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Temporal Morphometric Analyses of Pila Globosa in India for Its Use in Aquaculture and Food Industry

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Temporal Morphometric Analyses of Pila Globosa in India for Its Use in Aquaculture and Food Industry Panda et al. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology (2021) 82:17 The Journal of Basic https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-021-00216-z and Applied Zoology RESEARCH Open Access Temporal morphometric analyses of Pila globosa in India for its use in aquaculture and food industry Falguni Panda1, Samar Gourav Pati1, Abhipsa Bal1, Shivangi Mathur2, Ramalingam Nirmaladevi3 and Biswaranjan Paital1* Abstract Background: Although the apple snail Pila globosa is used as indicator species for human consumption locally and as fish feed, research on it in general is very scanty. It is used in food industry, in aquaculture as fish bait and used as food in many regions of India and many other countries, but research on it has been started in the 1970s. Only 40 articles are available on this organism in PubMed indicating an urgent need of basic research on it especially work on its spatiotemporal morphometry Therefore, sampling of P. globosa was done from different parts of India in different seasons (summer, winter and rainy), and different morphometric studies were performed on this organism to draw baseline information. Analysis was conducted to study morphometry, the relationship between shell length and the weight and relative condition factor of Indian apple snail Pila globosa collected from five zones (east, west, north, south and centre) of India during 2018–2019 year. Results: The shell length (SL) (46.5 ± 13.33), shell width (SW) (40.22±11.5 mm), spire length (SPL) (2.99±0.15 mm), base length (BL) (12.53±2.94 mm), aperture length (AL) (21.95±4.36 mm), aperture width (AW) (2.74±0.47 mm) and shell weight (WT) (31.08±13.76 g) were observed to be varied among the individual sampled across India. Different relationships for SL/SW (Log SW=0.9889 Log SL + 0.9444), SL/SPL (Log SPL = 0.1452 Log SL+0.3815), SL/BL (Log BL= 0.7789 Log SL+0.5814), SL/AL (Log AL= 0.6518 Log SL+0.9111) and SL/AW (Log AW=0.4475 Log SL+0.1422) were observed by considering shell length as basic index. The relationship between shell length and shell weight was found to be Log WT=2.0263 Log SL+0.1098. The relative condition factor revealed uninterrupted and good environmental condition observed for apple snails. A negative allometric growth pattern was observed from the length–weight relationship. Conclusion: The environments of apple snail in India are not contaminated, and the results can be used as baseline data in aquaculture for model analysis and can be used as a reference for drawing relationship among different morphometric indices of P. globosa in India, as there is no such information available on it. The data can also be used for mass scale production of P. globosa for consumption by human and use in aquatic industries as fish feed. Keywords: Allometric growth, Apple snail, Fisheries, Length–weight relationship, Morphometry, Mollusc shell, Pila globosa * Correspondence: [email protected] 1Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Panda et al. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology (2021) 82:17 Page 2 of 9 Background relation between length and weight can be applied in the The phylum Mollusca is the second largest phylum after field because measuring the length in the field is easier Arthropoda in the animal kingdom, and Gastropoda is than measuring weight of animals (Dominguez & the largest class in Mollusca. Pila globosa is one of the Abdala, 2019). members of Gastropoda, and being amphibious in habi- Albeit 2290 hits are observed when searched with the tat, it inhabits both terrestrial and aquatic life moreover term P. globosa as of the end of August 2020 in PubMed, during starvation period and active period, respectively only 39 articles contributed to its physiology and other (Parveen et al., 2020; Prasuna, Narasimhulu, Gopal, Rao, aspects, and only a single article is available on its & Rao, 2004; Swarnakar, Chowdhury, & Sarkar, 1991). P. morphology. It indicates that, although the species has globosa is also commonly known as the Indian apple multiple consumption and aqua feed values, research on snail because of its wide distribution in India especially this species especially on its morphology is desirous in northern India. Being an important species in the (Dempsey, Burg, & Goater, 2019; Neiber & Hausdorf, freshwater ecosystem, it is used as a bio-indicator to 2015). Although