sign in sign up
<<
Home , Cassidula, Cassidula nucleus, Mollusc shell, Pila (gastropod), Pila globosa

Panda et al. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology (2021) 82:17 The Journal of Basic https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-021-00216-z and Applied Zoology

RESEARCH Open Access Temporal morphometric analyses of globosa in India for its use in aquaculture and food industry Falguni Panda1, Samar Gourav Pati1, Abhipsa Bal1, Shivangi Mathur2, Ramalingam Nirmaladevi3 and Biswaranjan Paital1*

Abstract Background: Although the apple is used as indicator for human consumption locally and as fish feed, research on it in general is very scanty. It is used in food industry, in aquaculture as fish bait and used as food in many regions of India and many other countries, but research on it has been started in the 1970s. Only 40 articles are available on this organism in PubMed indicating an urgent need of basic research on it especially work on its spatiotemporal morphometry Therefore, sampling of P. globosa was done from different parts of India in different seasons (summer, winter and rainy), and different morphometric studies were performed on this organism to draw baseline information. Analysis was conducted to study morphometry, the relationship between shell length and the weight and relative condition factor of Indian apple snail Pila globosa collected from five zones (east, west, north, south and centre) of India during 2018–2019 year. Results: The shell length (SL) (46.5 ± 13.33), shell width (SW) (40.22±11.5 mm), length (SPL) (2.99±0.15 mm), base length (BL) (12.53±2.94 mm), length (AL) (21.95±4.36 mm), aperture width (AW) (2.74±0.47 mm) and shell weight (WT) (31.08±13.76 g) were observed to be varied among the individual sampled across India. Different relationships for SL/SW (Log SW=0.9889 Log SL + 0.9444), SL/SPL (Log SPL = 0.1452 Log SL+0.3815), SL/BL (Log BL= 0.7789 Log SL+0.5814), SL/AL (Log AL= 0.6518 Log SL+0.9111) and SL/AW (Log AW=0.4475 Log SL+0.1422) were observed by considering shell length as basic index. The relationship between shell length and shell weight was found to be Log WT=2.0263 Log SL+0.1098. The relative condition factor revealed uninterrupted and good environmental condition observed for apple . A negative allometric growth pattern was observed from the length–weight relationship. Conclusion: The environments of apple snail in India are not contaminated, and the results can be used as baseline data in aquaculture for model analysis and can be used as a reference for drawing relationship among different morphometric indices of P. globosa in India, as there is no such information available on it. The data can also be used for mass scale production of P. globosa for consumption by human and use in aquatic industries as fish feed. Keywords: Allometric growth, Apple snail, Fisheries, Length–weight relationship, Morphometry, Mollusc shell, Pila globosa

* Correspondence: [email protected] 1Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India Full list of author information is available at the end of the article

© The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Panda et al. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology (2021) 82:17 Page 2 of 9

