans. Wang became inest ans in the world, declares Miao women. an apprentice o literati an-making Guen. The techniues he inherited French Master o rt Sylain in Suzhou at the age o 16. Guen enjoy a time-honored history and Le Guen and his Chinese counter- employs a wide ariety o designs remain ery exuisite. His work has The Valley of Roses by Chen Qi, xylograph, 179×89.5cm, 2015. part Wang ian both build olding and materials, giing his ans a great been a tremendous inspiration to ans. Guen made his irst an when isual impact and making them me.

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Spring Festival Diaries Text and photographs by Mithila Phadke

For Spring Festival, Beijing dons its best and brightest colors, The author at a temple fair in Ditan Park. making it my favorite time of the year.

he irst to go were street ood night. We rounded up necessary Spring Festial, illed with riends, stalls. Suddenly one morning, supplies such as dumpling ingredi- great ood and good cheer, ended my aorite jianbing (thin ents, tons o snacks and wine and up with setting the bar ery high pancake made o millet baijiu (liuor) to toast at midnight or all uture Chinese ew Year Tlour, etc.) lady and the guy on the and assembled at my Chinese- celebrations. corner slinging the best pork-and- merican riend ennys home. She The second year, I went south chie jiaozi (Chinese dumpling) in had learned how to make dumplings instead, and Chinese ew Years town were nowhere to be ound. rom her grandmother ages ago and e ended up as an adenture Soon, the smaller grocery shops became our tutor or the eening, again, but o a slightly dierent began closing, then the bigger teaching us how to make the illing, kind. My boyriend, who I met in stores, ollowed by restaurants then pleat and old the dough into Beijing, accompanied me on a trip to and cas. It started getting harder jiaozi. Howeer, gien our absolutely Shanghai. We arried in the south- and harder to ind a cab, the bus terrible culinary skills, our work ern city late on Chinese ew Years ueues began thinning out, and the produced more balls o dough e, haing completely orgotten rows o empty seats on the subway that aguely resemble jiaozi than that most places would be closed. presented an apocalyptic scene. actual jiaozi. ither way, they tasted We arried at a restaurant or dinner All of Beijing is decked with red lanterns during Spring Festival. nd so it continued, the bustling delicious. ter dinner, we set out to only to ind it shut and couldnt ind city o 21.5 million rapidly empty- Houhai Lake to iew ireworks. The a taxi anywhere. ust as we were ing out and becoming the uietest it entire city was decked with red-and- beginning to stomach the possibil- season) is. The sudden emptying (a spicy Sichuan-style ood) about what exactly I should buy had been all year round. The major- golden lanterns, and the joyous ity o walking or hours to our hotel, out and uiet because o chunyun withdrawal symptoms. it seemed like too many choices ity o Beijings residentsmigrants mood consumed eeryone. I had rescue came through. We inally happens in cities all oer China, t the end o the day, Beijing young Chinese man in the line next to rom all oer the countryreturned een caught a glimpse o my other- ound a cab operated by a estie but due to Beijings sheer size and during Spring Festial is my aor- mine spoke nglish. We got talking to their hometowns and amilies wise-grumpy neighbors smiling drier who, ater learning o our renetic actiity, its most appar- ite time o the year, perhaps een and he pointed and described almost to celebrate Chinese ew Year, earlier in the day. The weather was predicament, took us to a restaurant ent there. ot only does a large more so than Beijing in autumn, eery single sweet to me. By the time also known as Spring Festial. By chilly, and we sat huddled on the he knew that was miraculously still part o its population go back to which may be an unpopular opinion. my turn arried, I knew exactly what the time February 4, Chinese ew edge o the completely rozen lake open. ur meal o delicious sheng- their hometowns, but many o its Its truly something else. erything I wanted. The git boxes are meant Years e, rolled around, Beijing eating dumplings and sipping baijiu jianbao (pan-ried stued buns) was oreign residents also trael home looks a little bit brighter, and eery- to be packed tightly, he told me. I reached its yearly apex o tranuil- eery ew minutes to warm up. a itting welcome to Shanghai. er or elsewhere or a acation. I one is happier and a bit more patient. there is any room let between sweets, ity. The Year o the Pig had arried, Thanks to the Hangoer-To-nd- the course o the next week there, you happen to stay in Beijing oer Temple airs, lined with rows and rows people buy smaller ones to ill in. The and in homes across China, gener- ll-Hangoers the next day, none o including a day trip to Hangzhou, the Spring Festial holiday week, o shops and ood stalls, are organized idea is or the boxes to be oerlowing ations o amilies were celebrating us dared to engage in such a celebra- we had a wonderul time. The entire you better stock up on grocer- at some o the citys loeliest tourist to symbolize surplus and prosperity. around a table piled high with ood tion again or at least an entire year. city was united in its celebratory ies and other supplies in adance spots such as the Summer Palace This year ahead o my third and drinks. er the rest o the holiday spirit. We een bought an ornate because most places will close or and itan Park. Venturing into the Spring Festial in China, I again n this night two years ago, week, I isited Harbin in the ar, icy u (meaning happiness) poster business. ew oreign-owned hallowed aoxiangcun traditional purchased one o the bakerys just a ew months ater I had northern proince o Heilongjiang to stick on our doors back in Beijing. restaurants and supermarket chains bakery to buy sweet treats is one o special sweets shaped like a pig. moed to Beijing rom Mumbai, a to see the annual ice snow esti- That year I started to grasp how may remain open but its best to my aorite actiities around Spring Like its inspiration, it was absolutely group o new riends and I decided al, which is one o my aorite massie the roughly 40-day-long be prepared. uring the month, Festial. My irst time there, I stood delicious, as I hope the coming year to organize a dumpling-making memories o China to date. My irst chunyun (Spring Festial trael I tend to endure brutal malatang in one o many endless lines, nerous turns out to be.

