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A Bridge Connecting Forest Health and Sustainable Management

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A Bridge Connecting Forest Health and Sustainable Management Habitat sustainability of white bellied heron at Adha Lake in relation to anthropogenic eutrophication of lake. Karma Lhundup Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of B.Sc. in Forestry 15 June 2017 College of Natural Resources Royal University of Bhutan Lobesa: Punakha Plagiarism Declaration Form I declare that this is an original work and I have not committed, to my knowledge, any academic dishonesty or resorted to plagiarism in writing the dissertation. All the sources of information and assistance received during the course of this study are duly acknowledged. Student’s Signature: Date: 15/07/2017 i Abstract Lentic water bodies are among the most threatened wetland habitat types, mainly due to anthropogenic disturbances, which have significant influence over the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the relationship between macroinvertebrate and physicochemical parameters to assess the influence of surrounding landuse on lake ecosystem. The macroinvertebrates presence in the lake were used as an indicator to assess the effect of surrounding landuse, especially the impact of agriculture runoff into lake. The lake were categorized into major zones based on the surrounding landuse as agriculture zone, forest east zone, catchment zone and forest west zone. The sampling was carried out along the littoral zone of the lake. Beside macroinvertebrates, the physicochemical variable such as pH, salinity, conductivity, water temperature and TDS were attributed for both the seasons. The Chironomidae and Baetidae families were the dominant macroinvertebrates in the lake. The least families encountered were Acrididae, Aeshnidae, Tabanidae, Hydrophilidae, and Libellulidae during monsoon season, and Simuliidae and Culicidae for post monsoon season. There was no significant difference in Shannon Wiener’s Diversity for monsoon and post monsoon season. The pH, salinity, conductivity, TDS and water temperature have negative correlation with taxon diversity and richness; however, TDS, water temperature and pH have positive association with taxon evenness. There were significant differences in water pH for monsoon (8.7) and post monsoon (6.6) season including water temperature. The water quality at the lake were assessed as per the Nepal Lake Biotic Index tolerance score system of macroinvertebrates. The lake were heavily polluted with poor water quality. Bhutan still has a gap to be filled in the field of macroinvertebrates and wetlands, including the development of basic Lake biotic scoring system and identification guidelines for macroinvertebrates. Keywords: Adha lake, conductivity, diversity, evenness, macroinvertebrate, pH, physicochemical parameter, richness, salinity, seasons, taxa, taxon, TDS, temperature. ii Acknowledgement I would like to thank the Royal University of Bhutan and College of Natural Resources for providing in-service degree program. I would like to sincerely thank Mr. Ugyen Dorji, Lecturer, for guiding and giving me quintessential supports from the very beginning of my dissertation workflow. I am ever grateful for the guidance and reaching his helping hand in every nook and corner of my research works. I also would like to acknowledge Mrs Thinley Choden, Officer In- charge, Agroforestry Technology Sub- Center, Darla, Chukha for the peer review and recommendation. I thank the BTFEC and RSPN for the fund. This study would not have been possible without the financial support. I am truly thankful to my comrade, Choney Dorji, Lha Tshering, Rinchen Dorji, Karma Choden and Sonam Yangden in-service forestry 6th cohort for their continuous support. In addition, I would like to express my deep appreciation to Mr. Sangay Tshewang and Mr. Wangchuck Dorji of Adha Range Office, Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park for their indispensible support without which the research would be incomplete within the time frame. I would also like to extend my gratitude to the management of Ugyen Wangchuck Institute of Conservation and Environmental Research for the research approval on time and Watershed Management Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Forest, for the water testing kits. I would also like to affectionately acknowledge my daughter Quentsho Yoedbum Lhundup for bearing my absence for these two long years of my study. Finally, i would like to thank all the individuals, organisations and the local communities who were involved for the successful implementation of this study. iii Dedication This piece of work is dedicated to the entire nature lovers, who are tirelessly dedicating their full time, beyond their boundaries in making the earth a very beautiful place to live. iv Abbreviation and Acronyms ANOVA Analyze of Variance df Degree of Freedom EH Shannon Evenness EIA Environment Impact Assessment FADA Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment GPS Global Positioning System H’ Shannon Wiener Diversity Index HKH Hindu Kush Himalaya IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Nature resources JSWNP Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park LWQC Lake Water Quality Class M Monsoon M.a.s.l Meters above sea level NLBI Nepal Lake Biotic Index NGO’s Non Governmental Organization P Probability pH Potential of Hydrogen PM Post monsoon PPM Parts Per Million Ppt Parts per thousand rs Spearman’s Correlation coefficient R² Regression coefficient RA Relative Abundance Sig Significant SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science SR Species richness TDS Total Dissolved Salt Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environment UWICER Research x̅ Mean μm Micrometer μS/cm Micro-Siemens per centimeter v Contents Plagiarism Declaration Form ........................................................................................................... i Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………...ii Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iv Abbreviation and Acronyms ............................................................................................................v List of figures ............................................................................................................................... viii List of tables ................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter One .....................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 4 Chapter Two.....................................................................................................................................5 Literature review ..............................................................................................................................5 2.1 Status of macroinvertebrate in the world and in Bhutan........................................................ 5 2.2 Conservation significance of macroinvertebrates .................................................................. 6 2.3 Habitats of macroinvertebrates .............................................................................................. 7 2.4 Relationship between macroinvertebrates diversity and landuse types ................................. 8 2.5 Physicochemical factors and macroinvertebrates .................................................................. 9 2.6 Macroinvertebrates as a bio-indicator .................................................................................. 10 2.7 Threats of macroinvertebrates.............................................................................................. 11 2.8 Common source of contamination on water body and the impact ....................................... 12 2.9 Water quality assessment and Nepal Lake Biotic Index ...................................................... 12 Chapter Three.................................................................................................................................14 Materials and method .....................................................................................................................14 3.1 Study area............................................................................................................................. 14 3.1.1 Major zone description .........................................................................................................15 3.1.2 Agriculture Zone ..................................................................................................................15 3.1.3 Forest East Zone ...................................................................................................................15 3.1.4 Catchment Zone ....................................................................................................................15
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