Background relation between length and weight can be applied in the The is the second largest phylum after field because measuring the length in the field is easier Arthropoda in the kingdom, and is than measuring weight of (Dominguez & the largest class in Mollusca. Pila globosa is one of the Abdala, 2019). members of Gastropoda, and being amphibious in habi- Albeit 2290 hits are observed when searched with the tat, it inhabits both terrestrial and aquatic life moreover term P. globosa as of the end of August 2020 in PubMed, during starvation period and active period, respectively only 39 articles contributed to its physiology and other (Parveen et al., 2020; Prasuna, Narasimhulu, Gopal, Rao, aspects, and only a single article is available on its & Rao, 2004; Swarnakar, Chowdhury, & Sarkar, 1991). P. morphology. It indicates that, although the species has globosa is also commonly known as the Indian apple multiple consumption and aqua feed values, research on snail because of its wide distribution in India especially this species especially on its morphology is desirous in northern India. Being an important species in the (Dempsey, Burg, & Goater, 2019; Neiber & Hausdorf, freshwater ecosystem, it is used as a bio-indicator to 2015). Although many morphometric studies investi- study pollution, and also, it has clinical implications gated on fishes, a scanty amount of literature was avail- (Bhattacharya, Swarnakar, Mukhopadhyay, & Ghosh, able on molluscs in general and on P. globosa in 2016; Prasad et al., 2019). Owing to the importance of particular. Among the molluscs, most investigated on the species P. globosa and other snails, different aspects prosobranchs, but there are a very few literature avail- of these organisms are studied for its possible use in able on apple snails especially on Indian apple snail P. aquaculture industry (David, Mushigeri, & Prashanth, globosa. Saha et al. (2016a, b) investigated morphometric 2003; Mahilini & Rajendran, 2008; Ray, Bhunia, Bhunia, analysis with the relationship of length to weight of & Ray, 2013) apple snail in Bangladesh. Sarkar and Krupanidhi (2018) Morphometric studies provide paramount baseline studied the length, weight and breadth of P. globosa with data that can be used to quantify a trait of evolutionary other gastropods through regression analyses. Similarly, significance and its use in aquaculture industry (Devi & despite the presence of a high population in India, Jauhari, 2008; Gu et al., 2019; Hirano, Kameda, Kimura, Meganathan and Jeevanadham (2017) conducted & Chiba, 2014; Kocot, Todt, Mikkelsen, & Halanych, length–weight relationships on P. globosa at Tamil Nadu 2019; McDougall & Degnan, 2018; Paital, 2018; Tirado, which seems one and only such type of investigation in Saura, Rolán-Alvarez, & Quesada, 2016; Vaux et al., India. Along with length–weight relationship, we there- 2018). Changes in the shape of animals give basic infor- fore established the relationships among other essential mation to deduce relevant data on their ontogeny, func- parameters additionally. For example, we have studied tion or evolutionary relationships, even physiology, and relative condition factor as well as Fulton’s condition finally, their possible exploitation in aquaculture factor and their relationships with shell length in Indian (Lozouet & Krygelmans, 2016; Dominguez & Abdala, apple snails collected from the five different major zones 2019). A major objective in morphometrics is to statisti- of India. Results can be used as reference for future re- cally hypotheses about the factors related from pro- search on P. globosa in India on temporal and spatial duction to reproduction (Soares & Simone, 2019; basis. Thorson et al., 2017; Van Bocxlaer, Ortiz-Sepulveda, Gurdebeke, & Vekemans, 2020; Vinther, Parry, Briggs, & Methods Van Roy, 2017). Since length and width of the animal P. globosa were sampled randomly from five zones of determines the body shape, the morphometric analyses India, i.e., from Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, can be used as a tool for drawing relationships among Odisha and Madhya Pradesh as northern, western, morphological parameters such as shell length, shell southern, eastern and central zones respectively in rainy, width, spire length, aperture length and aperture width winter and summer seasons during the year 2018–2019. that may be useful for in aquatic organisms in A total of 149 snails (both male and female without dis- general and in snails in particular (Dominguez & Abdala, tinct separation) were selected for suitable morphomet- 2019; Naresh, Krupanidhi, & Rajan, 2013; Okabe & ric analysis. For morphometric analysis, shell length Yoshimura, 2017; Xu, Wu, Wang, Yang, & Yan, 2019). (SL), shell width (SW), spire length (SL), base length The relationships between length and weight of the body (BL), aperture length (AL), aperture width (AW) and are most crucial in every organism as it can be useful to weight of snails were measured as per Saha et al. (2016a, determine its growth pattern as well as the condition of b) (Fig. 1). Weight of the snails was measured in the its habitat (Dominguez & Abdala, 2019). From age old, weighing machine while all other measurements were P. globosa is found to be used as diet due to its low fat performed with the help of the Vernier slide callipers. and high content (Krishnamoorthy, 1968); there- Linear regression analyses were done considering all the fore, its mass culture is recommended. Moreover, the above studied parameters, and relationships among them Panda et al. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology (2021) 82:17 Page 3 of 9

