KAPTEYN ASTRONOMICAL INSTITUTE

University of Groningen

ANNUAL REPORT

2007

Groningen, June 2008

Cover:

The photo is an artistic impression of what we would see if dark matter were visible. Ninety percent of the universe consists of —dark matter“ which we cannot observe directly. Discovering the constituents of the universe can be compared to trying to deduce the earth‘ population from the lights of the cities. The visible universe is just the tip of the iceberg.

CONTENTS

1. FOREWORD 1 2. EDUCATION 5 3. RESEARCH 9 3.1 Introduction 9 3.2 Circumstellar Matter, Interstellar Medium and Star Formation 9 3.3 Structure, Dynamics and Evolution of Galaxies 13 3.4 Clusters of galaxies 26 3.5 Quasars and Active Galaxies 29 3.6 Gravitational lensing 32 3.7 Cosmology and large scale structure 35 3.8 Computing at the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute 43 3.9 Instrumentation 45 APPENDIX I : PUBLICATIONS 2007 51 I.1 Papers in scientific journals, books ...... 51 I.2 Conference papers ...... 62 I.3 Dissertations...... 70 I.4 Popular articles and Reports ...... 71 APPENDIX II : Participation in scientific meetings 73 APPENDIX III : Visits to institutes abroad 79 III.1 Work visits...... 79 III.2 Observing trips ...... 81 APPENDIX IV : Colloquia, popular lectures 83 IV.1 Colloquia given outside Groningen ...... 83 IV.2 Popular lectures ...... 84 APPENDIX V : Colloquia in Groningen 87 APPENDIX VI : Guests in Groningen 91 APPENDIX VII : Memberships, etc. 93 APPENDIX VIII : Personnel (Dec. 31, 2007) 97 APPENDIX IX : Organisation of the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute 99 APPENDIX X : Telephone numbers and electronic mail addresses 101 APPENDIX XI : Address 104

1. FOREWORD

This annual report gives an overview of the activities of the staff of the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute. The staff is responsible for the educational program in astronomy within the School of Natural Sciences and Technology of the University of Groningen and for its astronomical research program, including development of instrumentation and software. The Institute has a close collaboration with the Groningen based Low Energy Astrophysics Division of the Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON). Also, it is part of the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA), which has been awarded extra funding in the "bonus incentives scheme" (known as the "dieptestrategie") for top research schools in the Netherlands.

General In July 2007 Lucia van der Voort joined the Institute as new business manager and education coordinator. Until then these organizational tasks at the Institute were carried out part time by Rense Boomsma, who also worked as a postdoc for the EC FP6 Square Kilometre Array Design Studies project, and Annelies Weersing, whose time was made available by the financial department of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. The Institute underwent a major facelift as a result of the move of the book and journal collection to a central library of the Faculty of Mathematics nd Natural Sciences. The space used as library was remodeled into office space and a new computer cluster with the most modern audio-visual equipment, including a “smart-board”. In September 2007 the University of Groningen handed over its formal administrative role as lead institution (‘penvoerder’) of NOVA to the University of Utrecht. Its last formal act was to sign a € 9.5M contract with ESO for the production of 48 band-9 cartridges for the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) by the Groningen based, NOVA sponsored ALMA group. This great success is a clear sign of recognition of the excellent quality of the work by the ALMA group which is closely collaborating with the Groningen based Low Energy Astrophysics division of SRON. Donald Lynden-Bell (Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK) was the 2007 Blaauw professor and visited the institute in the spring and the fall of 2007. His presence at the institute and interactions with the staff and students was very stimulating. He delivered the Blaauw lecture on “The History of Massive Black Holes in Galaxies” in September. In April a mini-symposium “Between Cepheids and Mid-infrared Instrumentation” celebrated Jan Willem Pel’s retirement. The organization was in the skillful hands of Reynier Peletier and Hennie Zondervan. In October the Kapteyn Institute (Rien van de Weygaert) in collaboration with the Centre of Theoretical Phsycis and the K.V.I. organized the 9th Astroparticle Physics Symposium. 111 participants attended this event.

Education and outreach The new bachelor/master program is now in its second year since its inception and needs continued attention. The staff is concentrating its efforts on defining the minor programs in the new major/minor system, now that the third year of the program, which starts in 2008, is near. Several minors must be offered, one for non-science majors, one for majors within the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences but outside the School of Natural Sciences and Technology, and finally one minor for students within the School of Natural Sciences and Technology. The common first semester for all students within the School of Natural Sciences and Technology continues to raise a lot of discussion as it is not yet clear whether it serves the intended goals. 1 In 2007 the first three bachelor diplomas were handed out. In addition four students received their master diploma, of which two with “cum laude” honours. In March the formal QANU review committee reviewed the physics and astronomy education programs, as part of a national evaluation of all physics and astronomy programs. The results were made public in October and can be summarized as a positive advice to continue formal accreditation of the programs. The committee provided several helpful comments which require follow up. Also in 2007 the ‘masterclass’ was a great success, attended by 25 high school students from all over the country. It again involved lectures, labs, a visit to Dwingeloo and the Westerbork and LOFAR observatories. It is clear that this initiative will continue in the coming years. Other outreach activities concerned the public Science Day in October, several events making use of the Discovery Bus of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, and public talks by members of the Institute for various organizations. The planning for an observatory on the roof of the new Bernoulliborg, the new building of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences was completed and the dome and telescope were ordered. Delivery is expected in March – April 2008.

Research The Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) consists of the astronomical research institutes of the Universities of Amsterdam, Groningen, Leiden and Utrecht and the astronomy department at the Radboud University of Nijmegen. It has been awarded extra funding in the ‘bonus-incentives scheme’ (in Dutch ‘dieptestrategie’) for top research schools in the Netherlands in 1998. In 2004 this program was evaluated and the Minister of Education, Culture and Science (OCW) decided to continue funding of all the six research schools originally selected. Following extensive discussions in 2005 the Netherlands Committee for Astronomy, together with NOVA, NWO Exact Sciences and the NWO Institutes ASTRON and SRON wrote a midterm review of the current strategic plan (which runs until 2010) with a forward outlook for Dutch astronomy until 2015. This document was offered to the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science and to the General Board of NWO at the end of 2006. In August NOVA (and also the other five top research schools) received a letter from the ministry announcing continued funding for another five years after 2008. In 2009–2010 the top research schools will undergo an existential evaluation to help deciding how to continue the ‘dieptestrategie’ after 2013. The preparation for deciding how to use the funds in the period 2009–2013 has begun and will be finalized in 2008. The following staff members received distinguished honours in 2007: Stephanie Cazaux received a NWO VENI award for her proposal “Water in the Universe” and Andrei Barychev received a NWO VENI grant for his proposal “Advanced Heterodyne Mixers for THz Applications”. Eline Tolstoy received the Pastoor Schmeits prize for a significant contribution to astronomy in her early career.

Staff In 2007 several people left the Institute. Lodovico Coccato moved to the Max Plank Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching, and Martin Smith left to take up a postdoc position at the University of Minnesota. Emanuale Ripamonti, Michael Pohlen and Ronald Vermeij also left to take up positions elsewhere. Eleven graduate students defended their thesis in 2007: Katarina Kovać, Willem Schaap, Rense Boomsma, Bruno Letarte, Fabrice Christen, Michiel Brentjens, Giuseppina Battaglia (cum laude), Katia Ganda, Nasser Mohammed, Dieter Poelman and Miguel Aragón Calvo. This is a considerable increase as compared to former years and reflects the growth of the scientific staff at the Institute and the support from the governing body of our university. Georg Comello retired in September 2007 after more than 40 years of service to the Institute. Wim Brouw formally retired at the end of 2008, but will continue to visit the Institute. On the other hand the Institute saw many new faces join this year: new graduate students Boris 2 Deshev, Thomas Martinsson, Matthijs van der Wiel, Jonathan Heiner, Seyit Hoçuk, Else Starkenburg, Jakob van Bethlehem, Beike Hiemstra, Thomas de Boer and Muhammedabdul Latif, and new postdocs Andrey Belikov and Laura Sales. Mariano Méndez joined the staff in September 2007 as Associate Professor and moved from SRON/Utrecht to Groningen.

Many staff members have contributed to this Annual Report, but I am particularly grateful to Gineke Alberts, Jackie Zwegers-Morris and Mariano Méndez for their work on its preparation.

Groningen, 1 June 2008 Thijs van der Hulst, Director

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2. EDUCATION

Astronomy Students and Curriculum The number of students enrolled in the Kapteyn Institute astronomy education has for years been remarkably constant, around 50, but is now possibly climbing. As of Dec. 31, 2007 the Kapteyn Institute hosted 56 students. The percentage of women is definitely climbing. Whereas this percentage has always been 5–6%, as of Dec. 31 2007 that figure is 19%! With respect to the astronomy curriculum, the following should be noted:

• The astronomy curriculum is well fitted to the qualifications defined up-front, which in turn are based on the mission of Dutch astronomy: providing the best possible education (at international standards). • Local, national and international evaluations find the Groningen astronomy curriculum to be very good. The same can be said of the curricula elsewhere in the Netherlands. • Groningen students in general find good jobs, in- and outside astronomy. • Given that the “rendementen” are not optimal (too many students take too long to obtain their degrees), the study would benefit from a somewhat more structured approach.

Examinations The following examinations were taken in 2007:

Propedeuse: Niels Martens, Sam Nierop Bachelor: Jeffrey Bout, Tessel van der Laan, Anneke Praagman Master/ Jacob van Bethlehem, Else Starkenburg, Michela Romanini, Matthijs van Doctoraal: der Wiel

Innovation Lucia van der Voort took up the position of Institute Manager. Together with (part-time) education coordinator Frank van Steenwijk she will be involved with education-related as well as outreach events. Incoming first year students took the new Flexible Bachelor system of the Faculty for the second time, following its introduction in 2006. This system offers a major of 150 European Credits and a minor of 30 EC. The first semester is taught to the combined population of all incoming Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, and Astronomy students. Evaluation of this combined first semester indicated positive and negative points. The math level of the incoming students is a particular reason for concern, as well as the overall positioning of astronomy within the first semester curriculum. Both the Faculty and the ONT∗ Board are aware of the shortcomings of the new system, and will closely monitor further developments. A nation-wide evaluation of all Astronomy and Physics education by the QANU took place: Groningen scored well, but not better or worse than other universities. The overall structure of the Kapteyn Institute education will be focus of attention in the coming year. The education in general is believed to benefit from more intense staff interaction.

∗ Opleidingsinstituut Natuurwetenschappen en Technology, encompassing Astronomy, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, and Technical Physics. 5 A new Education room was established in the Kapteyn Institute, offering multi-media equipment for the teacher as well as 24 PC's for the individual students.

Lectures In 2007 the following lectures were given:

2nd semester courses 2006/2007: The Evolving Universe M.A.W. Verheijen Astrophysics A S. Zaroubi Mathematics 1 for Technology Management J.M. van der Hulst Galaxies P.C. van der Kruit Dynamics of Galaxies P.C. van der Kruit Large Scale Structure of the Universe M.A.M. van de Weygaert Statistical Methods R. Shipman Applied Signal Processing R.F. Peletier 1st semester courses 2007/2008: Quantum and Cosmos M.C. Spaans Advanced Computer Techniques M.G.R. Vogelaar Observing Techniques S.C. Trager Cosmology M.A.M. van de Weygaert Physics of Stars P.D. Barthel Astrophysics B S. Zaroubi High Energy Astrophysics R.H. Sanders Astronomical Space Missions P.R. Wesselius

In Utrecht, interuniversity lectures were given during the first months of 2007 on the theme “Extrasolar planets and Astrobiology”.

Computer course In close cooperation with system/software management, a new computer course was developed called Introduction to Programming and Computational Methods. It is a combination of a short introductory course in Unix/Linux, followed by an introduction to Python. With these basic skills, the students get acquainted with computational methods using practical examples from astronomy. To prepare this course we started major software and documentation update for EFIDAD, the institute’s Python based platform for software development.

New Computer cluster The computer cluster on the third floor was too small to host more than 15 students (e.g. the practical course for 'Brede Bachelor' students) and it was not suited for workshops and other meetings where a number of computers are involved. Therefore the computer group proposed to move the old cluster to a new room to be built in the old library. Just before the end of the year a computer room was delivered with new furniture, 18 PC's with Linux (CentOS 5) for students, a beamer with interactive white board, and a UWP machine connected to the beamer and a Linux data server. A 'teacher's' PC connected to the wide screen television has been installed with software to display and take over the screens of other computers. This makes the new cluster attractive for a range of activities. In the evening and in the weekends, the computers can be used as a computing cluster for research purposes, e.g. to run parallel jobs for data processing. Each machine has a dual core cpu and 3 Gb internal memory.

6 Ocasys: A new database and web application was introduced at university level for overview and description of courses. As a consequence of this, it was decided to give up our educational database that we used to generate course information on the web and which also served as a base for our own modest but flexible digital learning environment. The new product (Ocasys) lacks the important option to select courses per educational unit. The computer group wrote an HTML parser to extract courses from Ocasys which are only given by the Kapteyn Institute.

Special Events A team of staff and students submitted a science communication project "Discovering the invisible Universe" for the national Academische Jaarprijs contest, in coordination with Faculty staff working within the ScienceLinX outreach program. Staff member Trager traveled to the La Palma observatory with 3rd-year students and took the winner of the national Astro-Olympiade for high school students along. An application to purchase a 40cm telescope for Outreach and Education was accepted by the Gratama Foundation: this telescope will be mounted in the observatory on the roof of the new Bernoulliborg and will be called the "Blaauw-telescope".

Outreach Kapteyn Institute staff members are spending an increasing amount of their time on education (mostly secondary schools) and outreach, including lectures given in the Discovery Truck. Barthel was involved with the production of the e-learning game Kids-in-Space, educating elementary school children in the fields of astronomy and space science. Hundreds of Kids-CDROMs were distributed to elementary schools; the game is moreover on-line, at www.kidsinspace.nl. Verdoes made his successful Black Hole website available through the astronomie.nl website. A very successful Astronomy Masterclass for advanced secondary school students was organized by staff member Boomsma supported by secretary Alberts. This class consisted of three days lectures, practical work, and site visits (WSRT, Dwingeloo, LOFAR), during the school spring break (end of February). Barthel continues to be the Rector of the University Academy for Secondary School Students; as such he is involved in the planning of lectures and other activities for these students. Introductory astronomy courses were offered to so-called Technasia (Groningen and Zwolle).

Barthel is also spending an increasing amount of his time on education and outreach. Several projects for schools and the general public were carried out. Barthel continues to be member of a (national) committee (Nina, nieuwe Natuurkunde) revising the Dutch high school physics curriculum. He is member of a core team designing hard- and software for basic Nature education in the Dutch primary school system. This project received substantial support from the Dutch Ministry of Education. He was also involved in the design of an educational astronomy game for elementary school children which appeared in 2007.

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3. RESEARCH

3.1 Introduction

This annual report is not meant to be all-inclusive but rather to give a flavour of a few main areas of research at the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, partly in collaboration with staff at the Low Energy Astrophysics Division of SRON and staff at the ASTRON Institute in Dwingeloo. These areas broadly cover the physics of the interstellar medium and star formation, the structure, dynamics and evolution of galaxies and studies of the very early universe, including the formation of large scale structure. In addition there are several instrumentation or instrumentation–related developments: the design of cartridges for the highest frequency band (band-9) of the Atacama Large Millimetre Array, sponsored by NOVA and ESO and carried out in collaboration with SRON, the NOVA and EU sponsored activities in the area of astronomical data management (OmegaCEN/AstroWise) and activities in collaboration with ASTRON and LOFAR (Low Frequency Array) in the area of calibration and image processing of LOFAR data, concentrating on the efforts to detect the extremely weak signals from the Epoch of Reionization, when the first radiating objects (stars, quasars) start reionizing the neutral hydrogen which fills the early universe.

