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MEMORIAE INGENII Octombrie 2013 MEMORIAE INGENII Octombrie 2013 www.mnt-leonida.ro EVENIMENT EXPOZIȚIONAL OMAGIAL FONDATORI DE MUZEE 3-27 130ANI octombrie 2013 Mi-Du (Luni si Marti inchis) 10-18h Str. Candiano Popescu 2 Sector 4, Bucuresti PARCUL CAROL ISSN 1841-1568 MEMORIAE INGENII ISSN 1841-1568 www.mnt-leonida.ro Octombrie 2013 SUMAR Exerciţiu de memorie / Cristina UNTEA 1 Muzee şi fondatori / Laura Maria ALBANI, Director Muzeul Național Tehnic 2 “Prof. Ing. Dimitrie Leonida” Viaţa şi opera baronului Samuel von Brukenthal / Prof. univ. dr. Sabin Adrian LUCA, 5 Director General Muzeul Național Brukenthal - Sibiu Grigore Antipa - Fondatorul instituţiei care îi poartă numele şi inventatorul expoziţiilor 13 muzeale, dioramatice / Dumitru MURARIU, Director General al Muzeului Național de Istorie Naturală “Grigore Antipa“ Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaş: un părinte fondator / Dr. Virgil Ștefan NIȚULESCU, 18 Director General Muzeul Național al Țăranului Român Dimitrie Gusti (1880-1955) / Conf. Univ. dr. Paula POPOIU, Director General 20 Muzeul Național al Satului “Dimitrie Gusti” Momente şi personalităţi ce au marcat înfiinţarea şi evoluţia Muzeului Ştiinţei şi Tehnicii 24 „Ştefan Procopiu” din Iaşi / Ing. Teodora-Camelia CRISTOFOR, muzeograf Muzeul Științei și Tehnicii „ŞTEFAN PROCOPIU” din IAŞI George Enescu – date biografice / dr. Adina SIBIANU, muzeograf 36 Muzeul Național “George Enescu” Observatorul Astronomic „Amiral Vasile Urseanu” și ctitorul său / Ref. Mihai Dascălu, 41 Muz. Șonka Adrian Muzeul Municipal Râmnicu Sărat – consideraţii asupra istoricului constituirii colecţiilor / 43 Marius NECULAE, Roxana VIŞAN Dimitrie Leonida - promotor al construirii unei reţele de canale navigabile interioare în 48 România / Aurel TUDORACHE, muzeograf Muzeul Național Tehnic “Prof. Ing. Dimitrie Leonida” Dimitrie Leonida – una din luminile Fălticenilor / Ovidiu MUSTAȚĂ 52 Povestea fotografiei (scurtă cronologie a tehnicii fotografice) / Ing. Nicu DUMITRACHE, 55 Muzeul Național Tehnic “Prof. Ing. Dimitrie Leonida” Generatorul de abur Vuia-Yvonneau / Dan ANTONIU 62 Drumurile mele toate... - Ştefania Mărăcineanu - / Ing. Dănuţ ŞERBAN 65 CNV – cât corespundem necesităților viitorului? / prof . Marin Lucian Mihai, 67 Centrul de Creativitate Benefică Director Muzeul Naţional Tehnic „Prof. Ing. Colectivul de redacţie Adresa redacţiei Dimitrie Leonida” – Laura Maria ALBANI Aurel TUDORACHE – muzeograf pr. Muzeul Naţional Tehnic “Prof. Ing. Dimitrie Olimpia DĂNCESCU – inginer specialist Leonida” Redactor şef Natalia POPESCU – subinginer pr. Bucureşti, sector 4, str. Candiano Popescu nr. 2 Cristina UNTEA Lucian Mihai MARIN – profesor Creativitatea Tel/fax 021.336.77.77 benefică www.mnt-leonida.ro Responsabilitatea informaţiilor publicate în această revistă aparţine autorilor articolelor. MEMORIAE INGENII Exerciţiu de memorie epocii; finalul, însă, a fost același: fondatorii insti- Cristina UNTEA tuțiilor muzeale au reușit să se detașeze de ei înșiși și să redea celor mulți o parte din visele neamului, o istorie Cum să descrii în cuvinte obișnuite efortul fonda- menită a crea în continuare istorie. torilor de muzee care au câștigat astfel una din