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of apertural (a) and abapertural (b) view of shell of Pila globosa with parameters selected for morphometric analysis were established by counting SL as basic index. Correl- be changed by the influence of habitats (Santos, Gaspar, ation and linear regression was calculated according to Vasconcelos, & Monteiro, 2002). Agrawal (1988). Peterson polygon method was applied to perform size frequency distribution with 10-mm class Size frequency distribution interval. A size frequency distribution graph of a total of 149 The relationship of length to weight was established snails is presented in the Fig. 2 at 10-mm class interval. by converting aLb (Le Cren, 1951) into logarithmic form The significance variation of size in frequency distribu- which is Log WT= Log a+ b Log SL, where SL is the tion graph shows relative abundance of this species with length, WT is the weight and “a” is the constant and an respect to size and shell length in concerned habitats. It exponent. The values of “a” and “b” were determined indicates the dynamic nature of the snail which may be imperially from data. The relative condition factor was due to the effects of environment as well as availability calculated (Kn) by the formula Kn = KO/KC where KO of the food resources. Size frequency distribution re- and KC are ecological factors from the observed value vealed that shell lengths of most of the snails were varied and calculated values, respectively. KO was determined within 40 to 60 mm, whereas the highest frequency was empirically from the values “a” and “b” in the relation- observed within the range between 50 and 60 mm. Out ship graph of length to weight. Fulton’s condition factor of 149 samples, 148 snails were found below 80-mm (K) was determined by the formula K=100W/Lb (Bagenal length, whereas only a single snail was found to have & Tesch, 1978) where K is Fulton’s condition factor length between 90 and 100 mm. There were no snails while W and L are the weight and length in grammes found having shell lengths in the range at 0–10-mm, and millimetres respectively, where “b” is the constant 70–80-mm and 80–90-mm class intervals. Briefly, the that was calculated empirically from the data. size frequency distribution curve shows heterogeneous- ness of the apple snail population resulting in confirm- Statistics ation of the presence of different age groups and a Data are presented as mean ± S.D. values of 149 sam- balanced population (Saha et al., 2016a, b). ples. Correlation and other calculations described above were done using Microsoft Excel version 2010. Length of snails The SL value was found to be varied from 11.13 to 98.35 Results and discussion mm with an average of 46.5 ± 13.33 mm. The SW value Since the sampling was done throughout different sea- ranged from 9.59 to 85.36 mm with an average 40.22 ± sons, the obtained data are represented as function of 11.5 mm. Minimum spire length was found to be 2.47 annual distribution. Although the relationship of shell mm, and maximum spire length was found to be 3.36 length to weight of the animal varied according to the mm with an average 2.99 ± 0.15 mm. Base length was changing environment as well as availability of food, fac- found to be varied from 4.14 to 22.36 mm with an aver- tor “b” being the peculiar characteristic of every animal age 12.53 ± 2.94 mm. The AL ranged from 8.49 to 35.61 does not vary to a large extent. However, factor “a” can mm with an average 21.95 ± 4.36 mm. The AW was Panda et al. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology (2021) 82:17 Page 4 of 9

Fig. 2 Size frequency distribution of Pila globosa sampled from different locations of India found to vary from 1.25 to 3.65 mm with an average against body weight, although weak relationships were 2.74 ± 0.47 mm. The WT value varied from 0.91 to found between the shell lengths and aperture width. 88.29 g with an average 31.08±13.76 g. Relationships among parameters Correlation results Shell width to length was established (Fig. 3) by the The correlation and linear regression analyses of all the equation Log SW=0.9889 Log SL + 0.9444 (Fig. 3b). The parameters are presented in Table 1. The correlation co- relationship between spire length and shell length was efficient (r) shows that a positive and strong correlation expressed by Log SPL = 0.1452 Log SL+ 0.3815 (Fig. 3c). was observed among all the parameters; however, the re- Base length and shell length were related with an equa- lationship between shell lengths and aperture width was tion Log BL=0.7789 Log SL+0.5814 (Fig. 3d). Aperture found to be weakly correlated as compared to other length–shell length relationship was established by the studied parameters. A very high correlation coefficient formula Log AL= 0.6518 Log SL+0.9111 (Fig. 3e). The value observed implies the strong relationships among aperture width was related to the shell length by the the parameters especially the relationship of shell length equation Log AW=0.4475 Log SL+0.1422 (Fig. 3f).