3.2 Circumstellar Matter, Interstellar Medium and Star Formation

Water in the ISM

Poelman has continued and finished (October, 2007) his PhD project under the supervision of Spaans. It involves creating a state-of-the-art 3D radiative transfer code to analyze and interpret existing observations of H2O in different environments, and to make predictions for the intensities of submillimeter lines to be observed with the HIFI instrument on board of the Herschel telescope. Poelman and van der Tak (SRON) investigated the diagnostic value of specific water transitions in the high-mass star-forming region AFGL2591. For this, they run two- dimensional models by means of a multi-zone escape probability method (see Poelman & Spaans, 2005 & 2006). They found that the low-lying transitions are more sensitive to outflow features, and represent the excitation conditions in the outer regions. High-lying transitions are more sensitive to the adopted density and temperature distribution which probe the inner excitation conditions. The Herschel mission will thus be very helpful to constrain the physical and chemical structure of high-mass star-forming regions such as AFGL2591. Water is one of most important molecules in the universe. It has great diagnostic merit and strongly influences the thermal balance, and hence evolution, of star-forming molecular clouds. In anticipation of the upcoming Herschel mission with onboard the HIFI spectrometer Poelman (now at St. Andrews) and Spaans, together with Tielens (NASA/Ames), investi- gated the emission characteristics of various water lines emitted by dense, >105 cm-3, interstellar clouds. They found that extreme line trapping, together with dust pumping, causes one to underestimate the total column of water that is present along a line of sight. Hence, multiple line measurements of optically thin transitions are needed to disentangle radiative transfer and local excitation effects.

9 High and intermediate mass star formation

Van der Wiel, Spaans and van der Tak (SRON) began analysis of the first data from the Spectral Legacy Survey (SLS), using the sixteen pixel HARP-B instrument on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (Hawaii). The SLS covers the frequency range between 332 and 373 GHz. Van der Wiel focussed on the high-mass star forming regions AFGL 2591 and IRAS 20126 covered by the SLS. The primary goals were to compile an inventory of molecular rotational lines, including information regarding spatial extent of the emission, velocities, line widths and line intensities. Additional molecular line data in the 500 to 2000 GHz regime will be obtained with HIFI on board the Herschel Space Observatory, to be launched in late 2008. The aim is to use chemical tracers to understand physical conditions and processes in regions of high-mass star formation. In addition, Van der Wiel completed the analysis of Spitzer Space Telescope mid-infrared imaging of the infrared dark cloud MSXDC G048.65-00.29. This analysis shows that the cloud hosts about a dozen mid-infrared sources that can be classified as intermediate-mass

(~1–8 M ) stars in an early evolutionary phase.

Planet formation around low and intermediate mass stars

Boersma, working with Tielens and Waters (Univ. of Amsterdam) studies dusty disks, the site of ongoing planet formation, around low and intermediate mass protostars, Herbig Ae/Be. The focus was on studying the molecular properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs); large molecules of many fused aromatic rings, which radiate fluorescent lines upon the absorption of a single UV/visible photon. The fingerprints of these PAHs have been widely observed in many astronomical objects, specifically in regions of star formation. Boersma has constructed synthetic PAH spectra using quantum-chemical calculations, and used them to link molecular properties of the PAHs to specific emission characteristics. The constructed spectra were compared to interstellar PAH spectra in order to trace the composition of the interstellar PAH population and infer from it, e.g. the degree of ionization and the strength of the interstellar radiation field. This work was done in close collaboration with the astro-chemical group, directed by Allamandola (NASA/Ames) and especially C.W. Bauschlicher Jr., who provided the quantum-chemical calculations. Figure 1 shows the rich (IR) spectrum of a single PAH molecule and demonstrates the multi- tude of intriguing shapes PAH molecules can have. The interstellar PAH features near 3.3, 6.2, 7.6, 7.8, 8.6, 11.2 and 12.7 micron (3030, 1610, 1320, 1280, 1160, 890 and 790 cm-1), together with other, some more subtle, features are readily reproduced by this kind of theoretical PAH spectra.

The role of grains in the deuteration of H2

In astrophysical objects, many molecules are an excellent tool to probe the medium in which they are present. Some are used to trace dense regions, some to trace diffuse or ionized regions. While theoretical models tried to explain the presence of these molecules in the ISM, it appeared that gas phase chemistry alone could not explain the presence of many of these molecules, such as H2, the most abundant molecule of the Universe, as well as many complex molecules. Cazaux is investigating formation of the deuterated forms of H2 on dust grains. In the interstellar medium, deuterium is 2 × 10-5 times less abundant than hydrogen. In this case, small grains have great probabilities to possess no deuterium on their surface most of the time. In this case a stochastic approach has to be used to understand how D atoms associate to form molecules on dust grains. To understand the chemistry of deuterium

10 on interstellar dust grains, she developed a Monte Carlo simulation and followed the chemistry of HD and D2 as grain size decreases. The results are a very important issue for any model that describes the chemistry of the ISM, could explain the high degree of deuterium fractionation observed in protostellar environments.

Figure 1: Theoretical (IR) spectrum of the “snow flake” PAH from 2.5–10000 micron (4000–1 cm-1). Calculations have been performed by C.W. Bauschlicher Jr., NASA Ames Research Center.

Formation of planets around T-Tauri stars

Ormel, in collaboration with Cuzzi and Tielens, continued working on the topic of dust rimming and sticking of chondrules in protoplanetary disks. They found that chondrules (~mm-sized stony spherules) could stick to each other if they were enshrouded by a porous rim of micron-sized dust particles – just as is observed in pristine chondritic meteorites. They then investigated for which combination of physical parameters growth could be maximized: e.g., is growth to planetesimals possible? They found, however, that the presence of radial drift motions, caused by the friction particles experience with the gas moving at sub- Keplerian velocities prevented growth beyond decimeter or m-sizes. In calculating the chondrule-dust aggregation, Ormel and collaborators used a Monte Carlo code. The advantage of this code is that it enables modelling the internal structure and therefore to make the comparison with meteorite data. However, the drawback of Monte Carlo methods is their limited dynamic range: as the number of particles involved is limited it is impossible to follow particle distributions that span order-of-magnitude in size. Together with Spaans, Ormel made efforts to tackle this problem. They introduced an approximation – the grouping method – in which the less important (small) particles are considered as one unit, sharing the same structural parameters. They tested the new method against analytical coagulation formalisms, and they obtained a good correspondence even for orders-of-magnitude growth. The new method is particularly suited to tackle runaway coagulation models or population balance models (including fragmentation). Figure 2 shows these results.

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Figure 2: The runaway coagulation time (tR, essentially the time in which all the mass is transferred to the runaway particle) versus the number of particles (N) for the
coagulation kernels (or collision probabilities) (mi mj) with
= 2 (solid line) and
= 3 (dashed line). These are highly runaway kernels, meaning that if N  ∞ the runaway timescale goes to zero (instantaneous gelation). However, in any physical system N is always finite and we expect tR to decrease with increasing N. Malyskin & Goodman (2001) predict tR has a power-law dependence on the logarithm of N with exponent ≈1 -
. With the new Monte Carlo grouping method we are able to verify this trend until N = 10160 (Ormel & Spaans, submitted).

Massive molecular cloud cores

Frieswijk, Spaans and Shipman succesfully continued the search for massive dark clouds in the Outer Galaxy. Based on a CO analysis, they propose that about 90% of the red extended structures that are identified in the 2MASS data appear red due to foreground molecular clouds. A few hundred objects have CO associated at the far kinematic distance (>3 kpc) and are potentially the massive dark clouds they are looking for. Deep integration observations were requested for Object G111.8+0.58, using MIPS and IRAC onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope with the main aim to identify the mid-infrared extinction. The preliminary results show the unambiguous identification of the first Infrared Dark Cloud observed as such in the Outer Galaxy (see Figure 3). Moreover, star forming activity is presumably present in some of the dense cores, indicated by the IRAC 4.5 micron fuzzy emission (shock-indicator) and the clustering of Young Stellar Objects (see blow-ups).

Abundance determinations in planetary nebulae

Determinations of abundances in different planetary nebulae were made using infrared measurements made with the ISO satellite and the Spitzer satellite. They are of use in an

12 ongoing project to determine abundance gradients in the galaxy, a collaboration of Pottasch and Bernard-Salas (Cornell University). They made measurements of 11 planetary nebulae in the galactic bulge in order to see if the abundance gradient found in the disc of the galaxy extends to the galactic center region. This was found not to be the case. This research forms the thesis of Gutenkunst (Cornell University) and will be published in 2008. Models of several planetary nebulae have also been made, together with Surendiranath (Bangalore).

Figure 3: shows the 8 micron emission toward G111.80+0.58 the first Infrared Dark Cloud complex identified as such in the Outer Galactic Plane. The observations were conducted with the Infrared Camera Array (IRAC) onboard Spitzer. The contours represent the C18O emission from earlier results and match the extinction structures of the dark clouds. Positions P5, P8 and IRAS 23136+6111 are presented in false-colour close-up images and reveal possible star forming activity. The emission is from the four IRAC channels, i.e., 3.6 (blue), 4.5 (green), 5.8 (yellow) and 8 micron (red).

3.3 Structure, Dynamics and Evolution of Galaxies

Structure in the Milky Way halo

Y.-S. Li finished the project to analyze the substructure properties in the GAnew Milky Way- sized dark matter simulation carried out by Stoehr (IAP). She found the clustering of subhalos at the accretion epoch indicating group infall at the accretion epoch. The prensent- day angular momentum still reserves the clustering infall signals up to z ~ 1. This work also showed the group infall is a plausible mechanism to account for both the Ghostly streams (Lynden-Bell & Lynden-Bell, 1995) and the highly anisotropic satellite disk traced by the eleven classical MW satellites (see Li & Helmi, at http://arxiv.org/abs/0711.2429).

13 Li and White (MPA) finished the project of calibrating the classical “Timing Argument (TA)'' to estimate the masses for the Local Group (LG) and the Milky Way (MW). Combining the 12 modern observational data, the LG mass is estimated at ~5.27 × 10 M
, and the MW mass 12 to be ~2.43 × 10 M
. The lower limits to the masses with 95% confidence level for the LG is 12 12 1.81 × 10 M
and 0.80 × 10 M
for the MW. The relative transverse velocity of M31 is predicted in the model to be about 86 km s-1 (see http://arxiv.org/abs/0710.3740 for a preprint of Li & White.

The Radial Velocity Experiment (RAVE)

The RAVE collaboration (PI: Steinmetz (AIP, Germany); NL-PI: Helmi) has now measured spectra for over 200,000 stars. A subset of this data has been used in the past year to constrain the presence of infalling stellar streams through the local Galactic disk. Seabroke (Cambridge) and collaborators have found that there are no vertical streams in the RAVE sample with stellar densities >1.5 × 103 stars kpc-3. This is sufficiently sensitive to allow our RAVE sample to rule out the passing of the tidal stream of the disrupting Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy through the solar neighbourhood, supporting models in which the halo potential is prolate as proposed by Helmi (2004). Veltz (Strasbourg) and the RAVE team have analyzed the distribution of G and K type stars towards the Galactic poles using RAVE and ELODIE radial velocities, 2MASS photometric star counts, and UCAC2 proper motions. The combination of photometric and 3D kinematic data has allowed the identification of discontinuities in the kinematics and magnitude counts that separate the thin disk, thick disk and a hotter component. In particular, the existence of a kinematic gap between the thin and thick disk constrains formation models for these components, and rules out those in which the thick disk forms by a continuous process, such as scattering of stars by spiral arms or molecular clouds in the thin disk.

Dark-matter and numerical simulations in CDM

Vogelsberger (Max Planck institute for Astrophysics, MPA) in collaboration with White, Springel (MPA) and Helmi has developed a new technique for calculating the fine-grained phase-space structure of dark matter in the halo. This method is based on evaluating the geodesic deviation equation along the trajectories of individual DM particles. It has been implemented in the current state-of-the-art code GADGET-3, and demonstrated that N-body discreteness effects can be kept under control in realistic configurations. This work is fundamental to direct and indirect dark-matter detection experiments since it allows understanding the structure of the dark halo (e.g. number of streams, presence of caustics, etc.) on the scales relevant for these experiments. Ludlow (Victoria) in collaboration with the Virgo consortium (PI: White, MPA) and Helmi, have used numerical simulations to study the properties of substructure within galaxy-sized dark matter halos. They find that the population of subhalos extends beyond three times the virial radius and contains objects on extreme orbits, some of which are the result of multiple-body interactions acting during the tidal dissociation of bound groups. These findings imply that subhalos identified within the virial radius represent an incomplete census of the substructure physically related to a halo: only about one half of all associated subhalos are found today within the virial radius of a halo, and many relatively isolated halos may have actually been ejected from a more massive system.

14 The formation of thick disks

Villalobos, in his Ph.D. project supervised by Helmi has studied the formation process of thick disks in galaxies by means of numerical simulations. The goal is to establish the characteristics of thick disks obtained as a result of the accretion of a relatively massive satellite by a host disk galaxy. In this project, they focus on the global properties of thick disks, and how these depend on the initial orbital and intrinsic characteristics of the progenitor systems. They build upon previous work on the topic, while extending these to study the accretion process under more realistic initial conditions, such as, (i) the formation of thick disks is modeled at the present time and also at redshift ~1 (a likely formation epoch of the Galactic thick disk), by scaling the properties of the progenitors according to cosmological models; (ii) accretion of relatively massive satellites (10% or 20% mass ratios) are considered, embedded in dark-matter halos, and with stellar distributions that are initially either spherical (and on the fundamental plane of dE+dSphs galaxies) or disky; (iii) satellites are released much farther away from the host disk galaxy compared to previous studies, and their orbits are consistent with those of infalling substructures in cosmological simulations. Amongst the results they find that this kind of mergers lead to the formation of thick disks whose characteristics are similar, both in morphology as in kinematics, to the one observed in the Milky Way and also in other spiral galaxies. It is found that despite the relatively large mass ratios, the host disks are not fully destroyed by the infalling satellites but they are merely heated up and considerably tilted. While satellite particles end up distributed in thicker disk-like distributions (see Figure 4), final thick disks are noticeably flared. Final scale-heights of the disks depend on the initial inclination of the infalling satellite. Interestingly, the fraction of satellite particles at a given galactic radius as a function of distance from the midplane only depends on the mass ratio between the satellite and host galaxy, when normalized by the respective scale-height. A robust prediction of this formation scenario for the thick disk is 2 the presence of boxy contours at very low surface brightness levels (V ~ 28 mag/arcsec ). Kinematically, the velocity ellipsoids of the simulated thick disks are consistent with observations at the solar radius in the Galaxy. The ratio between the vertical and radial velocity dispersions, Z/R, as a function of galactic radius in the final thick disks is found to be a very good discriminant of the initial inclination of the decaying satellite. In the Milky Way, the possible existence of a vertical gradient in the rotational velocity of the thick disk as well as the observed Z/R at the solar vicinity appear in favour of the formation of the thick disk by a merger with either low or intermediate orbital inclination. A paper on this study is currently ready for submission.

Miller’s instability explained

During 2007 Helmi and Gómez finished their work on the study of the phase-space behaviour of initially nearby trajectories in integrable potentials. In this work they showed that the separation of nearby orbits initially diverges very fast, mimicking a nearly exponential behaviour, while at late times it grows linearly. This initial exponential phase, known as Miller's instability, is commonly found in N-body simulations, and has been attributed to short- term (microscopic) N-body chaos. However, they showed analytically that the initial divergence is simply due to the shape of an orbit in phase-space. This result confirms previous suspicious that this transient phenomenon is not related to an instability in the sense of non-integrable behaviour in the dynamics of N-body systems.

15

Figure 4: Relative distribution of satellite particles with respect to the total in the final thick disks as a function of distance from the midplane in units of the respective scale-height at the indicated galactic radius R. The symbols show the different distributions exploring prograde and retrograde orbits of the infalling spherical satellites with inclinations of 0, 30 and 60 degrees with respect to the host disk plane, and merger mass ratios of 10% (half mass) and 20%. The figure indicates that the relative distribution only depends on the merger mass ratio. This behaviour does not depend either on the formation redshift of thick disks or on the stellar morphology of the satellite and it is present at every galactic radius except in the outskirts where mostly satellite particles are deposited.

