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The History and Development of Numerical Analysis in Scotland: a Personal Perspective∗
The history and development of numerical analysis in Scotland: a personal perspective∗ G. A. Watson, Division of Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland. Abstract An account is given of the history and development of numerical analysis in Scotland. This covers, in particular, activity in Edinburgh in the first half of the 20th century, the collaboration between Edinburgh and St Andrews in the 1960s, and the role played by Dundee from the 1970s. I will give some reminiscences from my own time at both Edinburgh and Dundee. 1 Introduction To provide a historical account of numerical analysis (or of anything else), it is necessary to decide where to begin. If numerical analysis is defined to be the study of algorithms for the problems of continuous mathematics [16], then of course it has a very long history (see, for example, [6], [13]). But \modern" numerical analysis is inextricably linked with computing machines. It is usually associated with programmable electronic computers, and is often said to have its origins in the 1947 paper by von Neumann and Goldstine [10]. The name apparently was first used around that time, and was given formal recognition in the setting up of the Institute for Numerical Analysis, located on the campus of the University of California at Los Angeles [3]. This was a section of the National Applied Mathematics Laboratories of the National Bureau of Standards, headed by J. H. Curtiss, who is often given credit for the name. Others consider modern numerical analysis to go back further than this; for example Todd [15] suggests it begins around 1936, and cites papers by Comrie and Turing. -
James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell JAMES CLERK MAXWELL Perspectives on his Life and Work Edited by raymond flood mark mccartney and andrew whitaker 3 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries c Oxford University Press 2014 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2014 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2013942195 ISBN 978–0–19–966437–5 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. -
William Robertson Smith, Solomon Schechter and Contemporary Judaism
https://doi.org/10.14324/111.444.jhs.2016v48.026 William Robertson Smith, Solomon Schechter and contemporary Judaism bernhard maier University of Tübingen, Germany* During Solomon Schechter’s first years in the University of Cambridge, one of his most illustrious colleagues was the Scottish Old Testament scholar and Arabist William Robertson Smith (1846–1894), who is today considered to be among the founding fathers of comparative religious studies. Smith was the son of a minister of the strongly evangelical Free Church of Scotland, which had constituted itself in 1843 as a rival to the state-controlled established Church of Scotland. Appointed Professor of Old Testament Exegesis in the Free Church College Aberdeen at the early age of twenty-four, Smith soon came into conflict with the conservative theologians of his church on account of his critical views. After a prolonged heresy trial, he was finally deprived of his Aberdeen chair in 1881. In 1883 he moved to Cambridge, where he served, successively, as Lord Almoner’s Reader in Arabic, University Librarian, and Thomas Adams’s Professor of Arabic. Discussing Schechter’s relations with Robertson Smith, one has to bear in mind that direct contact between Schechter and Smith was confined to a relatively short period of less than five years (1890–94), during which Smith was frequently ill and consequently not resident in Cambridge at all.1 Furthermore, there is not much written evidence, so that several hints and clues that have come down to us are difficult to interpret, our understanding being sometimes based on inference and reasoning by analogy rather than on any certain knowledge. -
Former Fellows Biographical Index Part
Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002 Biographical Index Part Two ISBN 0 902198 84 X Published July 2006 © The Royal Society of Edinburgh 22-26 George Street, Edinburgh, EH2 2PQ BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF FORMER FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 1783 – 2002 PART II K-Z C D Waterston and A Macmillan Shearer This is a print-out of the biographical index of over 4000 former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh as held on the Society’s computer system in October 2005. It lists former Fellows from the foundation of the Society in 1783 to October 2002. Most are deceased Fellows up to and including the list given in the RSE Directory 2003 (Session 2002-3) but some former Fellows who left the Society by resignation or were removed from the roll are still living. HISTORY OF THE PROJECT Information on the Fellowship has been kept by the Society in many ways – unpublished sources include Council and Committee Minutes, Card Indices, and correspondence; published sources such as Transactions, Proceedings, Year Books, Billets, Candidates Lists, etc. All have been examined by the compilers, who have found the Minutes, particularly Committee Minutes, to be of variable quality, and it is to be regretted that the Society’s holdings of published billets and candidates lists are incomplete. The late Professor Neil Campbell prepared from these sources a loose-leaf list of some 1500 Ordinary Fellows elected during the Society’s first hundred years. He listed name and forenames, title where applicable and national honours, profession or discipline, position held, some information on membership of the other societies, dates of birth, election to the Society and death or resignation from the Society and reference to a printed biography. -
Ring (Mathematics) 1 Ring (Mathematics)
Ring (mathematics) 1 Ring (mathematics) In mathematics, a ring is an algebraic structure consisting of a set together with two binary operations usually called addition and multiplication, where the set is an abelian group under addition (called the additive group of the ring) and a monoid under multiplication such that multiplication distributes over addition.a[›] In other words the ring axioms require that addition is commutative, addition and multiplication are associative, multiplication distributes over addition, each element in the set has an additive inverse, and there exists an additive identity. One of the most common examples of a ring is the set of integers endowed with its natural operations of addition and multiplication. Certain variations of the definition of a ring are sometimes employed, and these are outlined later in the article. Polynomials, represented here by curves, form a ring under addition The branch of mathematics that studies rings is known and multiplication. as ring theory. Ring theorists study properties common to both familiar mathematical structures such as integers and polynomials, and to the many less well-known mathematical structures that also satisfy the axioms of ring theory. The ubiquity of rings makes them a central organizing principle of contemporary mathematics.[1] Ring theory may be used to understand fundamental physical laws, such as those underlying special relativity and symmetry phenomena in molecular chemistry. The concept of a ring first arose from attempts to prove Fermat's last theorem, starting with Richard Dedekind in the 1880s. After contributions from other fields, mainly number theory, the ring notion was generalized and firmly established during the 1920s by Emmy Noether and Wolfgang Krull.[2] Modern ring theory—a very active mathematical discipline—studies rings in their own right. -
RM Calendar 2017
Rudi Mathematici x3 – 6’135x2 + 12’545’291 x – 8’550’637’845 = 0 www.rudimathematici.com 1 S (1803) Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja RM132 (1878) Agner Krarup Erlang Rudi Mathematici (1894) Satyendranath Bose RM168 (1912) Boris Gnedenko 1 2 M (1822) Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius (1905) Lev Genrichovich Shnirelman (1938) Anatoly Samoilenko 3 T (1917) Yuri Alexeievich Mitropolsky January 4 W (1643) Isaac Newton RM071 5 T (1723) Nicole-Reine Etable de Labrière Lepaute (1838) Marie Ennemond Camille Jordan Putnam 2002, A1 (1871) Federigo Enriques RM084 Let k be a fixed positive integer. The n-th derivative