Table 1 Results of establishment of relationships between Weight–length relationship different parameters of Pila globosa through correlation and Weight to length relationship was established by linear regression studies relationship by the logarithm of length to logarithm of Parameters abCorrelation coefficient (r) weight graph, and the established equation was found as “ ” SL/SPL 1.46448 0.1452 0.98 Log WT=2.0263 Log SL+0.1098 with r value 0.983 that implies a strong correlation value (Fig. 3a). Works on P. SL/BL 1.788541 0.7789 0.994 globosa by Saha et al. (2016a, b) in Bangladesh found SL/AL 2.487057 0.6518 0.998 that the value of “b” was 2.29 in the combined sex as SL/AW 1.152807 0.4475 0.838 compared the values 2.0263 observed in the present SL/WT 1.116055 2.0263 0.983 study. The value of b was also found less than three in SL/SW 1.152807 0.4475 0.997 the sand lobster, Thenus orientalis (Hossain, 1985), that The shell length (SL), shell width (SW), spire length (SPL), base length (BL), correlates the present finding. Muley (1978) also found aperture length (AL), aperture width (AW) and shell weight (WT) were analysed the same range of b value as 2.63 with proportional by taking shell length as basic index. The relationship between shell lengths and shell weight Log WT, The abreviations "a" and "b" are two constants growth in freshwater prosobranch Melania scabra. For drwan form the equation Log WT= Log a+ b Log SL isometric growth, the b value should be equal to three Panda et al. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology (2021) 82:17 Page 5 of 9

Fig. 3 Relationships between different parameters by taking logarithm of parameters. WT, shell weight; SW, shell width; SL, shell length; SPL, spire length; BL, base length; AL, aperture length; and AW, aperture width which follows cube law, but frequency of such results (Ngor et al., 2018). The overproduction of this species are very rare with few exceptions as observed by Prasad can create intercompetition with other gastropods which and Ali (2007) on cyprinid fish. Jaiswar and Kulkarni may change the dynamic of the freshwater ecosystem (2002) also found the value of b in molluscs ranging because many gastropods are being used as food for from 2 to 3. many in the freshwater ecosystem. Thus, it can have ad- Similarly, Ngor et al. (2018) found a negative allomet- verse effects on freshwater ecosystems that may affect ric growth in P. virescens and P. ampullacea with “b” human at the end (Saleky, Setyobudiandi, Toha, Takdir, value less than three, although the authors also had ob- & Madduppa, 2016). served a little higher b value during rainy season which may be due to aggregation of nutrients during that Fulton’s condition factor period. Therefore, our value of b does not show isomet- Fulton’s condition factor varied from 0.4 to 1.8 with an ric growth but rather shows the negative allometric average 1.22 ± 0.14 that shows the growth condition of growth that implies the length of the snail grows faster the animal. The graphs of Fulton’s factor (Fig. 4) re- than weight. This negative allometric growth result im- vealed that the continuous growth of the snail was in- plied that the individuals sampled were young individ- creased up to 40-mm size; then, the cumulative growth uals because in young individuals the growth of the shell of the shell decreased or stops with respect to its weight. is faster than the growth of the weight. Although factor It may be due to the use of the energy by the snails for b is influenced by many factors, this type of growth pat- the physiological activities like reproduction rather for tern was found in most of the animals especially in growth (Shanmugam, 1997). snails. The negative allometric growth indicates invasion of the species towards the land area because of its over- Relative conditional factor production. But it may become a great hazard in agricul- The ecological factor from the calculated value (KC) var- tural field especially in paddy fields as P. globosa eats ied from 1.38 to 114.64 mm with an average of 27.25± seedling of rice and other agricultural plants as diet 14.22 mm. The relative ecological factor (Kn) was Panda et al. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology (2021) 82:17 Page 6 of 9

Fig. 4 Relationship between condition factors with different size groups of Pila globosa

Fig. 5 Relationship between shell length and calculated weight (KC) and observed weight (KO) Panda et al. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology (2021) 82:17 Page 7 of 9

Fig. 6 Relationship between shell length and value of relative condition factor Kn

Fig. 7 Mass production of Pila globosa for its current and future use. Figure indicates that the apple snail P. globosa has a tremendous current use. They are used as fish bait and fish feed in many conventional aquaculture subsystems. For mass production and morphological segregation, a county-wise morphometric study is there for suggested. Pila is directly used for human consumption in many parts across the world. At least 13 varieties of the species are identified and consumed both by human and in aquaculture fields Panda et al. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology (2021) 82:17 Page 8 of 9