Nearby Dwarf Galaxies

Tolstoy has continued her work on galaxy formation and evolution with particular interest in the resolved stellar populations of nearby dwarf galaxies. She continues to work with the VLT to gather stellar spectroscopy of individual stars in nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxies, predominantly following up on the DART program. The DART project involves Helmi, Letarte, Battaglia and a group of international collaborators, including Hill, Babusiaux and Francois (Paris-Meudon); Irwin (Cambridge); Shetrone (HET, Texas); Venn (U. Vic); Jablonka (Lausanne); Primas, Kaufer and Szeifert (ESO); Arimoto (NOAJ). During 2007 a Masters student from the University of Bologna, Parisi, came to work in Groningen with Battaglia and Tolstoy on his Master thesis using DART data. He completed his Masters thesis in September on the kinematic and metalicity properties of the Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal and graduated in October. A number of papers have been published or prepared for publication during this year, mostly associated to the Phd theses obtained in 2007 of Letarte (now at Caltech) and Battgalia (now at ESO Garching). Funded by the VICI

16 grant two new Phd students de Boer and Starkenburg have begun working on projects related to DART in Groningen. Tolstoy also continued her work on the analysis of Colour-Magnitude diagrams from HST data with, among others, Cole (Minnesota/Tasmania); Skillman and Hildago (Minnesota); Saha and Dolphin (NOAO); Gallart and Aparicio (IAC). A study was published of nearby dwarf galaxy Leo A based on deep ACS imaging with HST. This was a project that was started during the time that Cole was a NOVA Fellow in Groningen. They were able to determine the star formation history of the Leo A dwarf galaxies back to the earliest times based on main sequence turnoff photometry. These accurate star formation histories allow us to speculate on the relationship to large-scale processes occurring in the early Universe, including the Epoch of Reionisation. It is possible that they are able to see the effects of reionisation on the star formation of these small systems. After a very early start it seems that star formation stops in these systems, perhaps due to increased ionizing radiation, only resuming again when levels fell sufficiently 6–8 Gyr ago.

Tolstoy worked with Mapelli (Zurich), Ripamonti (Groningen), Irwin (Cambridge) on a study of blue stragglers in dwarf spheroidal galaxies. Using Imaging data coming from the INT/WFC for two dwarf spheroidals, Draco and Ursa Minor. The aim was to determine if the presence of small numbers of blue stars above the oldest main sequence turnoffs are bona fide blue stragglers or represent very low levels of star formation. From comparison with globular clusters, the spatial distribution of these stars was determined to be more similar to blue stragglers than to a younger population.

Using her VICI grant, which started this year, Tolstoy has begun a new large project to develop techniques and methods to observe resolved stellar populations in the infrared with Adaptive Optics. This involves the careful study of nearby, resolved stars in globular clusters. Fiorentino has begun working as a postdoc in Groningen on this project. In addition there is a collaboration with several people from Bologna Observatory, namely Tosi, Diolaiti, Bellazini, Orglia. In addition this project involves collaboration with the ELT project office at ESO, namely Liske and Gilmozzi. This work is being done partly to help define the resolved stellar populations science case for a European Extremely Large Telescope.

Chemistry and kinematics of stars in Local Group galaxies

Battaglia completed her PhD thesis on "Chemistry and kinematics of stars in Local Group galaxies", supervised by Tolstoy and Helmi, and in collaboration with the Dwarf galaxies Abundances and Radial velocities Team (DART). Large part of the project focused on two Milky Way satellites, the Sculptor and Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxies, with the aim of understanding their properties in terms of their metallicity distribution, kinematic status and dark matter content. Battaglia and collaborators showed that low-resolution CaII triplet (CaT) spectroscopic estimates of the overall metallicity ([Fe/H]) of individual red giant branch (RGB) stars in the Sculptor and Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) agree to ±0.1–0.2 dex with detailed high-resolution spectroscopic determinations for the same stars over the range –2.5 < [Fe/H] < –0.5. This has implications on the efficiency with which one can derive metallicity distribution functions for nearby resolved galaxies, as CaT metallicities for ~120 stars observed at low spectral resolution can be obtained in just one hour observing time at VLT/FLAMES, whilst at high-resolution ~6 nights observing time are needed. In addition, Battaglia explored the kinematic status of the Sculptor dSph. No obvious signs of tidal disruption were found and for the first time, the presence of a statistically significant velocity gradient in a dSph was seen, likely due to actual rotation of this galaxy. This discovery has been possible thanks to the large spatial coverage of the galaxy, large number statistics and high accuracy of the velocity measurements. Battaglia also carried out an

17 accurate mass modeling of the Sculptor dSph, finding that the best-fitting dark matter profile 8 is a cored profile with core radius of 0.5 kpc and a mass within 1.8 kpc of 3.4 × 10 M
.

The SAURON project

Peletier and Ganda continued their SAURON-study of nearby ellipticals and spiral galaxies in collaboration with the SAURON team, a collaboration of researchers from the UK, France and the Netherlands. In 2007 three papers were published in the main SAURON series. Emsellem et al. (Paper IX) shows that early-type galaxies appear in two broad flavours, depending on whether they exhibit clear large-scale rotation or not. Slow and fast rotators are shown to be physically distinct classes of galaxies, a result which cannot simply be the consequence of a biased viewing angle. Fast rotators tend to be relatively low-luminosity galaxies with MB ≤ –20.5. Slow rotators tend to be brighter and more massive galaxies, but are still spread over a wide range of absolute magnitude. In Paper X (Cappellari et al.) investigated the orbital distribution of early-type galaxies. They presented an anisotropy diagram, which relates the ratio of the ordered and random motion in a galaxy (V/) to its observed ellipticity (). For a subsample of 24 galaxies consistent with axisymmetry, they used three-integral axisymmetric Schwarzschild dynamical models to recover the detailed orbital distribution, and they found good agreement with the anisotropy derived from the V/ –  diagram. In Paper XI Peletier et al. analyzed absorption-line strength maps of a sample of 24 representative early-type (Sa) spiral galaxies. The absorption-line maps show that many galaxies contain some younger populations (≥1 Gyr), distributed in small or large inner discs, or in circumnuclear star-forming rings. In many cases these young stars are formed in circumnuclear ministarbursts, which are dominating the light in the centers of some of the early-type spirals. The observations can be understood if the central regions of Sa galaxies contain at least two components: a thin, disc-like component, often containing recent star formation, and another, elliptical-like component, consisting of old stars and rotating more slowly, dominating the light above the plane. These components together form the photo- metrically defined bulge, in the same way as the thin and the thick disc co-exist in the solar neighbourhood.

Ganda finished her PhD project, supervised by Peletier and dedicated to the study of the kinematics and stellar populations of a sample of 18 spiral galaxies of type Sb to Sd, for which she had previously collected two-dimensional spectra using SAURON, an integral-field spectrograph working in the spectral range 4800–5300 angstrom and therefore allowing the measurement of the Lick indices H, Fe5015 and Mgb, together with the kinematics of both the stars and the gas. By comparing line strengths with population models, she estimated the SSP-equivalent parameters and also the time-scale of the star formation history, in a scenario where the star formation declines exponentially with time. The results of this work (Ganda et al. 2007, MNRAS, 380, 506) confirm the fact that, in general, late-type spiral galaxies are younger and more metal-poor than ellipticals and lenticulars. Ganda also showed that, at least in her sample, the time-scale of star formation is related to the velocity dispersion of the galaxy: bigger galaxies tend to have formed their stars in a SSP-like instantaneous burst, while smaller, lower dispersion galaxies tend to have a star formation history more spread over time. Ganda also worked on the photometry of her galaxies, performing a bulge-disc decomposition using archive NIR images. She found that the bulges of her objects, generally small, are described by a Sersic n in the range 0.7–3. Studying the relations between the parameters of the decomposition and other properties, she found that the structure of the galaxy bulge is related to the bulge mass and to the velocity dispersion. The data seem to support a scenario where young bulges that formed from disc material via secular evolution have exponential profiles, and n increases as they evolve. From her photometric study, she also showed that in most cases (16 over 18, in agreement with the statistics quoted by other authors) in the innermost region the galaxy's light exceeds the total

18 exponential + Sersic fit, indicating the presence of a central component, in many cases a nuclear star cluster.

The Planetary Nebula Spectrograph (PN.S)

The PN.S, now in its seventh year of operation, aims to determine the mass distribution of elliptical galaxies. This information can be used to investigate the mass distribution including the dark matter halo, and other structures which might give clues as to the formation of elliptical galaxies. As the name of the instrument implies, it makes use of the ubiquitous planetary nebulae as kinematic tracers, a tool which is especially efficient in the outer parts of galaxies. Complete modeling however requires stellar kinematics supplied by Sauron data or our own (usually VLT) spectroscopy. The PN.S team (Douglas and collaborators) had a successful observing run at La Palma in February (9 nights). In 2007 they commenced the analysis of four galaxies (NGC 5846, 821, 4697, and 4494) from a "core sample" of 12. These will be analyzed in the same way NGC 3379, described in the 2006 annual report. The survey is necessary to have results for galaxies with a range of viewing angles. In 2007 Coccato completed his Post-Doc position and moved to the MPE (Garching) in the team of Gerhard, where he remains an active member of the PN.S consortium. During 2007 work also continued on the H camera, an add-on facility to the PN.S. The idea of the camera is to provide a direct image to complement the two dispersed images in O[III]. This will provide redundancy in the position/velocity solution and will help in calibration as well as in the elimination of unresolved background objects. Finally, the extra camera will also provide valuable photometry of all galaxies studied. The ElectronX company completely reworked the controller which, as reported earlier, had been damaged in transit. Douglas and a technician from ElectronX went to La Palma in October and successfully installed the controller on the PN.S, testing simultaneous operation of all three cameras. In December 2007 they obtained first-light images in the three cameras simultaneously (Figure 5).

Figure 5: The image shown is a processed, 10 minute H-alpha exposure of NGC891, an edge-on spiral galaxy displaying profound dust features.

19 The Disk Mass project

Verheijen continued his research project with Bershady and Westfall (UW, Madison), Swaters (UMD, College Park) and Andersen (NRC-HIA, Victoria). On March 1, 2007, Martinsson joined the project as a PhD student at the Kapteyn Institute, funded by NOVA. The main goal of this project is to measure the vertical velocity dispersions of stars in the disks of 40 nearly face-on spiral galaxies using two custom-built fiber-based Integral Field Units. From this kinematic information, the mass surface densities and mass-to-light ratios of the galaxy disks can be derived and the disk-halo degeneracy in the decomposition of galaxy rotation curves can be broken. H velocity fields of some 135 nearly face-on galaxies have been obtained and are currently being analyzed. Optical and near-infrared imaging of these 135 galaxies is ~95% complete. Observations of the stellar velocity dispersions in the MgIb region of the spectrum of 40 galaxies have been completed, using the SparsePak and P-Pak IFUs. Imaging with Spitzer at 4.5, 8, 24, and 70 microns is also completed while HI imaging of these 40 galaxies with the WSRT and the GMRT is still in progress. Martinsson is reducing and analyzing the data from P-Pak and the HI data. Initial results indicate that local mass surface density follows local surface brightness regardless of the disk central surface bright- ness of the galaxy, with high surface brightness galaxies being close to a maximum disk situation and low surface brightness galaxies being significantly sub-maximum. Dependencies on global properties such as total mass, colour, morphology, disk scale length etc are being explored.

Secular evolution of bars and bulges

Pérez, Sánchez-Blázquez (Central Lancashire, UK) and Zurita (Granada University, Spain) study the stellar content of the bar region in spiral galaxies to constrain its formation and evolution. They use stellar line-strength indices in the bar region of a sample of 20 barred galaxies to derive age and metallicity gradients along the bars using stellar population models. They find that some galaxies show a positive radial bar metallicity gradient, implying that there has been a chemical enrichment and that the star formation has lasted for a long time. This indicates that some bars are long lived. The radial negative metallicity gradient found along the bar of some of the galaxies possibly reflects the original disk gradient. The metallicity gradient seems to be correlated with the central stellar velocity dispersion, with positive metallicity gradient being found in galaxies with higher central velocity dispersion. Pérez and collaborators furthermore analyzed the effect of using 2D and a 3D codes in calculating the gas flow in barred galaxies and to what extent the results are affected by the code. To do this, they derived the velocity field and density maps for the mass model of NGC 4123 using a 3D N-body/SPH code and compare the results to the previous 2D Eulerian grid code results. The global velocity field and the gas distribution are very similar in both models. The study shows that the position and strength of the shocks developed in the SPH simulations do not vary significantly compared to the results derived from the 2D FS2 code. The largest velocity difference across the shock is 20 km s-1 between the 2D and 3D fluid dynamical models. The results, when deriving the dark matter content of barred galaxies using the bar-streaming motions and strength and position of shocks, are robust to the fluid dynamical model used. So the effects of 2D and 3D modeling can be neglected in this type of study.

Galaxy Bulges

Peletier continued with his work to study the structure, kinematics and stellar populations of galactic bulges. In two papers with Balcells (IAC) and Graham (Swinburne University) they study in detail near-IR surface brightness profiles of a sample of nearby early to

20 intermediate-type galactic bulges, obtained with HST and ground-based telescopes. Their main result is that they find central star clusters in 58% of the sample, with luminosities that scale with the bulge luminosity of the host galaxy. Putting this together with the relation between central black hole and bulge luminosity by Ferrarese et al., this implies a relation between the luminosity of the nuclear cluster and the mass of the central object. Their work also shows that another 32% of the galaxies show evidence for resolved nuclear components such as nuclear disks. When analyzing the global properties of bulges and disks the group finds that the photometric properties of both bulges and disk correlate with bulge luminosity and central velocity dispersion, and not with, e.g., Hubble type. The lack of significant correlations between bulge parameters such as size, luminosity and density, with disk luminosity remains a serious challenge for secular evolution models of disk growth. In the process of making new, high quality stellar population models for galaxies Peletier and co-workers (Sánchez-Blázquez (Central Lancashire), Cenarro and Vazdekis (IAC, Tenerife), Falcón-Barroso (Estec), Gorgas and Cardiel (Madrid) and others) have developed the MILES stellar library, a library of spectra from 3500–7500 Å consisting of 985 stars with a large range in stellar parameters, and with a resolution of 2.3 Å (Sánchez-Blázquez et al. 2006). This year a second paper was published, containing a homogeneous set of stellar parameters Teff, log g and [Fe/H]. The atmospheric parameters were obtained from an extensive literature compilation, in which the parameters from the individual papers were calibrated and bootstrapped onto the standard reference system of Soubiran, Katz & Cayrel (2001). The paper also contains a number of cluster stars, the parameters of which were revised and updated according to recent metallicity scales, colour-temperature relations, and an improved set of isochrones. Jesseit, Naab, Burkert (all Sternwarte, Munich) and Peletier made a 2-dimensional kinematic analysis for a sample of simulated binary disk merger remnants with mass ratios 1:1 and 3:1. A multitude of phenomena, also observed in real galaxies, are found in the simulations. These include misaligned rotation, embedded disks, gas rings, counter-rotating cores and kinematically misaligned disks. The effects of including gas in the merger are shown as well. It is found that kinematically peculiar subsystems are preferably formed in equal-mass mergers. The inclusion of gas makes the remnants appear more round (1:1) and axisymmetric (3:1). Counter-rotating cores are almost exclusively formed in equal-mass mergers with a dissipational component. The simulations are compared with real observations from SAURON using kinemetry, as developed by Krajnovíc et al.

Stellar populations of early-type galaxies

Trager, Faber (U. of California, Santa Cruz) and Dressler (Carnegie Observatories) studied the stellar populations of early-type galaxies in the Coma Cluster and found strong evidence for galaxies that are "too young", suggesting very recent star formation in these galaxies. Serra and Trager have examined in detail the impact of composite (multiple) stellar populations in the spectra of galaxies on their interpretation in the context of their stellar population models (Serra & Trager 2007). Serra and Trager are also collaborating with van der Hulst, Oosterloo and Morganti (ASTRON, Dwingeloo), van Gorkom (Columbia U., New York), and Sadler (Sydney) to probe the stellar populations, ionized gas properties, and neutral hydrogen gas (HI) content and kinematics in elliptical and lenticular galaxies selected to be gas-rich to understand the formation of these galaxies. It is clear that a careful comparison of gas and stellar properties allows for deep insight into the formation processes and time-scales of galaxy formation. Serra has recently completed analysis of a sample of roughly 20 gas-rich and 20 gas-poor galaxies with similar data to understand the formation and evolution of local spheroidal galaxies. He finds that the absence of HI gas in low-mass galaxies is often accompanied by age gradients, such that their centers are younger than

21 their outer parts. This finding suggests that these galaxies have been rejuvenated by the accretion of gas, likely in a merger.

