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Tragédia Mais Gloriosa Que Dolorosa» O Discurso Missionário Sobre A

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Tragédia Mais Gloriosa Que Dolorosa» O Discurso Missionário Sobre A «Tragédia mais Gloriosa que Dolorosa» O Discurso Missionário sobre a Perseguição aos Cristãos Tese apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do no Regime Tokugawa na Imprensa Europeia grau de Doutor em História dos Descobrimentos e da Expansão Portuguesa, realizada sob a orientação científica de João(1598 Paulo –Oliveira 1650 e) Costa e Ana Isabel Buescu Ana Cantante Mota Fernandes Pinto Apoio financeiro do POCTI no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio. Tese de(SFRH/BD/4927/2001) Doutoramento em História dos Descobrimentos e da Expansão Portuguesa Abril, 2014 DECLARAÇÕES Ao António Pela tolerância ao martírio. AGRADECIMENTOS Foram várias as instituições e as pessoas que me apoiaram e contribuíram para esta dissertação de doutoramento. Ao Professor João Paulo Costa, meu mestre e orientador, devo o interesse pelo Japão e a confiança que, ao longo dos anos, depositou em mim. À Professora Ana Isabel Buescu, minha co-orientadora, agradeço as novas perspectivas de análise e uma palavra de sincero reconhecimento pela leitura atenta deste trabalho. Sem Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, que me concedeu uma bolsa de doutoramento e apoiou as minhas deslocações às principais bibliotecas europeias, e sem o Centro de História de Além Mar (CHAM), com o seu ambiente académico estimulante, esta dissertação este trabalho não se teria realizado. Aos amigos, agradeço em particular a Liam Brockey e a Manuel Lobato, a quem devo as observações inteligentes, a João Teles, pelas perspectivas históricas inspiradoras, e à Alexandra Curvelo, cujo rigor científico procurei mimetizar. À Mariana Magalhães, à Helena Barros e à Inês Versos agradeço o empurrão final nos aspectos informáticos e logísticos. Ao Paulo Pinto, para lá da amizade, devo a argúcia com que brindou os nossos almoços de trabalho, desconstruindo e ajudando-me a reconstruir argumentos. À Cristina Joanaz de Melo, cuja diversidade de interesses é para mim uma referência, e à Rita Almeida de Carvalho que, com o seu rigor de historiadora, leu, criticou e fez inúmeras sugestões, devo o apoio incondicional quando o desânimo parecia instalado. Há depois a família sem a qual nada do que fiz faria sentido. Em particular, agradeço a Teresa Salgueiro, cujo apoio de avó foi essencial para a estabilidade dos meus filhos, aos meus Pais e às minhas irmãs Isabel e Madalena por terem estado presentes nos momentos cruciais e ausentes sempre que foi necessário. As últimas palavras deste agradecimento são para a Graça e para o António pelo estímulo e pela capacidade precoce de apreciarem a qualidade de persistir. RESUMO «Tragédia mais Gloriosa que Dolorosa» O Discurso Missionário sobre a Perseguição aos Cristãos no Regime Tokugawa na Imprensa Europeia (1598 – 1652) Ana Fernandes Pinto Palavras-Chave: Japão – Regime Tokugawa – Martírio – Europa Católica – Reforma Católica – Companhia de Jesus – Franciscanos – Dominicanos – Agostinhos Resumo Em 1549 os missionários da Companhia de Jesus estabeleciam a missão do Japão, inaugurando um período de evangelização católica que se prolongou até à década de 1640. O sucesso da conversão dos nipónicos levou a que, a partir da década de 1590, as ordens mendicantes fossem no encalço dos jesuítas. O período coincidiu com o momento em que o regime Tokugawa impôs no Japão um processo de centralização política de cariz autoritário. A doutrina católica e as atitudes dos missionários colidiram com a nova ordem estabelecida pelos Tokugawa que, por isso, promoveram uma política sistemática anticristã. O sucesso da evangelização deu lugar a uma missão martirizada que serviu para alimentar uma vasta produção tipográfica na Europa Católica de Seiscentos, tanto mais que ia ao encontro das tendências devocionais da Europa da Contra-Reforma e da espiritualidade do Barroco. Por esta via, a Europa tomou contacto com a longínqua Ásia. Mas os textos missionários impressos não tinham apenas fins informativos. A dinâmica tipográfica gerada servia também para fazer a apologia de cada uma das ordens missionárias e assim influenciar os poderes políticos e religiosos a fim defenderem os seus direitos de evangelização. O martírio no Japão foi assim utilizado como arma de propaganda pelas ordens missionárias na Europa. ABSTRACT «Tragédia mais Gloriosa que Dolorosa» The Missionary discourse about Tokugawa persecution towards Christians in European Printing Press (1598 – 1652) Ana Fernandes Pinto Keywords: Tokugawa Japan – Martyrdom – Early Modern Europe – Catholic Renewal – Jesuits – Dominicans – Augustinians Abstract In 1549 the missionaries of the Society of Jesus established