of (1871) Gino Fano k k n+1 1/( x −1) has the form P n(x)/(x −1) where P n(x) is a 6 F (1807) Jozeph Mitza Petzval polynomial. Find P n(1). (1841) Rudolf Sturm 7 S (1871) Felix Edouard Justin Emile Borel A college football coach walked into the locker room (1907) Raymond Edward Alan Christopher Paley before a big game, looked at his star quarterback, and 8 S (1888) Richard Courant RM156 said, “You’re academically ineligible because you failed (1924) Paul Moritz Cohn your math mid-term. But we really need you today. I (1942) Stephen William Hawking talked to your math professor, and he said that if you 2 9 M (1864) Vladimir Adreievich Steklov can answer just one question correctly, then you can (1915) Mollie Orshansky play today. So, pay attention. I really need you to 10 T (1875) Issai Schur concentrate on the question I’m about to ask you.” (1905) Ruth Moufang “Okay, coach,” the player agreed. -
The Logarithmic Tables of Edward Sang and His Daughters
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Historia Mathematica 30 (2003) 47–84 www.elsevier.com/locate/hm The logarithmic tables of Edward Sang and his daughters Alex D.D. Craik School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, Scotland, United Kingdom Abstract Edward Sang (1805–1890), aided only by his daughters Flora and Jane, compiled vast logarithmic and other mathematical tables. These exceed in accuracy and extent the tables of the French Bureau du Cadastre, produced by Gaspard de Prony and a multitude of assistants during 1794–1801. Like Prony’s, only a small part of Sang’s tables was published: his 7-place logarithmic tables of 1871. The contents and fate of Sang’s manuscript volumes, the abortive attempts to publish them, and some of Sang’s methods are described. A brief biography of Sang outlines his many other contributions to science and technology in both Scotland and Turkey. Remarkably, the tables were mostly compiled in his spare time. 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Résumé Edward Sang (1805–1890), aidé seulement par sa famille, c’est à dire ses filles Flora et Jane, compila des tables vastes des logarithmes et des autres fonctions mathématiques. Ces tables sont plus accurates, et plus extensives que celles du Bureau du Cadastre, compileés les années 1794–1801 par Gaspard de Prony et une foule de ses aides. On ne publia qu’une petite partie des tables de Sang (comme celles de Prony) : ses tables du 1871 des logarithmes à 7-places décimales. -
Lettere Tra LUIGI CREMONA E Corrispondenti in Lingua Inglese
Lettere tra LUIGI CREMONA e corrispondenti in lingua inglese CONSERVATE PRESSO L’ISTITUTO MAZZINIANO DI GENOVA a cura di Giovanna Dimitolo Indice Presentazione della corrispondenza 1 J.W. RUSSELL 47 Criteri di edizione 1 G. SALMON 49 A.H.H. ANGLIN 2 H.J.S. SMITH 50 M.T. BEIMER 3 R.H. SMITH 55 BINNEY 4 Smithsonian Institution 57 J. BOOTH 5 W. SPOTTISWOODE 58 British Association 6 C.M. STRUTHERS 67 W.S. BURNSIDE 7 J.J. SYLVESTER 68 CAYLEY 8 M.I. TADDEUCCI 69 G. CHRYSTAL 10 P.G. TAIT 70 R.B. CLIFTON 16 W. THOMSON (Lord Kelvin) 74 R. CRAWFORD 17 R. TUCKER 75 A.J.C. CUNNINGHAM 18 G. TYSON-WOLFF 76 C.L. DODGSON (Lewis Carrol) 19 R.H. WOLFF 90 DULAN 20 J. WILSON 93 H.T. EDDY 21 Tabella: i dati delle lettere 94 S. FERGUSON 22 Biografie dei corrispondenti 97 W.T. GAIRDNER 23 Indice dei nomi citati nelle lettere 99 J.W.L. GLAISHER 29 Bibliografia 102 A.B. GRIFFITHS 30 T. HUDSON BEARE 34 W. HUGGINS 36 M. JENKINS 37 H. LAMB 38 C. LEUDESDORF 39 H.A. NEWTON 41 B. PRICE 42 E.L. RICHARDS 44 R.G. ROBSON 45 Royal Society of London 46 www.luigi-cremona.it – aprile 2017 Presentazione della corrispondenza La corrispondenza qui trascritta è composta da 115 lettere: 65, in inglese, sono di corrispondenti stranieri e 50 (48 in inglese e 2 in italiano) sono bozze delle lettere di Luigi Cremona indirizzate a stranieri. I 43 corrispondenti stranieri sono per la maggior parte inglesi, ma vi sono anche irlandesi, scozzesi, statunitensi, australiani e un tedesco, l’amico compositore Gustav Tyson-Wolff che, per un lungo periodo visse in Inghilterra. -
Kailash C. Misra Rutgers University, New Brunswick
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Elizabeth F. Lewis Phd Thesis