Arrigoni, Sommerville (MPIA, Heidelberg), and Trager have been studying the properties of early-type galaxies in hierarchical galaxy formation models, with one eye towards understanding the results of stellar population analysis (Trager & Somerville) and another towards including detailed chemical evolutions models (Arrigoni et al.). After introducing the chemical evolution equations in a consistent way (which include enrichment by AGB stars, SNe II and Sne Ia), they can now follow the evolution of the mass-weighted abundances of several different elements for the gas and stars in the galaxies, as well as the intra-cluster gas. When compared with observations, the first results show the right trend for the scaling of [Z/H] vs. circular velocity, but the relation between [/Fe] and circular velocity is too flat, suggesting that either the treatment of the star formation is not entirely correct or that a non- standard IMF might be needed.

Monachesi, Lauer (NOAO, USA), Freedman and Dressler, and Grillmair (Spitzer Science Center, USA) are analyzing the colour-magnitude diagram of the nearest elliptical galaxy, M32, taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. They are attempting to derive its star formation history and learning interesting things about its stellar population and that of its host, M31.

Dark matter inferred from extended rotation curves

Bottema and Pestana (Univ. de Jaen, Spain) investigated the distribution and amount of dark and luminous matter in spiral galaxies. To that aim a sample of 12 galaxies, most with accurate distances and high quality rotation curves has been composed of which the luminosities are distributed regularly over a range spanning more than 2.5 orders of magnitude. It appears that the rotation curves can be well matched using a decomposition adopting a maximum disc contribution with an isothermal dark matter halo, yet an uncomfortably large range of mass-to-light ratios for the luminous components of the individual galaxies is required. For the alternative gravitational theory of MOND, the rotation curves can be explained reasonably well, but only if the fundamental parameter associated with MOND is allowed as a free parameter. When that parameter is fixed it is not possible to achieve agreement between the predicted and observed rotation curves for all the galaxies; not even when the distances to the galaxies are stretched to their most favourable limits. When cosmologically motivated NFW dark matter halos are assumed, the rotation curves for the least massive galaxies can, by no means, be reproduced. In addition, for the majority of the galaxies the rotational contribution of the luminous components is forced to an unrealistically low value. Finally, decompositions have been made for a universal M/L ratio. For that, the light of each galactic disc and bulge has been corrected for extinction and has been scaled by the effect of stellar population as determined from the observed colour. This scheme can, with considerable success, explain the observed rotation curves. Properties of the resulting dark matter halos are described and a ratio between dark and baryonic mass of ~9 for the least, and of ~5, for the most luminous galaxies has been determined, at the outermost measured rotation.

Truncations of stellar disks and models for their origin

Van der Kruit prepared a review of observations of truncations of stellar disks and models for their origin for the Vatican Conference in October. For this he did a comparative study of the existing observations of truncations in moderately inclined galaxies and those in edge-on systems. In preparation for this he also studied the relation between truncations and HI-

22 warps and their systematics and origin. He found the following: Truncations are a common feature in edge-on stellar disks, but the relation of truncations in face-on to those in edge-on galaxies needs further clarification. The origin of truncations is most likely related to a maximum in the specific angular momentum in the material that formed the stellar disks, but this model does probably require some redistribution of angular momentum. HI-warps start just beyond the truncation radius and disks and warps appear distinct components. This suggests that inner disks form initially and settle as rigid, very flat structures, while HI-warps result from later infall of gas with a different orientation of the angular momentum.

Shell galaxies

Sikkema, del Burgo (Dublin) and Carter (Liverpool) finished their study of shells and dust in the shell galaxy NGC 5982. Using Spitzer data, they managed to detect shells in the mid- infrared for the first time in a (shell) galaxy. For a large shell on the minor axis of the galaxy, a blue mid-infrared colour was measured; together with the slightly blue V-I colour derived from HST ACS optical data (Sikkema et al., 2007) this points to a relative young age for this shell. The distribution of dust, warm gas and HI gas, together with the presence of shells and a kinematically decoupled core suggest a minor merger in NGC 5982.

Sikkema continued to work on the ASTRO_WISE pilot survey, which involves wide field imaging in the V and I band, covering 4 square degree which contains 4 Abell cluster near z = 0.11. The goal is to analyze environmental dependent properties of galaxies. A catalog with some 20 photometric properties for 4451 galaxies has been constructed. For most galaxies up to I = 17.8, redshift data is available, the majority taken from the 2dfGRS survey. For three clusters, XMM, -Newton X-ray data are available up to 1 cluster virial radius and they can compare the galaxy properties as a function of X-ray temperature as well. Prelimi- nary results on the analysis of the presence of bars and truncations in disk dominated galaxies suggest: – Bars occur at similar frequencies in field regions and high density regions. There may be a tendency that bars are larger and more frequent at redshift z = 0.1 w.r.t. to local disk galaxies. This is in contradiction with results of Yogee (2006) but is in agreement with results of Sheth et al. (2007). – For the first time, truncations in disk galaxies in a continuous area were studied at such a large redshift (z = 0.11±0.02). They find similar amounts of truncations in low density regions and in high density regions. Truncations in high density regions tend to be stronger: i.e. a larger change in slope of the surface brightness near the break radius is observed in high density regions.

3D structure of galaxies

Pohlen, Zaroubi, Peletier and Dettmar (Bochum) have published a paper entitled: "On the 3 dimensional structure of edge-on disk galaxies". In this paper they employed a simple algorithm to deproject the two dimensional images of a pilot sample of 12 high-quality images of edge-on disk galaxies and to study their intrinsic 3 dimensional stellar distribution. They examine the radial profiles of the stars as a function of height above the plane and report a general trend within our sample of an increasing radial scale length with height outside of the dust lane. In addition, the 3-dimensional view allows the study of the vertical distribution of the outer disk, beyond the break region, where they detect a significant increase in scale length with vertical distance from the major axis for the truncated disks (MNRAS2007, MNRAS, 378, 594).

23 Giant Molecular Clouds in M81

Heiner and collaborators (van der Kruit, Allen (STScI, Baltimore), Emonts (Columbia University)) studied HI features near young star clusters in M81 which are identified as the photodissociated surfaces of Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs) from which young stars have recently formed. The HI column densities of these features show a weak trend, from undetectable values inside R = 3.7 kpc and increasing rapidly to values around 3 × 1021 cm−2 near R ~ 7.5 kpc. This trend is similar to that of the radially-averaged HI distribution in this galaxy, and implies a constant area covering factor of ~0.21 for GMCs throughout M81. A simple equilibrium model of the photodissociation-reformation process connects the observed values of the incident UV flux, the HI column density, and the relative dust content, permitting an independent estimate to be made of the total gas density in the GMC. Within the GMC this gas will be predominantly molecular hydrogen. Volume densities of 1 < n < 200 cm−3 are derived, with a geometric mean of 17 cm−3. These values are similar to the densities of GMCs in the Galaxy, but somewhat lower than those found earlier for M101 with similar methods. Low values of molecular density in the GMCs of M81 will result in low levels of collisional excitation of the CO(1-0) transition, and are consistent with the very low surface brightness of CO(1-0) emission observed in the disk of M81.

A dust component ~2 kpc above the plane in NGC 891

The halo of NGC 891 has been the subject of studies for more than a decade. One of its most striking features is the large asymmetry in H emission. Kamphuis, Holwerda (STScI), Allen (STScI), Peletier, and van der Kruit suggest that NGC 891 is intrinsically almost symmetric and that the large asymmetry in H emission is mostly due to dust attenuation. By comparing large strips on the North East side of the galaxy with strips covering the same area in the South West they quantify and analyze the asymmetry in the different wavelengths. From the 24 m emission they find that the intrinsic asymmetry in star formation in NGC 891 is small i.e., ~30%. The additional asymmetry in H is modeled as additional symmetric dust attenuation which extends up to ~40 arcsec (1.9 kpc) above the plane of the galaxy with a mid-plane value of = 0.8 and a scale height of 0.5 kpc.

Cold gas accretion in galaxies

Sancisi, van der Hulst, Oosterloo and Fraternali finished a comprehensive review of HI accretion phenomena in nearby galaxies. They describe how HI observations of galaxies and their environment have brought to light new facts and phenomena which are evidence of ongoing or recent accretion: 1) A large number of galaxies are accompanied by gas-rich dwarfs or are surrounded by HI cloud complexes, tails and filaments. This suggests ongoing minor mergers and recent arrival of external gas and may be regarded as direct evidence of cold gas accretion in the local universe. It is probably the same kind of phenomenon of material infall as the stellar streams observed in the halos of our galaxy and M31. 2) Considerable amounts of extra-planar HI have been found in nearby spiral galaxies. While a large fraction of this gas is undoubtedly produced by galactic fountains, it is likely that a part of it is of extragalactic origin. Also the Milky Way has extra-planar gas complexes: the Intermediate- and High-Velocity Clouds (IVCs and HVCs). 3) Spirals are known to have extended and warped outer layers of HI. It is not clear how these have formed, and how and for how long the warps can be sustained. Gas infall has been proposed as the origin. 4) The majority of galactic disks are lopsided in their morphology as well as in their kinematics. Also here recent accretion has been advocated as a possible cause. In our view, accretion takes place both through the arrival and merging of gas-rich satellites and through gas infall from the intergalactic medium (IGM). The new gas could be added to the halo or be deposited in

24 the outer parts of galaxies and form reservoirs for replenishing the inner parts and feeding star formation. The infall may have observable effects on the disk such as bursts of star formation and lopsidedness. A mean “visible” accretion rate of cold gas in galaxies of at least

0.2 M yr-1 can be inferred. In order to reach the accretion rates needed to sustain the

-1 observed star formation (~1 M yr ), additional infall of large amounts of gas from the IGM seems to be required.

Square Kilometre Array Design Studies (SKADS)

The Square Kilometre Array Design Studies (SKADS) is a European effort to investigate and develop technologies which will enable us to build the next generation large radio telescope. The SKA will be able to detect and resolve galaxies in HI out to large redshifts. Part of SKADS is to simulate the radio sky and use this information to simulate SKA observations. Within this effort Boomsma and van der Hulst have developed a method to produce a library of high-resolution HI data-cubes for galaxies with a large range in properties to associate with the galaxies in the simulated radio sky developed in Oxford (Rawlings and collaborators). Parallel to the sky simulation, Boomsma has investigated simulation tech- niques for Focal Plane Arrays as are being developed at ASTRON for the WSRT in the Apertif project.

Molecular gas condition in galaxy centers

Pérez-Beaupuits is using different telescopes and instruments (CHAMP+ on APEX, VISIR on the VLT, IRAM 30m, OSO 20m, JCMT, PdBI, CARMA and ATCA) to observe several transition lines of high density tracers (HCN, HNC, CN, HCO+) in Seyfert galaxies (e.g. NGC 1068, NGC 3079), which since these sources host both, starburst and AGN activity, which are ideal scenarios where PDRs and XDRs are usually found. Several of these projects are in collaboration with Aalto (Onsala Space Observatory). Table 1 shows the observed line intensity ratios and Table 2 shows the line ratios between the HCN and HNC molecules. From these ratios we conclude that both HCN and HNC emission emerge from the same gas 5 in NGC 3079, whereas in NGC 1068 the HNC emission has to emerge from a lower (<10 cm-3) density gas than HCN. In NGC 1068 the J = 4–3 ratio between the molecules is similar to the J = 3–2 ratio. This may indicate that the HCN/HNC J = 4–3 line ratio is close to the actual abundance ratio. Figure 6 shows the excitation conditions modeled for HCN and HNC in NGC 1068. The contour lines correspond to the column density at different temperatures and densities of molecular hydrogen.

Table 1: Line intensity ratios

Galaxy HCN 3-2 HNC 3−2 HCN 4-3 HNC 4-3 1-0 1-0 3-2 3-2 NGC 1068 0.47±0.14 0.15±0.05 0.44±0.12 0.54±0.17 NGC 3079 0.18±0.06 0.25±0.12 4.04±1.31 < 0.8

Table 2: HCN/HNC line ratios

Galaxy HCN HCN HCN HNC 1-0 HNC 3-2 HNC 4-3 NGC 1068 2.01±0.65 6.48±1.95 5.27±1.54 NGC 3079 2.15±0.67 1.60±0.75 > 8.6

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Figure 6: Excitation conditions modeled for the 3–2/1–0 line ratios of HCN (left) and HNC (right) observed in NGC 1068. The conditions required for the HCN and HNC molecules overlap in a narrow region. The relative column densities in the overlap zone of the excitation conditions of these molecules are shown in the middle plot (under). The optical depth in the whole region explored for HCN ranges between 0.03 and 10 in the J =1–0 line, and between 0.32 and 30 in the J = 3–2 line. In the case of HNC the optical depth ranges between 0.01 and 30 in the J = 1–0 line, and between 0.003 and 30 in the J = 3–2 line. The optically thin limit of both molecules and lines is depicted by the right edge of the excitation conditions, whereas the optically thick limit corresponds to the left edge of the figures above.

3.4 Clusters of galaxies

Structure of clusters of galaxies

Czoske continued working on the structure of clusters of galaxies at intermediate redshift. A number of results were published this year on a multi-wavelength study of a sample of clusters at redshift z ~ 0.2 in collaboration with colleagues in Europe and the US. X-ray observations of the clusters with XMM-Newton were presented and analyzed by Zhang et al. (2007). Weak lensing analysis by Bardeau et al. (2007) of ground-based wide-field imaging obtained with the CFH12k camera on the CFHT provided constraints on scaling relations

26 between X-ray properties (luminosity and temperature of the hot intra-cluster gas) and independently determined total cluster mass. Of particular interest was the scatter in these relations which reflects a high degree of merging and complex dynamical histories of massive clusters. A detailed analysis combining strong (from HST/ACS imaging) and weak (from the ground- based CFH12k images) gravitational lensing of one of the clusters from the sample (Abell 1689) was presented by Limousin et al. (2007b). Using another cluster from the sample as a "gravitational telescope", Richard et al. (2007) conducted a spectroscopic search for multiply lensed background galaxies at high redshift. Cortese et al. (2007) studied in detail two galaxies that are currently seen falling into clusters of galaxies. Using just one of several thousand optical that Czoske has collected with VIMOS on the VLT, they were able to directly to observe ongoing and recently ceased star formation in the two galaxies, respectively. Galaxy-galaxy lensing was used to study the mass profiles of galaxies within clusters by Limousin et al. (2007a, on the CFH12k images of the z ~ 0.2 sample of clusters) and Natarajan et al. (submitted, on a HST/WFPC2 mosaic of the cluster Cl0024+1654 at z = 0.4). These studies confirm earlier indications that the dark matter halos of cluster galaxies are severely truncated compared to those of galaxies in the field.

Figure 7: HST image of galaxy 1331124-012040, that is currently infalling into the cluster of galaxies Abell 1689. The white circles mark blue knots that are being stripped off the galaxy as it interacts with the cluster environment.

HI in clusters at z ~ 0.2 With an approved Large Program at the Westerbork Observatory, Verheijen continued his research program to image the cold HI in and around two galaxy clusters at z ~ 0.2 in colla- boration with van Gorkom (Columbia University, New York), Szomoru (JIVE, Dwingeloo), Dwarakanath (RRI, Bangalore), Poggianti (Padova) and Schiminovich (Columbia University, New York). On February 1, 2007, Boris Deshev joined the project as a PhD student at the Kapteyn Institute. A total of 46 x 12 hours of observing with the WSRT has been scheduled in 2007 and work by Deshev on a data processing pipeline continues. By the end of 2007, observations on A963 are 74% complete and observations on A2192 are 64% complete. First results from the Pilot Survey have been published in the Astrophysical Journal. Abell

27

Figure 8: Optical spectrum of the galaxy, showing strong hydrogen absorption lines that indicate recent star formation.

