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Morfometría, Distribución Actual Y Potencial En El Norte De México Del Acocil Rojo Procambarus Clarkii (Girard, 1852) (Crustacea: Cambaridae,)

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Morfometría, Distribución Actual Y Potencial En El Norte De México Del Acocil Rojo Procambarus Clarkii (Girard, 1852) (Crustacea: Cambaridae,) UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS T E S I S MORFOMETRÍA, DISTRIBUCIÓN ACTUAL Y POTENCIAL EN EL NORTE DE MÉXICO DEL ACOCIL ROJO PROCAMBARUS CLARKII (GIRARD, 1852) (CRUSTACEA: CAMBARIDAE,) PRESENTA MARIA KARINA FRANCO SUSTAITA PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS CON ACENTUACIÓN EN MANEJO DE VIDA SILVESTRE Y DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA, SAN NICOLÁS DE LOS GARZA, NUEVO LEÓN, NOVIEMBRE 2014 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS SUBDIRECCIÓN DE ESTUDIOS DE POSTGRADO MORFOMETRIA, DISTRIBUCION ACTUAL Y POTENCIAL EN EL NORTE DE MEXICO DEL ACOCIL ROJO Procambarus clarkii (GIRARD, 1852) (CRUSTACEA: CAMBARIDAE,) T E S I S PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS CON ACENTUACIÓN EN MANEJO DE VIDA SILVESTRE Y DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE PRESENTA BIOL. MARIA KARINA FRANCO SUSTAITA CIUDAD UNIVERSITARIA, SAN NICOLÁS DE LOS GARZA, NUEVO LEÓN Morfometría, Distribución actual y potencial en el Norte de México del acocil rojo Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1856) (CRUSTACEA:CAMBARIDAE) MORFOMETRIA, DISTRIBUCIÒN ACTUAL Y POTENCIAL EN EL NORTE DE MÈXICO DEL ACOCIL ROJO Procambarus clarkii (GIRARD, 1852) (CRUSTACEA: CAMBARIDAE) Comité de Tesis ____________________________________________________________ Dr. Gabino Adrián Rodríguez Almaraz Director ___________________________________________________________ Dra. Susana Favela Lara Secretario ____________________________________________________________ Dr. Jesús Ángel De León González Vocal ____________________________________________________________ Dr. Jesús Montemayor Leal Vocal ____________________________________________________________ Dr. Carlos Solís Rojas Vocal Morfometría, Distribución actual y potencial en el Norte de México del acocil rojo Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1856) (CRUSTACEA:CAMBARIDAE) 1.-RESUMEN Procambarus clarkii es un crustáceo decápodo, que forma parte del grupo de los acociles y habita cuerpos de agua dulce tanto lóticos como lénticos. Comúnmente es conocido como cangrejo de río, acocil rojo o crawfish. Es una de las especies de invertebrados con mayor distribución a nivel mundial, convirtiéndose de ésta manera en un invasor disperso en casi todos los continentes a excepción de Australia y Antártica. Y ha demostrado ser una amenaza para los ecosistemas donde se encuentra como introducido. La finalidad de éste estudio fue determinar la distribución actual y potencial de Procambarus clarkii con el propósito de identificar las áreas de México donde se encuentra como invasora o susceptibles a ser invadidas, así también realizar análisis de riesgo para identificar los daños que la especie es capaz de ocasionar en los ecosistemas acuáticos donde se ha introducido o en caso de futuras introducciones. Y se llevó a cabo la comparación morfológica entre las poblaciones presentes en nuestro país, para determinar cercanía entre ellas. Para el desarrollo del presente estudio, se trabajó con ejemplares de la especie Procambarus clarkii, recolectados recientemente y presentes en diversas colecciones biológicas del país. Los ejemplares corresponden geográficamente a 13 Regiones hidrológicas de México. Para el análisis de distribución actual los datos geográficos de presencia de la especie fueron transformados a unidades Cónicas Conforme Lambert y los mapas de distribución fueron elaborados con el programa Arcview ver. 3.2. Respecto a la predicción de la distribución potencial del acocil rojo se utilizaron 19 variables bioclimáticas y 4 topográficas, así como 23 puntos geográficos correspondientes al rango nativo del acocil con la finalidad de modelar las condiciones ambientales donde la especie es capaz de mantener su población, los modelos de predicción fueron elaborados con el Algoritmo Genético de Conjunto de Reglas de Predicción (GARP) y el método de Máxima entropía (Maxent). El análisis morfológico se llevó a cabo mediante la separación de sexos de ejemplares adultos (Machos FI, Machos FII y Hembras) y por regiones hidrológicas. A cada ejemplar se le midieron 16 variables morfológicas que posteriormente fueron analizadas con el programa SPSS versión 17. Mediante un análisis ANOVA unifactorial se determinó si hay diferencia significativa en los valores promedios de las variables morfométricas. Se analizó el tipo de Crecimiento Alométrico usando la ecuación: Y= aXb, que posteriormente fue linearizada a log y = log a + b*x. Un análisis Multivariado Discriminante se llevó a cabo para determinar que variables difieren significativamente entre los organismos de las diferentes Regiones Hidrológicas del Norte de