probele Astăzi putem spune că și-au împlinit visul: muzeele de foc ale spiritului în cultura româneasca? Cum să fondate de ei ne onorează dar ne și obligă în același explici în câteva fraze strădania acelor oameni care au timp ! Spiritul de sacrificiu, munca, ambiția, curajul, înțeles că pentru a face ceva durabil trebuie să te dedici consumul de resurse nervoase și, deloc în ultimul total și definitiv, pentru că altfel jumătățile de măsură rând, materiale, au făcut ca, în ciuda opreliștilor și nasc jumătăți de măsură? piedicilor apărute, acei oameni minunați să reușească! Poate că inițial au fost simpli colecționari, poate O lecție a dăinuirii, o lecție pentru noi, cei de azi, că au știut de la început că trebuie să creeze un loc pentru noi, cei de mâine: a venit momentul să-i apre- în care să tezaurizeze memoria, gândurile și trăirile ciem așa cum merită, să le valorificăm eforturile, și, mai bine mai târziu decât niciodată, să îi recunoaștem atât ca etaloane ale viitorului lor cât și ale viitorului nostru! Prin articolele cuprinse în acest număr aniversar, dedicat atât fondatorilor de muzee cât și împlinirii a 130 de ani de la nașterea celui ce a fost profesorul Dimitrie Leonida, încercăm să facem un exercițiu de memorie, contribuind la transferul permanent al tuturor acestora: din trecutul lor în prezentul nostru! 1 MEMORIAE INGENII Îi putem considera pe cei trei nu donatori ci fondatori ai Pinacotecii moldovene.. Colecţiile muzeului de etnografie si artă natională, azi Muzeul Ţăranului Român, fondat de către Al. Tzigara-Samurcas în 1906, dovedesc o nouă deschidere culturală. Cercetările arheologice, Muzee şi istorice, etnografice, tehnice au condus în perioada interbelică la deschiderea de noi muzee şi crearea unei reţele muzeale. Autoritatea de necontestat a liderilor fondatori comunităţii muzeografiei interbelice: Nicolae Iorga, Al. Lepădatu, Grigore Antipa, Al. Tzigara-Samurcas, Laura Maria ALBANI Boroş Ioan, Dimitrie Gusti, Vasile Pârvan, George Director Muzeul Național Tehnic Oprescu, Virgil Vatasianu, Romulus Vuia, Laszlo “Prof. Ing. Dimitrie Leonida” Ferenc, a contat covârşitor pentru dezvoltarea patrimonial muzeal, sporind capacitatea corectă de Cei dintâi colecţionari de artă din România, atestaţi reflectare a istoriei. Dimitrie Leonida se alatură acestor documentar, apar către sfarşitul secolului al XVIII-lea minţi luminate, în 1909, dar pe profil tehnic. şi în prima jumatate a secolului al XIX-lea. Vorbind O puzderie de muzee săteşti, şcolare îndeosebi, despre ei, vorbim de fapt despre primii fondatori de iniţiate de lideri locali s-au adaugat reţelei muzeale, muzee sau pinacoteci, fie că le-au fondat direct, fie că sporind cunoaşterea istoriei prin contribuţiile unor au contribuit la fondarea lor prin donaţii substanţiale. inimoşi pioneri atenţi la ceea ce Grigore Antipa a Baronul Samuele Brukenthal işi construieşte la iniţiat ca mişcare. Savantul lăsase în 1935 un Plan Sibiu o clădire monumentală în stilul epocii care să-i pentru Muzee, unde se precizează ca “fiecare muzeu e servească drept locuinţă proprie şi totodată ca adapost o problemă specială şi cel care îl organizează trebuie celor circa 16.000 de volume şi cărţi (manuscrise să ştie dinainte ce vrea, ce poate şi ce trebuie