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Dream Builder with a Pen Kitchen God Folk February 24 – March 13, 2019 The Vision Hill Arts Center, Tianjin Culture Exhibition This exhibition displays watercolor and January 28 – April 15, 2019 line-drawing paintings or moie sets by Chinese Zhengyangmen Gate Tower, Beijing ilm artist Yang hanjia including his original This is a ascinating and sketches and ideo materials to jumpstart his down-to-earth exhibition o olk career as a ilm artist, his most important works culture and customs related to and other items that showcase his creatiity. Spring Festial that allows people Yang has worked with amous Chinese direc- to see, listen, taste and hae un. By tors such as Chen Kaige, ng Lee and hang displaying more than 90 old objects, Yimou to design ilm sets or their masterpieces. traditional woodcut ew Year Yang graduated rom the epartment o pictures, Peking pera acial masks, rchitecture and rt o China Central cademy hand-painted comic books and o rts and Crats, the ormer cademy o popular animation collected rom rts and esign o Tsinghua niersity. With the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, proound architectural art accomplishment and the exhibition ocuses on the story proessional skills, he is the irst person to adopt o the kitchen god, also called the stoe god, deried rom ancient architectural drawing methods in the Chinese By displaying more than 90 old objects from people’s daily lives, the exhibition focuses on the story and culture of the kitchen god. ilm industry. Poster for the “Dream Builder with a Pen” exhibition. Chinese legends.

Xu Qu: Chaos The Real Deal Is February 22 – April 20, 2019 Massimo De Carlo, Hong Kong Talking with Dad: This exhibition presents the artists latest Chen Ke Solo paintings and sot black rubber sculptures. The painting works are organized in three groups, Exhibition namely, ust, Magnetic Field and Star rbits. December 22, 2018 – March 24, 2019 Yuz Museum, Shanghai ach painting depicts a map o the world and explores an image o arth rom mankinds This exhibition presents more perspectie o space. than 20 works o mixed-me- The sculpture series includes Miracle dia paintings and installations. Weapons, Trael, Insight and Voyager 1. It Through re-creation o old reconstructs the mechanical elements o space- diaries and objects, Chinese crat so that iewers can re-imagine and reiew artist Chen Ke discusses youth, human exploration o the ast unknown identity and amily with careul unierse. obseration and proound insights o lie. Born in Sichuan Proince in 1978, Chen graduated with a masters degree in oil painting rom Sichuan cademy o Fine rts and currently works and lies in Beijing. Her works hae been exhibited in many art galler- ies and institutions in Hong Kong, Switzerland, France and other The Youth, oil painting, crackle glue, Dad and Alarm Clock, oil painting on Orchid in Cup, coaster with oil painting on canvas, mirror, old woodenware, paper clay alarm clock, 20×14×7 cm, 2018. 86×66 cm, 2018. Star Orbits, acrylic on canvas, 250×600×6 cm, 2017. countries and regions. on board, 244 x 90 cm, 2018.

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