México. Los resultados obtenidos en cuanto a la distribución actual mostraron que la especie presenta poblaciones establecidas en la mayoría de los 70 cuerpos de agua que comprende presas, ríos, canales de riego, estanques y lagunas a lo largo de las 13 Regiones hidrológicas principalmente del norte del país. Así como en 6 áreas de conservación a la biodiversidad en nuestro país. En cuanto a la predicción del potencial de distribución los dos modelos son excelentes o sobresalientes pero GARP superó a Maxent, tras la corroboración del modelo. Más sin embargo ambos proporcionan una base sólida para identificar áreas donde los esfuerzos de detección deben ser más efectivos y benéficos. Bióloga M. Karina Franco Sustaita Laboratorio de Entomología y Artrópodos Página 1 Morfometría, Distribución actual y potencial en el Norte de México del acocil rojo Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1856) (CRUSTACEA:CAMBARIDAE) El análisis de riesgo dio como resultado el rechazo total de las futuras introducciones de ésta especie por la amenaza que representa a nivel ambiental demostrado ser una herramienta eficaz que permite detectar y establecer el manejo adecuado de los impactos que la especie puede ocasionar. El análisis morfológico mostró que la mayoría de las variables fueron estadísticamente significativas entre las Regiones Hidrológicas y por sexos, diferenciando las LT máximas de 125 y 118 mm para hembra y macho FI, respectivamente de la Región hidrológica Bravo-Conchos. La mayoría de las relaciones alométricas presentaron crecimiento isométrico, dentro de las excepciones estuvo LC vs LT que resultó alométrico positiva en Machos FI y FII. El análisis Multivariado Discriminante no mostró diferencias significativas entre las Regiones Hidrológicas, más sin embargo pudo notarse una tendencia de agrupamiento entre los grupos más próximos. Bióloga M. Karina Franco Sustaita Laboratorio de Entomología y Artrópodos Página 2 Morfometría, Distribución actual y potencial en el Norte de México del acocil rojo Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1856) (CRUSTACEA:CAMBARIDAE) 2. ABSTRACT. Procambarus clarkii is a crustacean decapod, part of the group of crayfish and inhabits freshwater ecosystems. Commonly known as crayfish, red swamp crawfish or crawfish. It is one of the most widely distributed invertebrate species in the world, becoming in this way an invader dispersed on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. And it has proven to be a threat to the ecosystems where it has been introduced. The aim of this study was to determine the current and potential distribution of Procambarus clarkii in order to identify areas of Mexico where it is as invasive or likely to be invaded, and also perform risk analysis to identify the damage that the species is able of lead in aquatic ecosystems where it has been introduced or in case of future introductions. And was conducted morphological comparison between these populations in our country, to determine proximity between them. For the development of this study, we worked with individuals of the species Procambarus clarkii, and present recently collected in various biological collections in the country. The specimens correspond geographically to Mexico 13 hydrologic regions. For the analysis of current distribution the geographic database of the species was transformed to units Conic Conform Lambert (CCL) and the maps of distribution were generated with the program Arcview ver. 3.2. Respect to generate potential geographic distributions of red swamp crawfish 19 bioclimatic and 4 topographical variables were used and 23 geographical points for the native range of crayfish in order to model the environmental conditions where the species is able to maintain its population, prediction models were developed with Genetic Algorithm for Rule Set Prediction (GARP) and Maximum entropy method (Maxent). Morphological analysis were performed by separating sexes of adult crawfish (males FI, FII males and females) and hydrologic regions. The 16 morphological variables were measurement of each sample using digital callipers (+_ 0.01 mm) the statistical analyses were made using SPSS version 17. ANOVA univariate analysis determined whether there is significant difference in the mean values of morphometric variables. The allometric growth was analyzed using the equation: Y = aXb, which was subsequently linearized to log y = log a + b * x. Multivariate discriminant analysis was performed to determine which variables differed significantly between the different agencies Hydrological Regions of Northern Mexico. The results obtained in terms of the current distribution showed that the species has established populations in most of 70 water bodies comprising dams, rivers, irrigation canals, ponds and lagoons along the 13 hydrologic regions mainly North country. As in 6 areas of biodiversity conservation. Regarding the prediction of the potential distribution are excellent models both GARP and Maxent, but GARP was
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