963 is a massive Butcher-Oemler cluster at z = 0.206 with a large blue fraction of 19% while Abell 2192 at z = 0.188 is a more diffuse and less massive cluster. The large field-of-view of the WSRT and the broad bandwidth of the new back-end allow a study of the clusters proper as well as the large scale structure, in which they are embedded, with a total surveyed volume of 7 x 104 Mpc-3. Pilot observations have revealed 39 detections of HI emission, 19 in A963 and 20 in A2192. The HI detected galaxies in A963 are mainly located to the NE of the cluster core, with the bulk of the HI rich galaxies at slightly larger redshifts. None of the individual blue galaxies in the core of A963 has been detected in HI. Stacking the HI spectra also yields a statistical non-detection while galaxies of similar luminosity and colour in the surrounding field have been detected. This leads to the preliminary conclusion that the blue galaxies in the core of A963, responsible for the Butcher-Oemler effect, are relatively gas- poor compared to similar galaxies in the field. Additional HI data to be collected in 2008 are expected to reveal about 200 HI-rich galaxies in and around these clusters. This will allow a detailed study of the amount of cold gas of galaxies in relation to their global and local environments and the evolutionary state of their stellar populations. In addition the INT wide field camera was used to obtain deep band R images of both clusters.

Abell 2255

Pizzo and de Bruyn focused on the analysis of the data of the cluster of galaxies Abell 2255. The observations have been carried out at low frequency (85 cm) as well as high frequency (18 cm, 21 cm, 25 cm and 50 cm). Figure 9 represents the resulting map at 85 cm. The image shows the known halo (located at the cluster center), the relic (located north-east to the cluster center) and the 3 head-tail radio galaxies (Beaver, Embryo and Bean) lying at a large distance from the center of the cluster. The halo reveals a more complex shape than the one known so far (Feretti et al. 1997). In addition to these already known structures, Pizzo and collaborators detected new diffuse extended features at the projected distance of 2 Mpc from the center of A2255 (labeled A1, A2 and B in Figure 9). Their spectral indices range between –2.5 and 0.5. RM synthesis has been applied to the 85 cm dataset and the final RM cube revealed a possible detection of the new “A” feature in polarization. The

28 morphology of the new peculiar features, together with their size (~1 Mpc), location (tangential with respect to the cluster center and at the virial radius of the cluster (Neumann 2005), spectra and possible polarization support an LSS shock origin. These results support observationally the theoretical prediction of diffuse radio emission associated to shocks which, in turn, are related to the hierarchical formation of large-scale structures in the Universe. This topic is at present particularly relevant, at the light of the next generation low- frequency radio telescopes.

Figure 9: Contour map of A2255 at 85 cm. The resolution FWHM is ~1 '. The noise level is ~0.1 mJy. The contours are –1.2, –0.6, –0.3, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6, 20, 40, 80, 160 mJy/beam. The cross indicates the cluster center.

Perseus Cluster

Brentjens and de Bruyn analyzed 85 cm radio emission from the Perseus cluster. They show that the 85cm polarized emission observed towards the Perseus cluster in fact may be largely due to our Galaxy, rather than associated with the Perseus cluster itself. However, the bi-polar pattern previously observed at 21cm, and now images with a dynamic range of more than a million to one, appears to be centered at 3C84 arguing for a relation with (the central source in) the cluster (see Figure 10). They also detected several sources towards the central part of the cluster that have rather large RM values.

3.5 Quasars and Active Galaxies

Low redshift QSOs

Low redshift QSOs are being investigated by Barthel and collaborators, targeting the symbiosis of accretion driven energy production and host galaxy star formation. Radio and

29 optical imaging is being combined with molecular gas spectroscopy: an extensive census of molecular gas in nearby QSO Hosts with the 30m IRAM telescope is being carried out. Analysis of the radio and far-infrared properties indicates that the host galaxies of QSOs cannot be quiescent galaxies, but must be in the process of the forming of stars.

Figure 10 shows a double source with RM = +400 rad/m2 which may point to very strong magnetic fields and or plasma densities at the edge of the cluster.

Star-formation and nuclear activity in more distant galaxies is being investigated together with Garrett (JIVE, Dwingeloo) and PhD student Chi. The faint radio source population of the HDF-N and its flanking fields are targeted using ultra-sensitive VLBI.

Barthel and collaborators are continuing their study of the far-IR properties of AGN. IRAS and ISO data will be supplemented with data obtained with the Japanese Akari mission within its all-sky survey. Barthel is taking part in a British-Groningen consortium collaborating with the Japanese Space Agency JAXA.

Barthel is spending an increasing amount of his time on the Herschel Mission, ESA's far-IR and submm space telescope, as one of the Mission Scientists in the Herschel Science Team. Projects which will use his Guaranteed Time have been planned. This 3.5m telescope, to be launched in 2009, will open up the Universe in the 200–600 micron domain.

30 Ultra Luminous Infra Red Galaxies

Together with Baan (ASTRON, Dwingeloo) and Spaans, Loenen continued his investigation of the physical conditions in the cores of active galaxies (both starburst and active galactic nuclei). The goal is to develop a method to infer physical properties from IR and mm observations like the (column) density and temperature of the gas and dust and the type and strength of the impinging radiation field. A database containing observations of molecular emission lines (e.g. rotation lines of CO, HCN, HNC, HCO+, CN, CS) was created using own observations and literature. A paper describing this database and giving a first interpretation was published. This paper shows that comparing emission lines from different molecules provides good diagnostics, and allows for the determination of properties like gas density and the type of radiation field. Currently Loenen and collaborators are making a more detailed chemical and evolutionary analysis of the data using chemical (Meijerink (Berkeley) and Spaans) and star formation models.

Circumnuclear dust in radio galaxies

Van der Wolk continued his PhD project on the mid- and far-infrared properties of the centers of galaxies in collaboration with Barthel and Peletier. They completed a mid-infrared survey of the nuclei of radio galaxies using the VISIR instrument on the VLT in Chile. In total a sample of 27 radio galaxies, including broad line radio galaxies, low and high excitation galaxies and low-luminosity FR1-galaxies, are under study. The data indicate that high- excitation objects and broad line galaxies have active nuclei obscured by dust tori, while FR1-galaxies are not obscured and low-excitation galaxies do not have currently active nuclei. Van der Wolk visited the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science in Japan and started to test data reduction routines from the infrared All-sky Survey Satellite Akari.

Centaurus A

Struve, Morganti and Oosterloo analyzed ATCA HI observations of Centaurus A which have higher resolution and at the same time better sensitivity than previous emission line studies. They detect red- and blue shifted HI in absorption against the nucleus with a velocity width of 400 km/s, much larger than previously known. A tilted-ring analysis of the heavily warped large-scale disk suggests that this absorption can be identified with the nucleus. The central absorption is in agreement with an unresolved circumnuclear rotating disk (as it is found for molecular and ionized gas), but additional infall of HI is required to explain the complete absorption velocity width. A similar study is performed for NGC 1167. New WSRT HI service observations were combined with previous data. NGC 1167 shows a large (160 kpc), regular rotating disk structure. The current tilted-ring model for the large-scale disk suggests that the blue- and redshifted HI absorption detected against the unresolved nucleus is part of the large-scale disk. In addition, Christian Struve has started to work on new WSRT HI data for a sample of radio-loud, nearby galaxies. All galaxies of this sample did not reveal any HI associated with them in previous, much shallower observations. The goal is to understand the interplay between the gas and the AGN and to see whether radio-loud galaxies have an evolution/formation process that differs from the one for radio-quiet galaxies. A preliminary data reduction of the first three galaxies did not show any HI associated to the host galaxies.

XDRs in Active Galactic Nuclei

X-ray dominated regions (XDRs) are regions in the ISM where the hard radiation field of an accreting black hole completely determines the temperature and chemical composition of

31 interstellar gas. As such, XDRs are direct manifestations of the energy balance of interstellar gas and their study allows one to determine how the ISM survives the accretion of gas by a central black Meijerink (Berkeley) and Spaans further expanded their models of XDRs and included the formation of the transient molecule CO+ that turns out to be very sensitive to even modest amounts of X-ray irradiation. As such, it provides a good probe of the onset of black hole accretion or for systems that radiate at sub-Eddington rates. Furthermore, Aalto (Onsala) and Spaans, together with Wiedner (Cologne) and H ttemeister (Bochum), have investigated the formation and excitation of HNC in the active galaxies Arp 220, NGC 4418 and Mrk 231. It was found that X-ray or FUV irradiation is not sufficient to explain the bright HNC emissions of these systems. Instead, pumping of the molecule by infrared emission from dust grains, at temperatures above 50 K, is necessary.

The IMF in starburst environments

Spaans, in collaboration with Klessen (Heidelberg) and Jappsen (Potsdam) have finalized their investigations of the initial mass function (IMF) in interstellar environments that are exposed to intense radiation and exhibit large densities. Such extreme environments include the nuclei of starburst galaxies and the center of our Milky Way. It is found that the equation of state in such environments is very stiff and causes interstellar gas to heat up under compression. This prevents gas clouds to fragment significantly. Detailed hydrodynamical simulations of gravo-turbulent fragmentation then lead to the result that the IMF in starburst nuclei deviates from the typical Salpeter shape and exhibits a deficit of stars below 5 Solar masses. Such a top-heavy IMF is likely to persist for only a brief time and is the consequence of radiative (O and B stars, AGN) and mechanical (supernovae, AGN jets) feedback.

The IMF in Active Galaxies

The Initial Mass Function (IMF) describes the distribution of stellar masses that results from molecular cloud collapse. In the study of star formation it is crucial to understand the origin of the IMF and its apparently 'universal' shape in the Milky Way. It is yet unclear whether this shape also applies to clouds inside active galaxies, like starbursts and AGN, for which ambient conditions are vastly different compared to Milky Way regions. Hoçuk, together with Spaans, studied the feedback processes that occur inside AGN and starbursts, and that may influence the IMF. First results on the thermodynamics and gravitational collapse of interstellar clouds indicate the important role of radiative, magnetic and mechanical feedback on the effective equation of state. The latter processes are found to strongly increase the ambient Jeans mass, and to favor high mass star formation. A comparison with HIFI/Herschel data is to be made through hydrodynamical simulations.

3.6 Gravitational lensing

Weak gravitational lensing

Czoske, Barnabè and Koopmans (with Treu, UCSB, and Bolton, Hawaii) continued a study of a sample of seventeen early-type galaxies that act as gravitational lenses on background galaxies. The galaxies were discovered in the Sloan Lens ACS Survey (SLACS) in recent years. The project combines two-dimensional measurements of the kinematics of these

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Figure 11: 3D plot of the compressibility of a Molecular Gas Cloud under constant radiation feedback. Compressibility  is plotted against density n (cm−3) and for each column density N (cm−2) of the Cloud. galaxies (obtained with the integral-field unit of VIMOS on the VLT) with high-resolution images from the Hubble Space Telescope. The data were analyzed using the fast imple- mentation (by Barnabè and Koopmans) of a Bayesian method that models the surface bright- ness distribution of the lensed source and the two-dimensional measurements of velocity and velocity dispersion together in a fully self-consistent way. The combined analysis breaks some of the classical degeneracies that have so far limited the separate use of kinematics and lensing and allows the dissection of the studied galaxies in three dimensions. Results on one galaxy from the sample have been published and confirm previous indications that the mass profiles of early-type galaxies are essentially isothermal. Extending these studies to look-back times where evolutionary effects become measurable holds great promise for the future understanding of formation and evolution of early-type galaxies (Figure 12).

The internal mass structure of early-type galaxies

Together with other collaborators, the group of Koopmans has continued to study the structure, formation and evolution of massive early-type galaxies out to redshift of one, using gravitational lensing and stellar dynamics. With data from the largest galaxy-scale lens survey to date, the Sloan Lens ACS Survey (SLACS), and several powerful analysis codes, they have been able to apply these methods in combination with weak lensing to measure, the mass-density profiles of these galaxies between 0.1 and 100 effective radii. More recently, they have combined IFU stellar kinematics obtained with VLT-VIMOS with HST- ACS imaging data to dissect the internal phase-space structure of a comparatively distance early type galaxy, and also shown based on a large sample of new lens systems that the tilt in the fundamental plane almost certainly due to an increasing dark-matter fraction in the inner regions of more massive galaxies. More recent work includes using of lensing to assess the level of mass-substructure in galaxies, for which a new grid-based adaptive modeling code has been developed.

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Figure 12: Left: Reconstruction of the surface brightness, velocity and velocity dispersions of the early-type galaxy SDSS J2321–097 (top row: data; middle row: model reconstruction; bottom row: residuals). Right: Reconstruction of source and image of the gravitationally lensed background galaxy in SDSS J2321–097 (left column). The right column shows the HST data after subtraction of the lens galaxy, and the residuals from the best model fit. The lensing and dynamical data were modeled simultaneously using the same model for the gravitational potential of the lens galaxy.

Barnabè has continued his thesis research within this framework under the supervision of Koopmans. He completed the design and implementation of a modeling code needed to carry on the joint and fully self-consistent analysis of gravitational lensing and stellar kinematics in early-type lens galaxies, to be applied in the study of the mass density profile of E/S0 galaxies up to a redshift z ≅ 1. The general framework, consistently embedded in the context of Bayesian statistics, and a fast implementation of this methodology were detailed in a published paper.

Vegetti and Koopmans finished to develop and improve a very general method to constrain the mass substructure in Early type Lens Galaxies beyond the Local Universe (up to a redshift of about z = 1) using a non parametric analysis of strong gravitational lenses. The method has been tested showing that it is possible to detect substructures with different masses and positions and to recover the model parameters within a few percent.

Strong gravitational lensing effects in the radio domain

As part of her thesis, Berciano Alba is studying high redshift objects lensed by the center of the cluster MS0451.6–0305. Using archival VLA data, she reported the detection of gravitationally lensed radio emission coincident with previously discovered sub-mm lensed emission (Berciano Alba et al., 2007). To address the open questions about the lensing configuration of this system, new high resolution VLA observations were carried out in 2006 which are now successfully reduced. The next step is to re-reduce the already published VLA archival data in a more sophisticated way, in order to make a combined analysis.

34 3.7 Cosmology and large scale structure

Kinematic imaging of the cosmic HI web

Popping has continued his thesis project with Braun (CSIRO-ATNF) and van der Hulst. The aim of this project is the detection of the Neutral component of the Cosmic Web at low redshift. In the last few years, the realization has emerged that the universal baryons are almost equally distributed by mass in (1) galactic concentrations, (2) a warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) and (3) a diffuse intergalactic medium. The WHIM should appear as a Cosmic Web, underlying the galaxies with higher column densities. The WHIM is predicted by hydrodynamical simulations (SPH). A method is developed to extract the HI component from an SPH output cube. In this way theoretical models and statistics can be compared with the statistics of existing observed HI surveys. In the regime connecting the galactic concentrations with the WHIM is the Lyman Limit System (LLS). To probe a LLS in HI emission, column density sensitivities are needed which probe below log(NHI) = 18. With the WSRT about 1500 square degrees of sky have been observed towards the Virgo Cluster. All observations have been completed and the total power data has been reduced. The data show the expected quality and column densities can be achieved of log(NHI)~17. Some very diffuse objects have been detected and are compared with HIPASS observations. HIPASS data has similar point source sensitivity, but higher resolution compared to the WVFS data and therefore can be used to exclude bright compact objects. A paper is finished describing an empirical model of the WSRT Primary Beam in high detail. With this model higher image fidelity can be achieved. The model has been tested by comparing the fluxes of small continuum sources with the flux obtained with previous beam approximations.