themselves in Japan ushering in a period of Catholic evangelization which lasted until the 1640s. Since the Japanese mission came to be very successful, Mendicants Orders went after Jesuits evangelization from 1590’s onwards. By that time Tokugawa rulers were committed to structuring a centralized and authoritarian government. Missionaries’ preaching and attitudes clashed with the new order established by Tokugawa, who ended up promoting an anti-Christian policy. The success of the evangelization gave rise to a martyred mission which fueled a large missionary printing press activity in Catholic Europe. This discourse on martyrdom in Japan fed into the then occurring Catholic renewal devotional trends and Baroque spirituality. This was the setting in which 17th century Catholic Europe learned about Japan. Those printed texts were not simply used for information purposes. Printing press activity, separately promoted by each missionary order, envisaged also their own exaltation in a competition to influence the European political and religious powers in the ongoing controversy on missionary rights in Japan. Martyrdom in Japan thus became as a weapon of propaganda for missionary orders in Europe. ÍNDICE INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................................. 1 Estado da Arte ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Limites cronológicos ................................................................................................................................... 7 Metodologia................................................................................................................................................. 9 O Japão e a Europa seiscentista ................................................................................................................. 12 Cap. 1 Da tolerância à perseguição: o discurso missionário sobre a evolução da política anticristã. .. 23 1.1. Antes do Decreto de Perseguição Generalizada (1614). ..................................................................... 26 1.2. Do «Grande Exílio / Daitsuihō» à supressão de facto (1614 – 1640). ................................................ 42 Cap. 2 «Tempo de calamidade»: A realidade punitiva dos cristãos a partir dos textos impressos missionários. ................................................................................................................................................. 73 2.1. Que cristãos foram perseguidos? ........................................................................................................ 75 2.2. O Exercício da Justiça. ....................................................................................................................... 79 2.2. O Repositório das Práticas Anticristãs. .............................................................................................. 87 2.2.1. Arbítrio e Dissimulação ................................................................................................................... 89 2.2.2. As Sanções ...................................................................................................................................... 93 2.2.3. O Aparato da Execução ................................................................................................................. 101 2.2.4 O Novo Ciclo de Perseguição ......................................................................................................... 109 2.3. As repercussões da «barbaridade». ................................................................................................... 112 Cap. 3 «Invencível constância e fervoroso desejo de padecer por Cristo»: Os significados do martírio nos textos impressos missionários ............................................................................................. 120 3.1. Sair para o palanque: Honra ou «Gloriosa morte»? ........................................................................ 123 3.1.1. A «Niponização» do Cristianismo ................................................................................................. 125 3.1.2. O Legado da Cultura Honorífica: Vassalagem e Liberdade .......................................................... 128 3.1.3. O Legado da Morte Honrada ......................................................................................................... 132 3.2. O Discurso do Mártir: Representação e Devoção ............................................................................. 142 3.2.1 A Verdade Doutrinal ...................................................................................................................... 142 3.2.2. Os que se «deixaram ficar» ..........................................................................................................
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