many morphometric studies investi- study pollution, and also, it has clinical implications gated on fishes, a scanty amount of literature was avail- (Bhattacharya, Swarnakar, Mukhopadhyay, & Ghosh, able on molluscs in general and on P. globosa in 2016; Prasad et al., 2019). Owing to the importance of particular. Among the molluscs, most investigated on the species P. globosa and other snails, different aspects prosobranchs, but there are a very few literature avail- of these organisms are studied for its possible use in able on apple snails especially on Indian apple snail P. aquaculture industry (David, Mushigeri, & Prashanth, globosa. Saha et al. (2016a, b) investigated morphometric 2003; Mahilini & Rajendran, 2008; Ray, Bhunia, Bhunia, analysis with the relationship of length to weight of & Ray, 2013) apple snail in Bangladesh. Sarkar and Krupanidhi (2018) Morphometric studies provide paramount baseline studied the length, weight and breadth of P. globosa with data that can be used to quantify a trait of evolutionary other gastropods through regression analyses. Similarly, significance and its use in aquaculture industry (Devi & despite the presence of a high population in India, Jauhari, 2008; Gu et al., 2019; Hirano, Kameda, Kimura, Meganathan and Jeevanadham (2017) conducted & Chiba, 2014; Kocot, Todt, Mikkelsen, & Halanych, length–weight relationships on P. globosa at Tamil Nadu 2019; McDougall & Degnan, 2018; Paital, 2018; Tirado, which seems one and only such type of investigation in Saura, Rolán-Alvarez, & Quesada, 2016; Vaux et al., India. Along with length–weight relationship, we there- 2018). Changes in the shape of animals give basic infor- fore established the relationships among other essential mation to deduce relevant data on their ontogeny, func- parameters additionally. For example, we have studied tion or evolutionary relationships, even physiology, and relative condition factor as well as Fulton’s condition finally, their possible exploitation in aquaculture factor and their relationships with shell length in Indian (Lozouet & Krygelmans, 2016; Dominguez & Abdala, apple snails collected from the five different major zones 2019). A major objective in morphometrics is to statisti- of India. Results can be used as reference for future re- cally test hypotheses about the factors related from pro- search on P. globosa in India on temporal and spatial duction to reproduction (Soares & Simone, 2019; basis. Thorson et al., 2017; Van Bocxlaer, Ortiz-Sepulveda, Gurdebeke, & Vekemans, 2020; Vinther, Parry, Briggs, & Methods Van Roy, 2017). Since length and width of the animal P. globosa were sampled randomly from five zones of determines the body shape, the morphometric analyses India, i.e., from Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, can be used as a tool for drawing relationships among Odisha and Madhya Pradesh as northern, western, morphological parameters such as shell length, shell southern, eastern and central zones respectively in rainy, width, spire length, aperture length and aperture width winter and summer seasons during the year 2018–2019. that may be useful for taxonomy in aquatic organisms in A total of 149 snails (both male and female without dis- general and in snails in particular (Dominguez & Abdala, tinct separation) were selected for suitable morphomet- 2019; Naresh, Krupanidhi, & Rajan, 2013; Okabe & ric analysis. For morphometric analysis, shell length Yoshimura, 2017; Xu, Wu, Wang, Yang, & Yan, 2019). (SL), shell width (SW), spire length (SL), base length The relationships between length and weight of the body (BL), aperture length (AL), aperture width (AW) and are most crucial in every organism as it can be useful to weight of snails were measured as per Saha et al. (2016a, determine its growth pattern as well as the condition of b) (Fig. 1). Weight of the snails was measured in the its habitat (Dominguez & Abdala, 2019). From age old, weighing machine while all other measurements were P. globosa is found to be used as diet due to its low fat performed with the help of the Vernier slide callipers. and high protein content (Krishnamoorthy, 1968); there- Linear regression analyses were done considering all the fore, its mass culture is recommended. Moreover, the above studied parameters, and relationships among them Panda et al. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology (2021) 82:17 Page 3 of 9 Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of apertural (a) and abapertural (b) view of shell of Pila globosa with parameters selected for morphometric analysis were established by counting SL as basic index.
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