The Epoch of Reionization of the Universe

The Epoch of Reionization (EoR) is a term used to describe the period during which the gas in the Universe went from being almost completely neutral to a state in which it became almost completely ionized. This watershed event - which has occurred when the Universe was a few hundred million years old (about a twentieth of its current age) and the first radiating objects formed - is intimately linked to many fundamental questions in cosmology and structure formation and evolution. Without a clear understanding of the EoR, they will not fully apprehend how the Universe evolved from its primordial condition to form the astrophysical object we routinely observe today. Despite its pivotal role, the EoR is one of the least understood epochs in the Universe's evolution. A large amount of theoretical effort, guided by very limited observational evidence, is currently dedicated to understanding the physical processes that trigger this epoch, govern its evolution, and what ramifications it had on subsequent structure formation. In the near future, the LOFAR telescope, which has the EoR as one of its key projects, is set to measure the neutral gas fraction in the Universe as a function of redshift and angular position through the hydrogen hyperfine spin-flip 21 cm line. The 21 cm line is, probably, the only observable tracers of the gas during the EoR. It allows detailed mapping the EoR as it progresses in time and space.

Zaroubi, de Bruyn and Koopmans have started a program to develop the necessary data- analysis and theoretical tools to, initially, prepare the ground and, subsequently, fully exploit the LOFAR-EoR data set, expected to be available within 2–3 years. The synergy between three independent areas of expertise: theory, observation and data analysis, will facilitate addressing the fundamental EoR related questions.

35 Radiative Transfer

Thomas and Zaroubi have developed a spherically symmetric radiative transfer code to track the evolution of the ionization and heating structures around individual objects in the early Universe especially first stars and miniquasars. The code follows the following species around these first objects: HI, HII, HeI, HeII, HeIII, and free electrons. The code is suited to deal with a general source radiation spectrum (e.g., thermal or power-law). The results of this study will be implemented in large scale simulation in order to predict the reionization history of the Universe, which in turn will be used in order to simulate LOFAR EoR data cubes. As a step towards the generation of the realistic 21-cm EoR signal, Thomas and Zaroubi have implemented a semi-analytic treatment of the problem of radiative transfer in 3D at high redshifts. Basically, depending on the number and energy of the output photons from the “first sources” expected and the density of the field, spherically symmetric ionization profile are inserted centered at the position of the corresponding source which are obtained from a catalogue generated by the 1D-radiative transfer code described above. The comparison is shown in Figure 13 at redshift six. They see that the similarity is appreciable given that this is the case in which they expect to have the maximum discrepancy. For lower redshifts the results are much more similar. Further statistical tests are being done to confirm the validity of this approach. The article is in preparation that describes the methods and first results. This then would be added to other contaminants (foreground, ionosphere, instrumental effects) to produce the final data cube.

Figure 13: Above is a 3D visualization of the ionized box with the method developed at the Kapteyn institute (left) and of the output of a full 3D radiative transfer code-CRASH (right).

A first "method" paper has been accepted in 2007 (2008, MNRAS, 384, 1080) and work on the second is underway.

Foreground Models

Jelic and Zaroubi are constructing a detailed model for the various foreground components (polarized and unpolarized) that are expected to be found in the LOFARF EoR experiment. Understanding the properties of these foregrounds is crucial in order to estimate how well we can recover the EoR cosmological signal. The foregrounds that have been included are: Synchrotron and Free-Free from our galaxy, Bubbles of supernovae remnants, galaxy clusters and radio galaxies. Simulations were developed to construct maps of Galactic

36 diffuse synchrotron and free-free emission, synchrotron emission of Galactic SNRs and extragalactic emission from radio galaxies and clusters. In addition a simple model of Galactic polarized diffuse synchrotron emission was developed. In collaboration with Labropoulos, dirty maps of the foregrounds were produced and the algorithm for the detection of EoR signal was tested. In the case of the ''original'' simulated maps (before inversion), that include the EoR signal EoR(150 MHz) ~ 5 mK (simulated by Thomas), diffuse components of the foregrounds FGs(150 MHz) ~1800 mK and realistic LOFAR noise noise(150 MHz) ~ 52 mK, the EoR signal can be statistically detected. Next we plan to add polarized component to these foregrounds. This project constitutes a crucial step in constructing a LOFAR EoR data cube. The first paper has been submitted.

The First Black Holes

Ripamonti (Milano, Groningen), Mapelli (Zurich), and Zaroubi have been working on the effects of radiation from early black holes on the neutral inter-galactic medium. In the pre- reionization Universe, the regions of the inter-galactic medium (IGM) which are far from luminous sources are the last to undergo reionization. Until then, they should be scarcely affected by stellar radiation; instead, the X-ray emission from an early black hole population can have much larger influence. The authors investigate the effects of such emission, looking at a number of black hole model populations (differing for the cosmological density evolution of black holes, the black hole properties, and the spectral energy distribution of the black hole emission). They find that black hole radiation can easily heat the IGM up to 1000–10000 K, while achieving partial ionization. The most interesting consequence of this heating is that black holes are expected to induce a 21-cm signal (with differential brightness temperature 20 |B|(B 30 mK at z < 12) which should be observable with forthcoming experiments (e.g. LOFAR). They also find that at z < 10 black hole emission strongly increases the critical mass separating star-forming and non-star-forming halos.

Extracting the EoR signal from LOFAR data

Labropoulos' thesis work focuses on the reprocessing of the LOFAR Epoch of Reionization experiment data. His research seeks to elucidate the different models that describe a telescope like the LOFAR array and describe the effect of the instrumental parameters on the EoR signal. In exploring these issues a variety of mathematical and algorithmic tools need to be used and the research programs includes simulations of the instrumental response, statistical analysis of the errors, theoretical modeling of effects such as the ionospheric corruptions and the antenna modeling and optimization techniques. Labropoulos is member of the LOFAR EOR Key Science Project. Currently, a first attempt to construct a mathematical model for the measurement equation has been completed, and the results of the reprocessing pipeline were presented in a conference in Emmen. In collaboration with Jelic, simulated "dirty" maps of the galactic and extragalactic foregrounds at frequencies relevant to the EoR have been produced. A paper on the data model is in preparation. An exciting prospect during this period is the porting of the code to general purpose graphical processing units, which demonstrate a performance that matches current supercomputers at a significantly reduced cost.

Analysis of low frequency foreground emission

Bernardi has focused on the analysis of Westerbork (WSRT) Low Frequency FrontEnd (LFFE) data. In the frame of the Epoch of Reionization experiment (EoR), it is relevant to

37 investigate the properties of the Galactic foregrounds, both total intensy and polarized. Westerbork is equipped with a receiver capable of collecting data in the 115–170 MHz, the same frequency coverage where the EoR signal is expected. WSRT has been used to collect data with the aim of investigating the properties of the foreground emission and the calibratability issues at those frequencies. Data were collected centered around three sources: the pulsar PSJ0218+423, the point source 3C147 and an area called "FAN' region where bright polarized emission has been observed. From the data on the pulsar field the ionospheric Faraday rotation through the night could be evaluated (see Figure 14), showing that all the six nights of data that were collected have a similar behaviour, with a peak to peak difference of maximum 0.2 rad/m2. The field itself doesn't show a significant diffuse polarized emission, then, only an upper limit of 10 K can be set so far. In addition, this field has showed the need for refined calibration tools: direction dependent solutions which can take into account variations in gains, phases and also beam shapes.

Figure 14: The variations of rotation measure of PSRJ0218 as a function of night time due to the ionosphere. Data are taken for six nights of data in the 117-170 MHz range. The frequency resolution gives an error on the rotation measure of about 0.1 rad/m2.

The analysis of the FAN region showed instead the presence of diffuse polarized emission throughout the whole field. The Rotation Measure (RM) synthesis analysis showed that most of the emission is located at very low RM values and that the polarized intensity is much lower than the values you would expect by extrapolating the values form 150 MHz with the assumption that the medium is Faraday thin (see Figure 15). However, so far only 12 hours of data has been analysed and a more complete picture of the polarized emission will be available when the analysis of the 6 nights of data is completed.

CMB Fluctuations

Hiroyuki Tashiro, Nabila Aghanim, Langer, and Douspis from the IAS (Paris), and Zaroubi are currently working on the cross-correlation of the CMB polarization and the 21 cm line fluctuations from cosmic reionization. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization and the 21 cm line fluctuations are powerful probes of cosmological reionization. They study how the cross-correlation between the CMB polarization (E-modes) and the 21 cm line fluctuations can be used to gain further understanding of the reionization history, within the

38

Figure 15: Polarized emission of the FAN region obtained with 12 hours of data using eight spectral bands. The angular resolution is aobut 4 arcmin. There is some indications of diffuse polarized emission that needs follow up observations to be confirmed. framework of inhomogeneous reionization. Since the E-mode polarization rejects the amplitude of the quadruple component of the CMB temperature fluctuations, the angular power spectrum of the cross-correlation exhibits oscillations at all multipoles. The first peak of the power spectrum appears at the scale corresponding to the quadruple at the redshift that is probed by the 21 cm line fluctuations. The peak reaches its maximum value in redshift when the average ionization fraction of the universe is about half. On the other hand, on small scales, there is a damping that depends on the duration of reionization. Thus, the cross-correlation between the CMB polarization and the 21 cm line fluctuations has the potential to constrain accurately the epoch and the duration of reionization. The first paper has been submitted to MNRAS.

Quantifying Large Scale Structure features

Van de Weygaert, Vegter, Platen, Kruithof and Eldering investigated the characterization of the morphology of the cosmic foam by means of Alpha Shapes, a subset of the Delaunay tessellation of a point set parameterized by a radius α. After construction of the alpha shapes, the Betti numbers, a parameter series specifying the topology of the spatial point distribution is computed as a function of the parameter α. The alpha shape codes are part of the CGAL computation geometry library which we have started to apply to cosmic matter distribution. Starting from a test analysis based on Voronoi clustering models, the alpha shape analysis of GIF large scale structure simulations has provided encouraging results for the formulation of a topology analysis package.

39

Platen, van de Weygaert and Jones: developed the Watershed Void Identifier WVF. The concept of the watershed transform, stemming from the field of computer visualization, is applied to cosmic density fields. The outcome of N-body simulations of structure formation is translated into density fields by means of DTFE, assuring the retention of their topological properties. Subsequently these fields are naturally filtered by Natural Neighbour Order filtering, upon which the watershed transform segments the density field into natural void patches. The watershed formalism has been tested on a set of tailor-made Voronoi clustering models and shown to faithfully reproduce the volume and surface distribution of cells/voids. WVF was applied to a void-centered region of the Millennium simulation. The intention of the project has been to refine the definition of void and clarify the different connotations of the term within different contexts. The WVF proved to trace the dark matter distribution in and around the large central void quite well. Results were most comparable to the related ZOBOV void finder of Neyrinck, and agreed qualitatively with some 5 other finders in delineating the shape and morphology of the voids.

Void shape and alignment

Application of the watershed void finder has allowed the identification of voids over a range of scales. The WVF identified population of voids is tested for their shape distribution, their shape alignment and for the corresponding tidal forces exerted upon them. Theories of gravitational instability predict their sensitivity to the surrounding large scale matter distribution through the generated tidal fields. Earlier they found this to be an essential aspect of the hierarchical evolution of voids in which small voids tend to disappear as they get sheared into contraction by the surrounding matter distribution. They have demonstrated that the shape alignment of voids is intimately related to the tidal field configuration, and that voids tend to align themselves over distances of up to 30 Mpc as a result of the strong tidal field over these distances. The results confirm and are in line with earlier findings by Lee & Park, who argued that the shapes of voids may be sensitive probe of the underlying cosmology.

Hierarchical evolution of voids

With the help of large N-body simulations, including the Millennium simulation, van de Weygaert and Platen study the evolving structure and substructure of voids in the dark matter distribution. Along with the numerical study they develop the theoretical description of the evolving void hierarchy on the basis of the Void-Patch model, a development of the peak- patch model of Bond & Myers (1996) for low-density void regions. The model identifies the evolution of depressions in the primordial density field over a range of scales and identifies the ones that collapse under the influence of the large-scale tidal force field, along with the ones that survive and mature. Around a given void position a void is identified with the scale on which it would have been the last one that matured or collapsed. The final step is to account for the overlapping “void spheres”, preventing mass from being counted twice or more. The void volume spectrum follows. The results will form the basis for he analysis of the voids in N-body simulations and as tool to test the dynamics of voids and enable a systematic investigation of the dynamical interaction between voids and the cosmic web.

Voids in the Large Scale Structure

Platen is working on the shapes and distribution of voids as part of his PhD-project (with van de Weygaert and Jones). The aim of the research is to investigate the morphological and

40 dynamical properties of voids in the Cosmic Web. They have finished the work on the Watershed Void Finding algorithm (Platen, Weygaert & Jones (2007)). This Void finder has the advantage that no prior shapes have to be defined, and is therefore a good tool to investigate the morphological properties of underdense regions. These properties were investigated and it shows that underdense regions exhibit very strong alignments with themselves. This alignment was shown to be caused by the Large Scale Tidal Fields, which focuses the voids towards the same direction. This work has accepted for publication. They are continuing the work on the VoidPatch model, which is an analytical perscription to predict the location of large scale morphological objects as Voids and (Super)clusters from the initial conditions. This model is based on the PeakPatch formalism developed by Bond & Myers (1996). It incorporates the correct exclusion of collapsing patches from a list of proto- sites identified from the initial conditions. These excluded patches may be either subhaloes in clusters or collapsing voids. This model will allow them to constrain the most important dynamical properties of the void evolution.

Multiscale Morphology Filtering

Aragon-Calvo, van de Weygaert, Jones and van der Hulst: study development of cosmic web/filament detection and identification algorithm based upon the Scale Space formalism applied to the identification of elongated or bloblike features in medical images. The formalism is based upon the local shape of a density field, traced by the second order derivative, and corresponding eigenvalues, of the density field. The eigenvalues define the morphological characteristics of the local density field. Evaluating these over a range of spatial scales and invoking a well-tuned morphology filter set allows the local selection of morphological elements - blobs (clusters), filaments and walls - and the scales on which they are optimally defined (ie. small regions within a filament will be identified with the embedding filament). The first implementation is based on the use of Gaussian filters and the DTFE density field of the underlying N-body (or galaxy) distribution. The MMF has been tested on a range of Voronoi clustering models in order to allow the calibration of its final step, the thresholding step meant to select significant features amongst those resulting from the noisy particle/galaxy sample. The paper presenting the formalism has been published in A&A. With the help of the MMF the dark matter distribution in a set of cosmological N-body models is dissected in filamens, walls and clusters. The fraction of mass and volume is determined. Most mass in the Universe is concentrated in filaments, most volume in voids. The filament sample is classified in 4 classes, ranging from strong and straight filaments between two massive clusters to complex irregular filaments. The relation between the cluster distribution and filamentary patterns uncovered by the MMF analysis can be directly interpreted within the Cosmic Web theory of Bond et al. (1996). Part of this investigation of the formation of the cosmic web is the velocity flow and force field around the filaments. Aragon-Calvo, van der Hulst, Szalay, van de Weygaert and Jones used the MMF technique to identify filaments and the galaxies residing in them from the SDSS date (DR5). Cluster redshift distortions are taken care of by appropriate redshift compression. The analysis selects only edge-on galaxies, while we restrict ourselves to the clearly identified MMF filaments. There is an indication for some alignment, be it not strong. The study will be followed up by an analysis of a cleaner sample in the SDSS DR6 release.

Cluster Evolution

Araya, Reisenegger, Jones and van de Weygaert studied several aspects of cluster evolution. The study attempts to evaluate the influence of dark matter, dark energy and cosmic curvature on the evolution of clusters. The shape, virialization state and mass assembly history of each halo is evaluated, along with the angular momentum of the halos.

41 The simulations show the large influence of Ωm in determining the outcome of this evolution. The influence of dark energy is rather more subtle. Its main effect is that of its setting of the cosmological timescales. Also its influence on the primordial power spectrum (in particular its amplitude) is noticeable. The local dynamical influence is nearly negligible. In addition they found that while the supercluster mass function quickly reaches its final form, the internal non-linear evolution of superclusters continues for many expansion factors. This results in a continuous change of shape, density profile and multiplicity towards near spherical highly virialized superclusters with multiplicity unity. They also studied dynamical cluster scaling relations in a sample of simulated clusters in 12 different cosmological models. The Kormendy, Faber-Jackson and fundamental plane relations have been determined and their evolution studied. Strong evolutionary trends are seen in the Kormendy and Faber-Jackson relation. The fundamental plane hardly changes, except for its width. The width depends on the cosmic matter density as well as on the evolutionary state of the cluster sample. As a result of the ongoing virialization the halos define an ever thinner FP.