calculated from the ratio between ecological factor from BRP are acknowledged. Fellowships to FP and SGP from the above schemes, the observed value to that of calculated value, and it was respectively, to carry out the work is acknowledged. Fellowship (1264/ST/BT- MISC-0034-2018) to Abhipsa Bal under Biju Patnaik Research Fellowship to found to be 1.16± 0.13. The relative ecological factor pursue Ph.D. course in Biotechnology, by Department of Science and was found to vary from 0.763 to 1.449 in the combined Technology, Government of Odisha, India, is acknowledged. sex in P. globosa (Saha et al., 2016a, b). So, the greater Availability of data and materials value observed for Kn suggests that the snails were in All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this good conditions. The relationship between shell length published article. and KO and KC and Kn is presented in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Conclusions Not applicable. Results of the present study show negative allometric Consent for publication growth of apple snail, and from the length to weight rela- Not applicable. tionship, the calculated weight of the snail was found to be nearer to the observed weight. It implies that good Competing interests quantities of vegetation were available in the freshwater The authors declare that they have no competing interest. for the snails in India. However, this type of growth pat- Author details tern indicates its invasion possibility that may become a 1Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, great threat towards the agricultural field and may create Bhubaneswar 751003, India. 2Department of Biotechnology, President disturbance in food chain. It can have adverse effects on Science college, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380061, India. 3Department freshwater ecosystems through increase in inter- of Biochemistry, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher competition with other gastropods (Fig. 7). Thus, proper Education for Women, Coimbatore 641 043, India. management strategies or their calculated use in aquacul- Received: 11 November 2020 Accepted: 18 March 2021 ture sectors is suggested to control the population density of P. globosa. Use of this specimen as fish feed is highly References recomended. Results of the study may help in illustration Agrawal, B. L. (1988). Basic statistics, (p. 748). Wiley Eastern Limited. of the growth pattern of apple snail that can be used in Bagenal, T. B., & Tesch, F. W. (1978). Age and growth. In Methods for assessment of aquaculture sectors. Being taken as a diet in some parts of fish production in freshwater, (3rd ed., pp. 101–136). Ed TB Bagenal. Bhattacharya, P., Swarnakar, S., Mukhopadhyay, A., & Ghosh, S. (2016). Exposure of India, especially in rural areas experiencing malnutrition, composite tannery effluent on snail, Pila globosa: a comparative assessment it can be used as an alternative diet if fish is less copious. of toxic impacts of the untreated and membrane treated effluents. It will be helpful for improvement of the rearing method Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 126,45–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ecoenv.2015.12.021. as well as selection of brood stocks. Moreover, P. globosa David, M., Mushigeri, S. B., & Prashanth, M. S. (2003). Nickel induced changes on can be very useful to monitor the environmental health some aspects of protein metabolism in the tissues of Pila globosa. Journal of status. More biochemical studies could be the future Environmental Biology, 24(1), 69–75. Dempsey, Z. W., Burg, T. M., & Goater, C. P. (2019). Spatiotemporal patterns of approcah for this specimen. Data of the present study can infection for emerging larval liver fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) in three also be useful for other snails for studying their growth species of in Southern Alberta, Canada. Journal of Parasitology, patterns. Present study gives a baseline data for the mor- 105(1), 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1645/18-124. Devi, N. P., & Jauhari, R. K. (2008). Diversity and cercarial shedding of malaco phometric studies. fauna collected from water bodies of Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra. Acta Tropica, 105(3), 249–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2007.12.001. Abbreviations Dominguez, E., & Abdala, V. (2019). Morphology and evolution of the wing bullae AL: Aperture length; AW: Aperture width; BL: Base length; K: Fulton’s in South American Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera). Journal of Morphology, condition factor; KC: Ecological factors for the calculated value; KO: Ecological 280(1), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20920. factors for the observed value; L: Length; SL: Shell length; SPL: Spire length; Gu, Q. H., Husemann, M., Wu, H. H., Dong, J., Zhou, C. J., Wang, X. F., … Nie, G. X. SW: Shell width; W: Weight; WT: Shell weight (2019). Phylogeography of Bellamya (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Viviparidae) snails on different continents: Contrasting patterns of diversification in China and Acknowledgements East Africa. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 19(1), 1–13. Helps rendered by HoD, Department of Zoology for laboratory facilities, and Hirano, T., Kameda, Y., Kimura, K., & Chiba, S. (2014). Substantial incongruence Director CBSH, OUAT, are acknowledged. among the morphology, taxonomy, and molecular phylogeny of the land snails Aegista, Landouria, Trishoplita, and Pseudobuliminus (: Authors’ contributions Bradybaenidae) occurring in East Asia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, BRP conceptualized the study, did fund acquisition and project 70, 171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.020. administration and edited the MS. FP collected the data, analysed and Hossain, M. A. (1985). On the length-weight relationship and condition factor of interpreted and drafted the MS. SGP, AB, SM and NS interpreted data and the sand lobster, Thenus orientalis (Lund, 1982). University Journal of Zoology, edited the MS. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Rajshahi University(Bangladesh), 1,23–28. Jaiswar, A. K., & Kulkarni, B. G. (2002). Length-weight relationship of intertidal Funding molluscs from Mumbai, India. Journal of the Indian Fisheries Association, 29, Schemes (number ECR/2016/001984 by the Science Engineering Research 55–63. Board, DST, Govt. of India, and 1188/ST, Bhubaneswar, dated 01.03.17, ST- Kocot, K. M., Todt, C., Mikkelsen, N. T., & Halanych, K. M. (2019). Phylogenomics of (Bio)-02/2017 Department of Biotechnology, DST, Govt. of Odisha, India) to (Mollusca, Aculifera) and a solenogaster without a foot. Panda et al. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology (2021) 82:17 Page 9 of 9

Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 286(1902), 20190115. https://doi.org/10.1 Saleky, D., Setyobudiandi, I., Toha, H. A., Takdir, M., & Madduppa, H. H. (2016). 098/rspb.2019.0115. Length-weight relationship and population genetic of two marine Krishnamoorthy, R. V. (1968). Hepatopancreatic unsaturated fatty acids during gastropods species (Turbinidae: Turbo sparverius and Turbo bruneus) in the aestivation of the snail, Pila globosa. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Bird Seascape Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 24(1), 279–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-406x(68)90976-6. 17(1), 208–217. Le Cren, E. D. (1951). The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad Santos, M. N., Gaspar, M. B., Vasconcelos, P., & Monteiro, C. C. (2002). Weight– weight and condition in the perch (Percafluviatilis). The Journal of Animal length relationships for 50 selected fish species of the Algarve coast Ecology, 20(2), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.2307/1540. (southern Portugal). Fisheries Research, 59(1-2), 289–295. https://doi.org/10.101 Lozouet, P., & Krygelmans, A. (2016). A new species of Indo-Pacific Modulidae 6/S0165-7836(01)00401-5. (Mollusca: ). Zootaxa, 4103(2), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.11 Sarkar, S., & Krupanidhi, S. (2018). Regression analysis of shell morphology of a 646/zootaxa.4103.2.12. few of endemic aquatic and terrestrial gastropods as a prelude to their Mahilini, H. M., & Rajendran, A. (2008). Categorization of hemocytes of three conservation strategy. Acta Scientific Agriculture, 4(1), 02–07. gastropod species Trachea vittata (Muller), Pila globosa (Swainson) and Shanmugam, A. (1997). Length-weight and allometric relationship in the Indoplanorbis exustus (Dehays). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 97(1), 20–26. pulmonate snail nucleus Martyn (Pulmonata: ). Indian https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2007.07.007. Journal of Marine Sciences, 26(2), 224–226. McDougall, C., & Degnan, B. M. (2018). The evolution of mollusc shells. Wiley Soares, P. J. J. R., & Simone, L. R. L. (2019). Cladistic analysis of the family Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology, 7(3), e313. https://doi.org/10.1 Marginellidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda) based on phenotypic features. Zootaxa, 002/wdev.313. 4648(2), 201–240. Meganathan, T., & Jeevanadham, P. (2017). Morphometric variations on apple Swarnakar, S., Chowdhury, P. S., & Sarkar, M. (1991). N-Glycolylneuraminic acid snail Pila globosa (Swainson, 1822) at foraging selected site of specific lectin from Pila globosa snail. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Stork Anastomus oscitans in Sembanarkoil Region, Nagapattinam District, Communications, 178(1), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(91)91783- Tamilnadu, India. International Journal of Scientific Research and Modern 9. Education, 2(2), 86–94. Thorson, J. L., Smithson, M., Beck, D., Sadler-Riggleman, I., Nilsson, E., Dybdahl, M., Muley, E. V. (1978). Studies on growth indices of the fresh water prosobranch, & Skinner, M. K. (2017). Epigenetics and adaptive phenotypic variation Melania scabra. Hydrobiologia, 58(2), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/ between habitats in an asexual snail. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1–11. BF00007995. Tirado, T., Saura, M., Rolán-Alvarez, E., & Quesada, H. (2016). Historical Naresh, K. N., Krupanidhi, S., & Rajan, S. S. (2013). Purification, spectroscopic biogeography of the marine snail Littorina saxatilis inferred from haplotype characterization and o-diphenoloxidase activity of hemocyanin from a and shell morphology evolution in NW Spain. PLoS One, 11(8), e0161287. freshwater gastropod: Pila globosa. The Protein Journal., 32(5), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10930-013-9490-5. Van Bocxlaer, B., Ortiz-Sepulveda, C. M., Gurdebeke, P. R., & Vekemans, X. (2020). Neiber, M. T., & Hausdorf, B. (2015). Molecular phylogeny reveals the polyphyly of Adaptive divergence in shell morphology in an ongoing gastropod radiation – the snail Cepaea (Gastropoda: Helicidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and from Lake Malawi. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 20(1), 1 15. Evolution, 93, 143–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.022. Vaux, F., Trewick, S. A., Crampton, J. S., Marshall, B. A., Beu, A. G., Hills, S. F., & Ngor, P. B., Sor, R., Prak, L. H., So, N., Hogan, Z. S., & Lek, S. (2018). Mollusc fisheries Morgan-Richards, M. (2018). Evolutionary lineages of marine snails identified and length–weight relationship in Tonle Sap flood pulse system, Cambodia. using molecular phylogenetics and geometric morphometric analysis of – Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology, 54, 34 EDP shells. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 127, 626 637. https://doi.org/1 Sciences. 0.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.009. Okabe, T., & Yoshimura, J. (2017). Optimal designs of mollusk shells from bivalves Vinther, J., Parry, L., Briggs, D. E., & Van Roy, P. (2017). Ancestral morphology of to snails. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 42445. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42445. crown-group molluscs revealed by a new Ordovician stem aculiferan. Nature, – Paital, B. (2018). Nutraceutical values of fish demand their ecological genetic 542(7642), 471 474. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21055. studies: A short review. Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 79(16), 1–11. Xu, X., Wu, J., Wang, K., Yang, Y., & Yan, S. (2019). Locking of the in a https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-018-0030-x. water snail: Theoretical modeling and applications for mechanical sealing. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 464, 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.201 Parveen, S., Chakraborty, A., Chanda, D. K., Pramanik, S., Barik, A., & Aditya, G. 8.12.036. (2020). Microstructure analysis and chemical and mechanical characterization of the shells of three freshwater snails. ACS Omega, 5(40), 25757–25771. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c03064. Publisher’sNote Prasad, G., & Ali, P. A. (2007). Length-weight relationship of a cyprinid fish Puntius Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in filamentosus from Chalakudy River, Kerala. Zoos' Print Journal, 22(3), 2637– published maps and institutional affiliations. 2638. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.ZPJ.2637-8. Prasad, Y. K., Dahal, S., Saikia, B., Bordoloi, B., Tandon, V., & Ghatani, S. (2019). Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex trematode infections in children, Bihar, India. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 25(8), 1571–1573. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2 508.181427. Prasuna, C. P., Narasimhulu, K. V., Gopal, N. O., Rao, J. L., & Rao, T. V. (2004). The microstructures of biomineralized surfaces: a spectroscopic study on the of fresh water (Apple) snail, Pila globosa. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 60(10), 2305–2314. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2003.12.004. Ray, M., Bhunia, N. S., Bhunia, A. S., & Ray, S. (2013). A comparative analyses of morphological variations, phagocytosis and generation of cytotoxic agents in flow cytometrically isolated hemocytes of Indian molluscs. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 34(1), 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2012.11.006. Saha, B. K., Jahan, M. S., & Hossain, M. A. (2016). Morphometrics, length-weight relationship and ecological factors affecting the habitat of Pila globosa (Swainson, 1822) (Mesogastropoda: Pilidae) located in Rajshahi University campus. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 51(2), 121– 128. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v51i2.28098. Saha, C., Pramanik, S., Chakraborty, J., Parveen, S., & Aditya, G. (2016). Abundance and body size of the invasive snail Physaacuta occurring in Burdwan, West Bengal, India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 4(4), 490–497.