PETER GUTHRIE TAIT NEW INSIGHTS INTO ASPECTS OF HIS LIFE AND WORK; AND ASSOCIATED TOPICS IN THE HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS Elizabeth Faith Lewis A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2015 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6330 This item is protected by original copyright PETER GUTHRIE TAIT NEW INSIGHTS INTO ASPECTS OF HIS LIFE AND WORK; AND ASSOCIATED TOPICS IN THE HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS ELIZABETH FAITH LEWIS This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Ph.D. at the University of St Andrews. 2014 1. Candidate's declarations: I, Elizabeth Faith Lewis, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 59,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2010 and as a candidate for the degree of Ph.D. in September 2010; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2010 and 2014. Signature of candidate ...................................... Date .................... 2. Supervisor's declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Ph.D. -
1911-12.] Obituary Notices. 477
1911-12.] Obituary Notices. 477 Professor George Ohrystal, M.A., LL.D. By Dr J. Sutherland Black and Professor C. G. Knott. (Read January 6, 1913.) PART I.—LIFE AND CAREER. By Dr J. S. BLACK. GEORGE CHRYSTAL was born on the 8th of March 1851, at Mill of Kingoodie, in the parish of Bourtie, some thirteen miles to the north-west of the city of Aberdeen. His father, William Chrystal of Gateside, who achieved some success both in agriculture and in commerce, is described as having been a man who made his way, without any initial advantages, by sheer force of character and the exercise of great natural ability and originality. His son, the subject of this memoir, received his early education at the parish school of Old Meldrum, some two miles distant from his home. From an early age he gave marked promise of intellectual distinction, though physically he was far from strong, and was hampered by a lameness which he afterwards outgrew, but which precluded him from joining in some of the more boisterous activities of boyhood. Early in the 'sixties the family removed to Aberdeen, where in 1863 he entered the Grammar School. Of this period few memorials survive, beyond a number of medals which show that he maintained the early promise of his childhood. In 1866 he gained the Williamson Scholarship, and in 1867 he passed, in his seventeenth year, into the University. Among his teachers here, he was accustomed to refer to Bain as having perhaps had the greatest influence on his whole intellectual development. -
Zaneville Testimonial Excerpts and Reminisces
Greetings Dean & Mrs. “Jim” Fonseca, Barbara & Abe Osofsky, Surender Jain, Pramod Kanwar, Sergio López-Permouth, Dinh Van Huynh& other members of the Ohio Ring “Gang,” conference speakers & guests, Molly & I are deeply grateful you for your warm and hospitable welcome. Flying out of Newark New Jersey is always an iffy proposition due to the heavy air traffic--predictably we were detained there for several hours, and arrived late. Probably not coincidently, Barbara & Abe Osofsky, Christian Clomp, and José Luis Gómez Pardo were on the same plane! So we were happy to see Nguyen Viet Dung, Dinh Van Huynh, and Pramod Kanwar at the Columbus airport. Pramod drove us to the Comfort Inn in Zanesville, while Dinh drove Barbara and Abe, and José Luis & Christian went with Nguyen. We were hungry when we arrived in Zanesville at the Comfort Inn, Surender and Dinh pointed to nearby restaurants So, accompanied by Barbara & Abe Osofsky and Peter Vámos, we had an eleventh hour snack at Steak and Shake. (Since Jose Luis had to speak first at the conference, he wouldn’t join us.) Molly & I were so pleased Steak and Shake’s 50’s décor and music that we returned the next morning for breakfast. I remember hearing“You Are So Beautiful,” “Isn’t this Romantic,” and other nostalgia-inducing songs. Rashly, I tried to sing a line from those two at the Banquet, but fell way short of Joe Cocker’s rendition of the former. (Cocker’s is free to hear on You Tube on the Web.) Zanesville We also enjoyed other aspects of Zanesville and its long history.