Distances of High-Velocity Clouds

Together with Wakker (Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison) and several other collaborators, Peletier and Van Woerden have obtained a distance bracket for the largest high-velocity cloud, Complex C. Observations of several halo stars around longitude 90, latitude +45 degrees (near core CI), taken in 1997 with the Utrecht Echelle Spectrograph at the William Herschel Telescope on La Palma, had given an estimated lower distance limit of 6 kpc for Complex C. In April 2007, Barentine (Univ. of Texas) obtained spectra with the HIRES spectrograph on the Keck I telescope at Mauna Kea, for several distant halo stars around longitude 130, latitude +52 degrees (near core CIII), selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The CaII H,K doublet was found in absorption at the velocity of Complex C in the spectrum of the star SDSS J120404.78+623345.6, at 11 kpc distance. Using new distances from SDSS photometry, this detection, in combination with the earlier non-detections, provides a strong bracket of 3.7–11.2 kpc on the distance of Complex C. Accounting for both neutral and ionized hydrogen, as well as helium, Wakker derives a mass of 3–14 times 106 solar masses for Complex C, and a mass inflow of 0.1–0.25 solar masses of metal-poor gas per year. The higher-latitude parts of Complex C, between longitudes 90 and 130 degrees, lie between 3 and 9 kpc above the Galactic plane, in the upper reaches of the Galactic gaseous halo. A similar conclusion was drawn for HVC Complex A by Van Woerden, Schwarz, Peletier, Wakker and Kalberla in 1999. For several other HVCs, Wakker and collaborators have recently obtained distance brackets. Together these various HVCs make a significant contribution to the accretion rate required theoretically.

History of Radio Astronomy

As a member of the IAU Working Group on Historic Radio Astronomy, and in collaboration with Strom (ASTRON, Dwingeloo), Van Woerden has brought together documentation on early radio telescopes in The Netherlands. The project is complete for the Kootwijk 7.5-meter Wurzburg, used from 1951 to 1955 for the early 21-cm surveys of Galactic neutral hydrogen, and for several other Wurzburg dishes; the results, including an extensive summary of the scientific achievements of the Kootwijk dish, have been published in the Journal for Astronomical History and Heritage. Fairly complete documentation about the Dwingeloo 25-meter telescope and its scientific achievements has also been assembled. A summary was presented at the IAU General Assembly in Prague in August, 2006; this paper, with over 100 selected references, has been published in Astronomical Notes.

42 3.8 Computing at the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute

Hardware

In response to increased data-storage demands 3 network attached storage systems with 1 Tb capacity each were purchased. The systems are suitable to store intermediate results of processed data and backup data. They are very easy to configure and to maintain. Also a new backup server for daily backups was installed. Currently, the computer group provides more than 50 Tb of disk space. In January the user partitions were moved from the file server to a new home server. This improved reliability and access time. For the new rooms on the third floor, a separate laptop zone was installed. Switch and firewall were combined in a so called 'hotbrick'. In the server room a second Gb switch was installed. One Mac-laptop was purchased to get some hands-on experience with its operating system. A new mail server was prepared and made ready to replace the old one. The migration however is postponed to allow preparation a new configuration of the server so that users can store their mail folders on the server disks. This option is expected to speed up access to the mail server.

Printers: Like previous years, the number of printed pages increased significantly. The next table shows the overview for 2007:

Printer Printed pages ps0 112848 ps1 14583 ps2 124467 ps3 59759 ps4 38700 ps5 3354 ps6 56721

The total number of printed pages is 410432, which is an increase of 25395 pages with respect to 2006. Appeals to economize were not very successful.

Graphics: The number of successful experiments with new graphical hardware is increasing. Some tests with accelerated hardware using the OpenGL graphics library demonstrated the impressive capabilities. An important issue, however, is the availability of drivers in the Linux distribution. If drivers are closed source, they need to be reinstalled after each kernel update. Possible solutions to circumvent this problem are investigated.

Voip: In July the university started to implement a new telephone system based on 'voice over ip'. In fact each voip telephone is a computer and therefore depends on local power supply and network connections. The computer group is not responsible for the new telephone infra- structure because the new Center of Information Technology (CIT) provides and maintains this new facility. However, we provide network cables and make necessary connections to speed up support.

43 Software

UWP: Early 2007 the university introduced a standard Windows XP based 'Universitaire WerkPlek’ (UWP) for personnel and students. The computer group made this system available to the secretariat and some users as their native desktop. For others they provided VMWare images of the UWP using an image server. However for most people this solution was too slow to be usable. For users who have the UWP as their primary system, the computed group replaced the old hardware. The migration from the old system to the UWP was well prepared and for the fine tuning of the machines there was help from 'stagiair' Haider Almousaui from the Noorderpoort College. The migration was a successful operation. For some public machines functional accounts are available, for other UWP machines, users have to login with their university account. On March 1, the computer group received a mail from somebody calling himself 'Stijn' with a warning that many UWP were hacked. It turned out to be a serious hack (the 'Krokus incident') and to restore security, the CIT decided to interrupt service for a couple of days.

GIPSY: After buying a Mac laptop the computer group managed to add the Mac operating system as a supported platform for GIPSY. According to the GIPSY log files, many of the recent installations are now for the Mac. For the OPTICON Network N3.6 Future Data Analysis Environment, Terlouw and Vogelaar prepared a document with the 'lessons learned from GIPSY’. This document can be accessed at: http://archive.eso.org/opticon/twiki/bin/view/Sandbox/TestTopic1 (Cancel password prompt). The integration of Python as a language to develop (complex) GIPSY applications is now complete. When program speed is important, code is written in Pyrex and C. Pyrex is a language that makes writing C extensions for the Python language easy. First steps are being made in creating a plan to preserve GIPSY's functionality. Despite the label 'legacy software', GIPSY is still frequently downloaded and installed. The fact that it provides functionality that is not found in other software systems for astronomy, was also noticed by astronomers from the IAA (Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía). A collaboration has started toward modernizing and preserving the core applications and underlying infrastructure and integrating this into the VO environment with the focus on support for ALMA. As a contribution to the local Python based platform for software development and data analysis Terlouw and Vogelaar started to write an object oriented interface to WCSlib, the standard library for world coordinate systems. This library does not provide transformations between sky systems so they began to write a set of transformation routines. This software will be used to create an application for plotting maps with annotation for world coordinates in the context of Matplolib. It will also be added to GIPSY to replace applications related to coordinate systems. Demo versions were available at the end of the year. Another standard library called VTK (Visualization Toolkit) and its Python binding made it possible to create two new GIPSY display applications for 3D data.

Site visit ASTRON: In October a delegation from Astron came to the institute for a site visit. They were interested in the institute’s software distribution system, based on RedHat's proxy server technology. Distribution CentOS 5 as a free alternative for RedHat but without the proxy server technology was also demonstrated. Another project with Astron is to create a distribution package (rpm) for the Meqtree/Timba software, but this turned out to be rather complex and is not yet completed.

44 PIPs versus MEPAs: For the presentation of personal information, the RUG provided the system of 'Medewerkers Pagina's' (MEPA) on the Webplatform (the content management system for RUG web pages). Some staff members insisted on a more flexible system that allows for categories, so we wrote a system based on the institute's database and at March 20th we introduced the Kapteyn Personal Info Pages (PIPs). Links to these pages are automatically included in the person’s pages on the intranet and on the Webplatform. Of the 106 PIP's in total, only 19 have been filled with personal information about research and teaching.

Linux WerkPlek: The computer group participates in the “Linux WerkPlek” (LWP) project group. In collaboration with the computer group of Artificial Intelligence, they wrote an extensive report as an addition to the initial functional report which didn't cover the important aspects of Linux for scientists. The report can be found at: http://www.astro.rug.nl/SERVICES/LWPFOversie2.pdf There is not final consensus yet, but it has been agreed that the LWP should be available not only as an alternative desktop to students but also for personnel and for people who need specific Linux support for their research projects. Important is the ability to scale up when the LWP becomes a success. The use of distributed servers to make the system more robust than the UWP has also been emphasized.

Web: A lot of effort was put into reorganizing the web. The number of hits -in a previous year- on institute pages was almost 100.000, so obviously the pages are important. The biggest target groups are related to education and research. Corresponding sections needed a lot of maintenance and improvement. A new setup for the research pages was implemented at the end of this year. The computer group supports in technical matters and one member of the group, the 'portalcoordinator', is the interface between faculty and institute and remains responsible for the implementation of faculty standards (menu's, multiple languages, shared links). In November we implemented the new RUG layout and faculty logo's on the web pages and in local applications.

3.9 Instrumentation

OmegaCEN

OmegaCEN is the datacenter for wide-field imaging and the expertise center for astronomical information technology at the Kapteyn Institute. OmegaCEN coordinates the development and operations of the Astro-WISE information system. Astro-WISE connects in real-time databases and processing and storage grids at national datacenters and satellite nodes in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy and France. The system allows distributed production and research analysis of large volumes of astronomical optical wide field imaging data. In 2007, a range of science projects used Astro-WISE. Peletier, Verdoes Kleijn and Valentijn, as members of the ACS Coma Legacy Survey team, performed surface photometry analysis on the galaxies in the ACS data of the Coma cluster. The first paper was completed (Carter et al.). Astro-WISE was set up as an internal and public release portal for survey data and derived results of the Coma LS team. Also, PhD, master and bachelor students used the system for their research: for example, Sikkema for reducing ACS observations of shell galaxies (Sikkema et al, 2007), Buddelmeijer for the AstroVIS project and master students Bos and Bout for their Bachelor research project for respectively "Virgo ACS dwarf galaxies" and a "search for asteroids".

45 The storage and processing resources of the Astro-WISE system were expanded at several nodes. In Groningen, a 100 Tb of disk storage was added and placed at the Donald Smits Center for IT. Real-time data stream connections were improved between the databases and processing grids of nodes. Astro-WISE was connected to the EGEE-GRID. The advanced research and analysis capabilities of Astro-WISE were expanded by incorporating the surface photometry packages GALFIT and GALPHOT and the GAAP (Gaussian Aperture And PSF) photometry package. Several papers were published which describe Astro-WISE or components of it (Valentijn et al., 2007, ADASS XVI, 376, 491; Valentijn et al., 2007, Highlights of Astronomy 14, 607) Verdoes Kleijn, Valentijn, Vermey and Kuijken completed their study of the secondary photometric standards, preparing for OmegaCAM, which resulted from 4 La Palma INT observing runs, and was reduced with Astro-WISE. The success of the e-science aspects of the system has triggered other parties to use it as a platform. This includes a research group at the Articial Intelligence department at the RuG who made an information system based on Astro-WISE (called KdK@Astro-WISE) which applies artificial intelligence techniques to scans of the Dutch National Archive of the handwritten archives of the Dutch Government (van der Zant et al., in "Document Recognition and Retrieval XV", in press). This creates a searchable digital archive of this handwritten Cultural Heritage. A workshop on KdK@Astro-WISE was organized at Kapteyn in November. In collaboration with LOFAR and IBM, OmegaCEN started the architectural design for the long term archive and user interface for the LOFAR radio telescope via kick-off workshops at Kapteyn in November.

Figure 16: Sky coverage of the VST public surveys.

OmegaCEN developed Astro-WISE originally for large surveys with OmegaCAM at the future VLT Survey Telescope (VST). In 2007, the list of surveys from the VST that plan to use Astro-WISE for their processing and research increased to 70% in terms of nights. Furthermore, two of the six VISTA public surveys and the European partner for the Pan- STARRS telescope surveys decided to use Astro-WISE once their telescopes come on-line. During the year various Survey preparation activities and meetings were organized. OmegaCEN functions as the national representative for European Virtual Observatory (EURO-VO) programs. It is partner in the EU Framework Program 6 (FP6) EURO-VO Data Center Alliance (EURO-VO DCA) and the FP7 EURO-VO Astronomical Infrastructure for Data Access (EURO-VO AIDA). In 2007, Astro-WISE was connected to the European Virtual Observatory, including a local registry service for Astro-WISE VO services. OmegaCEN shared its expertise with other Dutch parties to connect their resources to the EURO-VO.

46 Valentijn, Peletier and Verdoes Kleijn organized the course "Virtual Observations" for master students in early 2007. It included guest lectures by EURO-VO experts from France, the UK and the Netherlands. During the course master students also analyzed astronomical data using the Virtual Observatory and Astro-WISE. Valentijn is leading a University wide TARGET project group at the Donald Smits Center. The project group is building a multi-disciplinary expertise and data center in which OmegaCEN expertise is shared with other groups. The center pools expertise in the handling and research on very large datasets. It is the ambition of the RuG to enlarge this project with other disciplines, external resources and the involvement of companies. A fruitfull colla- boration with IBM, Oracle Nederland and ATOS/Orgin was continued. Target is participating in NL-GRID and the long term EU program "Enabling Grids for E- Science in Europe (EGEE)" and hosts the LOFAR application of the EGEE-3 Astronomy and Astrophysics cluster. TARGET is also coordinating other multi-disciplinary e-Science initiatives which include several departments at the RUG: Artificial Intelligence, alfa informatics and UMCG-Lifelines.

Figure 17: Sky coverage of the VISTA public surveys awarded by ESO. KiDS, VPHAS+, VIKING and ULTRAVISTA are all led or co-led by NOVA and OmegaCEN/ Kapteyn Institute scientists.

Visualization of multi-dimensional data

Buddelmeijer continued his PhD research during 2007, under the supervision of Valentijn and Trager. The research is part of the NWO-STARE program for research at the interface of informatics and astronomy. A collaboration between computer sciences (IWI) and astronomy has been formed; additional members of the group are Ferdosi (IWI), Van der Hulst, Roerdink (IWI), Trager, Helmi, Wilkinson (IWI), Oosterloo, Li (IWI), Offringa (IWI). The research concerns scalable analysis and visualization of high-dimensional astronomical data sets. Astronomical data sets are growing to sizes of millions of database entries with hundreds of attributes per night. To handle this data, new tools must be developed that can cope with the sheer data volume. To maintain applicability these tools need to be scalable. In early 2007 Buddelmeijer continued the analysis of the radio data from Kovac and Oosterloo, looking for distant radio galaxies. Buddelmeijer used data from Sikkema to test several visualization techniques in order to classify different type of galaxies. Ferdosi and Buddelmeijer have investigated several methods of local galaxy density calculation and

47 tested them on SDSS data in order to investigate relations of properties (such as morphology) of galaxies with density. Later, Buddelmeijer focused on the handling of very large datasets from SDSS and UKIDSS in the OmegaCEN Astro-WISE system. Buddelmeijer successfully created a PLASTIC (the Euro-VO PLatform for AStronomy Tool InterConnection) interface for Astro-WISE. This allowed us to do multidimensional analysis of the data in Astro-WISE using the various visualization tools available in the Virtual Observatory.

LOFAR calibration

In 2007 Yatawatta started working with the first LOFAR data. He was able to reduce the first deep all-sky images using this data. he also developed models for LOFAR dipole elements. Moreover, he incorporated (and documented) various calibration strategies to process LOFAR data using the beam models developed. Using these enhancements, he was able to produce confusion limited deep all-sky maps at 50 MHz with the source fluxes closely matching existing catalog values Figure 18.

Figure 18: First all-sky images from LOFAR at 50 MHz.