să facă, rare) şi al colecţiilor proprii de artă, arheologie si pentru a-şi organiza astfel colecţiile sale, conform unui numismatică. Tablourile proveneau în parte din plan bine chibzuit, determinat de condiţiile fiecarei colecţia imperială vieneză, din colecţia Reitzer şi altele. regiuni, localităţi şi de aptitudinile şi nevoile culturale Conform clauzelor testamentare ale donatorului, ale populaţiei ei” (Grigore Antipa, Despre muzeeele muzeul Brukenthal se deschide pentru prima oară săteşti) ca instituţie publică “în luna februarie a anului În a doua jumatate a secolului XIX-lea şi începutul 1817, în cadrul unei festivităţi care a avut loc în aula secolului XX-lea, numărul fondatorilor de instituţii Gimnaziului Evanghelic din Sibiu”. muzeale sau a stimulatorilor activităţii acestora prin După Muzeul Bruckental din Sibiu, o instituţie felurite donaţii, creşte. similară, dublată şi de “Şcoala frumoaselor arte” se Kalinderu fondează muzeul care îi va purta numele, inaugurează la Iaşi în ziua de 26 octombrie 1860, dr. V.A. Ureche inaugurează la Galaţi o importantă datorită pictorului Gheorghe Panaiteanu – Bardasare, bibliotecă, dr Constantin Esarcu işi lasă averea, Pinacoteca-Muzeu naţional de pictură din Moldova. inclusiv colecţia de artă, Ateneului Român, fondat tot La inaugurare sunt expuse 103 lucrări donate de de el, Virgil Cioflec formează una din cele mai Sofronie Virnav, Costache Negri si Costache Dosiade. preţioase colecţii ale vremii, sau colecţionarii 2 MEMORIAE INGENII Alexandru Vlahută, Vasile Gheorghe Mortun, de unde s-a putut observa prima oară bolta înstelată. Anastase Simu, profesor dr. Ion Cantacuzino sau Palatul Cantacuzino de pe calea Victoriei, o Alexandru Bogdan-Pitesti, Kricor H. Zambaccian bijuterie barocă, a fost clădit tot la sfarşitul sec XIX de nu au fost numai colecţionari de artă avizaţi ci şi-au arhitectul Ion Berindey pentru Grigore Cantacuzino. pus atât harul cât şi îndemanarea în ale scrisului sau Soţia sa, Maruca Rosetti, devine mai târziu soţia oratoria în slujba artelor în general. compozitorului George Enescu iar palatul care rămâne Secolul al XIX-lea şi începutul secolului al XX-lea în propietatea acesteia devine din 1956 casa dedicată sunt semnificative şi pentru comerţ industrializare, compozitorului George Enescu. învăţământ. Atât Bucureştiul cât şi alte oraşe capătă Cea mai prosperă perioadă a Romaniei a fost cea o dezvoltare culminantă. Se construiesc palate, şcoli, interbelică, Bucureştiul continuând să fie principa- edificii monumentale pentru instituţiile de interes lul centru industrial al ţării dar şi centru cultural. public, se trasează bulevarde, se amenajează grădini. Procesul de industrializare se intensifică. În 1921 se dă În 1857 Bucureştiul a fost primul oraş din lume care a în folosinţă Aeroportul Băneasa, iar în 1931 se înfi- introdus iluminatul cu petrol lampant, în 1882 a fost inţeaza Societatea de Transport Aerian SARTA, care inaugurat iluminatul public electric, iar în 1892 a fost în 1933 se transformă în Liniile Aeriene Române. Din construită uzina electrică Grozaveşti, apare tramvaiul 1928 se pot asculta primele emisiuni Radio emise de cu cai numit tramcar, în 1894 are loc inaugurarea
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