ALMA Band 9 Cartridge

The Atacama Large Millimeter / Sub-millimeter Array project is a collaboration between Europe, North America, Asia, and Chile, to build an aperture synthesis telescope consisting of at least 66 antennas at 5000 m altitude in Chile. When complete, ALMA will observe in 10 frequency bands between 30 and 950 GHz, with a maximum baseline of up to 14 km, offering unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths. Within the Netherlands, a collaboration of NOVA, the RuG, SRON, and the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience in Delft are developing heterodyne receivers for ALMA’s 602-720 GHz band under contract to the European Southern Observatory (ESO). As the highest frequency band in the baseline project, these so-called Band 9 receivers will provide the observatory’s highest spatial resolutions and probe higher temperature scales to complement observations in the lower-frequency bands in the baseline project (between 84 and 500 GHz). 2007 saw a number of major milestones in the Band 9 cartridge program completed. First, a Critical Design Review was held in February. During this review, a panel of 20 external experts, ESO representatives, and partners in the ALMA project reviewed the results of the Band 9 development effort to determine if the cartridge design, manufacturing, and test plans

48 meet the project’s requirement. The conclusions of the review panel were extremely positive, and the project commended the Band 9 team for their hard work and for the excellent quality of the Band 9 cartridges. The first half of 2007 also saw the completion of the assembly and testing of the first 8 Band 9 cartridges, which confirmed the quality of the cartridge design, both with respect to its performance and suitability for series production. The successful completion of the Critical Design Review, and good progress on the assembly and testing of the first 8 cartridges also triggered the start of negotiations between ESO and NOVA regarding the production of the remaining Band 9 cartridges needed to complete the ALMA array. These negotiations culminated in the signature of a contract between ESO and NOVA in the summer of 2007, for the production of the next 48 Band 9 cartridges. Since the signature of this contract, work has been split between efforts to complete the deliveries of the first 8 cartridges, and to start up the production effort, in particular by expanding assembly and test facilities and placing sub-contracts for the manu- facturing of cartridge components.

Photo 1: ALMA Band 9 Cartridges #3-8 tested and awaiting acceptance (August 2007). Image courtesy of R. Hesper.

Photo 2: Signing of the ESO-NOVA contract for ALMA Band 9 Production by S. Kuipers, the Chairman of the Executive Board of the RuG, on August 24, 2007. Image courtesy of J. Robot.

49

50 APPENDIX I : PUBLICATIONS 2007

I.1 Papers in scientific journals, books

Aalto, S.; Spaans, M.; Wiedner, M.C.; Hüttemeister, S., Overluminous HNC Line Emission in Arp 220, NGC 4418 and Mrk 231. Global IR Pumping or XDRs? Astronomy and Astrophysics 464, 193-200, 2007.

Angiras, R. A.; Jog, C. J.; Dwarakanath, K. S.; Verheijen, M. A. W.,Spatial and Kinematical Lopsidedness of Atomic Hydrogen in the Ursa Major Group of Galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 378, 276-284, 2007.

Áragón-Calvo, M.A., Jones, B.J.T., van de Weygaert, R., van der Hulst, J.M., The Multiscale Morphology Filter: Identifying and Extracting Spatial Patterns in the Galaxy Distribution. Astronomy and Astrophysics 474, pp.315-338, 2007.

Áragón-Calvo, M.A., van de Weygaert, R., Jones, B.J.T., van der Hulst, J.M., Spin Alignment of Dark Matter Halos in Filaments and Walls, Astrophysical Journal 655, pp. L5- L8, 2007.

Balcells, M.; Graham, A. W.; Peletier, R. F., Galactic Bulges From Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Observations: Global Scaling Relations. Astrophysical Journal, 665, 1104-114, 2007.

Balcells, M.; Graham, A. W.; Peletier, R. F. Galactic Bulges From Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Observations: Central Galaxian Objects, and Nuclear Profile Slopes. Astrophysical Journal 665, 1084-1103, 2007.

Bardeau, S.; Soucail, G.; Kneib, J. P.; Czoske, O.; Ebeling, H.; Hudelot, P.; Smail, I.; Smith, G. P. A CFH12k Lensing Survey of X-Ray Luminous Galaxy Clusters. II. Weak Lensing Analysis and Global Correlations. Astronomy and Astrophysics 470, 449-466, 2007.

Barnabè, M., Koopmans, L.V.E., A Unifying Framework for Self-consistent Gravitational Lensing and Stellar Dynamics Analyses of Early-Type Galaxies, Astrophysical Journal 666, pp. 726-746, 2007.

Basilakos, S.; Plionis, M.; Kovac, K.; Voglis, N. Large-Scale Structure in the HI Parkes All- Sky Survey: Filling the Voids With HI Galaxies? Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 378, 301-308, 2007.

Batcheldor, D.; Tadhunter, C.; Holt, J.; Morganti, R.; O'Dea, C. P.; Axon, D. J.; Koekemoer, A. Dominant Nuclear Outflow Driving Mechanisms in Powerful Radio Galaxies. Astrophysical Journal 661, 70-77, 2007.

Becklin, E. E.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Callis, H. H. S. Spectroscopic Observations With the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Advances in Space Research 40, 644-648, 2007.

51 Beifiori, A.; Corsini, E. M.; la Bonta, E.; Pizzella, A.; Coccato, L.; Sarzi, M.; Bertola, F. Upper Limits on the Mass of Supermassive Black Holes From HST/STIS Archival Data. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana 78, 761, 2007.

Benz, A. O.; Stäuber, P.; Bourke, T. L.; van der Tak, F. F. S.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Jørgensen, J. K. Energetic Radiation and the Sulfur Chemistry of Protostellar Envelopes: Submillimeter Interferometry of AFGL 2591. Astronomy and Astrophysics 475, 549-558, 2007.

Berciano Alba, A.; Garrett, M. A.; Koopmans, L. V. E.; Wucknitz, O. Highly-Magnified, Multiply-Imaged Radio Counterparts of the Sub-Mm Starburst Emission in the Cluster-Lens MS0451.6-0305. Astronomy and Astrophysics 462, 903-911, 2007.

Bodewits, D.; Christian, D. J.; Torney, M.; Dryer, M.; Lisse, C. M.; Dennerl, K.; Zurbuchen, T. H.; Wolk, S. J.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Hoekstra, R. Spectral Analysis of the Chandra Comet Survey. Astronomy and Astrophysics 469, 1183-1195, 2007.

Bolton, A. S.; Burles, S.; Treu, T.; Koopmans, L. V. E.; Moustakas, L. A. A More Fundamental Plane. Astrophysical Journal 665, L105-L108, 2007.

Braun, R.; Oosterloo, T. A.; Morganti, R.; Klein, U.; Beck, R. The Westerbork SINGS Survey. I. Overview and Image Atlas. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 461, 455-470, 2007.

Bringa, E. M.; Kucheyev, S. O.; Loeffler, M. J.; Baragiola, R. A.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Dai, Z. R.; Graham, G.; Bajt, S.; Bradley, J. P.; Dukes, C.A.; Felter, T. E.; Torres, D. F.; Breugel, W. v. Energetic Processing of Interstellar Silicate Grains by Cosmic Rays. Astrophysical Journal 662, 372-378, 2007.

Brocksopp, C.; Kaiser, C. R.; Schoenmakers, A. P.; de Bruyn, A. G. Three Episodes of Jet Activity in the Fanaroff-Riley Type II Radio Galaxy B0925+420. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 382, 1019-1028, 2007.

Campana, S.; Lazzati, D.; Ripamonti, E.; Perna, R.; Covino, S.; Tagliaferri, G.; Moretti, A.; Romano, P.; Cusumano, G.; Chincarini, G. A Metal-Rich Molecular Cloud Surrounds GRB 050904 at Redshift 6.3. Astrophysical Journal 654, L17-L20, 2007

Cappellari, M.; Emsellem, E.; Bacon, R.; Bureau, M.; Davies, R. L.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Falcón- Barroso, J. s.; Krajnoviş, D.; Kuntschner, H.; McDermid, R. M.; Peletier, R. F.; Sarzi, M.; van den Bosch, R. C. E.; van de Ven, G. The SAURON Project - X. The Orbital Anisotropy of Elliptical and Lenticular Galaxies: Revisiting the (V/, ) Diagram With Integral-Field Stellar Kinematics. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 379, 418-444, 2007.

Cenarro, A. J.; Peletier, R. F.; Sánchez-Blázquez, P.; Selam, S. O.; Toloba, E.; Cardiel, N.; Falcón-Barroso, J.; Gorgas, J.; Jiménez-Vicente, J.; Vazdekis, A. Medium-Resolution Isaac Newton Telescope Library of Empirical Spectra - II. The Stellar Atmospheric Parameters. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 374, 664-690, 2007.

Chapman, S. C.; Peñarrubia, J.; Ibata, R.; McConnachie, A.; Martin, N.; Irwin, M.; Blain, A.; Lewis, G. F.; Letarte, B.; Lo, K.; Ludlow, A.; O'neil, K. Strangers in the Night: Discovery of a Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy on Its First Local Group Infall. Astrophysical Journal 662, L79-L82, 2007.

Chiar, J. E.; Ennico, K.; Pendleton, Y. J.; Boogert, A. C. A.; Greene, T.; Knez, C.; Lada, C.; Roellig, T.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Werner, M.; Whittet, D. C. B. The Relationship Between the

52 Optical Depth of the 9.7 m Silicate Absorption Feature and Infrared Differential Extinction in Dense Clouds. Astrophysical Journal 666, L73-L76, 2007.

Coccato, L.; Corsini, E. M.; Pizzella, A.; Bertola, F. The Search for Inner Polar Disks With Integral Field Spectroscopy: the Case of NGC 2855 and NGC 7049. Astronomy and Astrophysics 465, 777-786, 2007.

Cole, A. A.; Skillman, E. D.; Tolstoy, E.; Gallagher, J. S., III; Aparicio, A.; Dolphin, A. E.; Gallart, C.; Hidalgo, S. L.; Saha, A.; Stetson, P. B.; Weisz, D. R. Leo A: A Late-Blooming Survivor of the Epoch of Reionization in the Local Group. Astrophysical Journal 659, L17- L20, 2007.

Cortese, L.; Marcillac, D.; Richard, J.; Bravo-Alfaro, H.; Kneib, J. P.; Rieke, G.; Covone, G.; Egami, E.; Rigby, J.; Czoske, O.; Davies, J. The Strong Transformation of Spiral Galaxies Infalling into Massive Clusters at z ~ 0.2. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 376, 157-172, 2007.

Cox, N. L. J.; Cordiner, M. A.; Ehrenfreund, P.; Kaper, L.; Sarre, P. J.; Foing, B. H.; Spaans, M.; Cami, J.; Sofia, U. J.; Clayton, G. C.; Gordon, K. D.; Salama, F. Interstellar Gas, Dust and Diffuse Bands in the SMC. Astronomy and Astrophysics 470, 941-955, 2007.

Douglas, N.G., Napolitano, N.R., Romanowsky, A.J., Coccato, L., Kuijken, K., Merrifield, M.R., Arnaboldi, M., Gerhard, O., Freeman, K.C., Merrett, H.R., Noordermeer, E., Capaccioli, M., The PN.S Elliptical Galaxy Survey: Data Reduction, Planetary Nebula Catalog, and Basic Dynamics for NGC 3379, Astrophys. J. 664, pp. 257-276, 2007.

Efremov, Y.; Afanasiev, V. L.; Alfaro, E. J.; Boomsma, R.; Bastian, N.; Larsen, S.; Sánchez- Gil, M. C.; Silchenko, O. K.; García-Lorenzo, B.; M uñoz-Tuñon, C.; Hodge, P. W. Ionized and Neutral Gas in the Peculiar Star/Cluster Complex in NGC 6946. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 382, 481-497, 2007.

Emonts, B.H.C.; Morganti, R.; Oosterloo, T.A.; van der Hulst, J.M.; van Moorsel, G.; Tadhunter, C.N., Large-scale HI in nearby radio galaxies: segregation in neutral gas content with radio source size, Astron. Astrophys. 464, pp. L1-L4, 2007.

Emonts, B.; Morganti, R.; Oosterloo, T. The Role of Neutral Hydrogen in Radio Galaxies. New Astronomy Review 51, 38-42, 2007.

Emsellem, E.; Cappellari, M.; Krajnovic, D.; van de Ven, G.; Bacon, R.; Bureau, M.; Davies, R. L.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Falcón-Barroso, J. s.; Kuntschner, H.; McDermid, R.; Peletier, R. F.; Sarzi, M. The SAURON Project - IX. A Kinematic Classification for Early-Type Galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 379, 401-417, 2007.

Fraternali, F.; Binney, J.; Oosterloo, T.; Sancisi, R. Gaseous Haloes: Linking Galaxies to the IGM. New Astronomy Review 51, pp. 95-98, 2007.

Frieswijk, W. W. F.; Spaans, M.; Shipman, R. F.; Teyssier, D.; Hily-Blant, P. Physical Characteristics of a Dark Cloud in an Early Stage of Star Formation Toward NGC 7538. An Outer Galaxy Infrared Dark Cloud? Astronomy and Astrophysics 475, 263-275, 2007.

Ganda, K.; Peletier, R. F.; McDermid, R. M.; Falcón-Barroso, J. s.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Bacon, R.; Cappellari, M.; Davies, R. L.; Emsellem, E.; Krajnoviş, D.; Kuntschner, H.; Sarzi, M.; van de Ven, G. Absorption-Line Strengths of 18 Late-Type Spiral Galaxies Observed With SAURON. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 380, 506-540, 2007.

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Gavazzi, R.; Treu, T.; Rhodes, J. D.; Koopmans, L. V. E.; Bolton, A. S.; Burles, S.; Massey, R. J.; Moustakas, L. A. The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. IV. The Mass Density Profile of Early- Type Galaxies out to 100 Effective Radii. Astrophysical Journal 667, 176-190, 2007.

Geers, V. C.; Pontoppidan, K. M.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Dullemond, C. P.; Augereau, J. C.; Merín, B.; Oliveira, I.; Pel, J. W. Spatial Separation of Small and Large Grains in the Transitional Disk Around the Young Star IRS 48. Astronomy and Astrophysics 469, L35-L38, 2007.

Guiles, S.; Bernard-Salas, J.; Pottasch, S. R.; Roellig, T. L. The Spitzer IRS Infrared Spectrum and Abundances of the Planetary Nebula IC 2448. Astrophysical Journal 660, 1282-1288, 2007.

Haberzettl, L.; Bomans, D. J.; Dettmar, R. J.; Pohlen, M. Low Surface Brightness Galaxies around the HDF-S. I. Object Extraction and Photometric Results. Astronomy and Astrophysics 465, 95-105, 2007.

Harker, G.; Cole, S.; Jenkins, A. Constraints on Sigma8 From Galaxy Clustering in N-Body Simulations and Semi-Analytic Models. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 382, 1503-1515, 2007.

Holt, J.; Tadhunter, C. N.; Gonzblez Delgado, R. M.; Inskip, K. J.; Rodriguez, J.; Emonts, B. H. C.; Morganti, R.; Wills, K. A. The Properties of the Young Stellar Populations in Powerful Radio Galaxies at Low and Intermediate Redshifts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 381, 611-639, 2007.

Holt, J.; Tadhunter, C.; Morganti, R. Outflows and Shocks in Compact Radio Sources. New Astronomy Review 51, 185-189, 2007.

Holwerda, B. W.; Draine, B.; Gordon, K. D.; Gonzblez, R. A.; Calzetti, D.; Thornley, M.; Buckalew, B.; Allen, R. J.; van der Kruit, P. C. The Opacity of Spiral Galaxy Disks. VIII. Structure of the Cold ISM. Astronomical Journal 134, 2226-2235, 2007.

Inskip, K. J.; Villar-Martín, M.; Tadhunter, C.; Holt, J.; Morganti, R. The Origin of Extended Emission Line Regions. New Astronomy Review 51, 47-51, 2007.

Inskip, K. J.; Tadhunter, C. N.; Dicken, D.; Holt, J.; Villar-Martín, M.; Morganti, R. PKS1932- 46: a Radio Source in an Interacting Group? Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 382, 95-108, 2007.

Jeong, W. S.; Nakagawa, T.; Yamamura, I.; Pearson, C. P.; Savage, R. S.; Lee, H. M.; Shibai, H.; Makiuti, S.; Baba, H.; Barthel, P.; Clements, D.; Doi, Y.; Figueredo, E.; Goto, T.; Hasegawa, S.; Kaneda, H.; Kawada, M.; Kawamura, A.; Kester, D.; Kwon, S. M.; Matsuhara, H.; Matsuura, S.; Murakami, H.; Oh, S. H.; Oliver, S.; Pak, S.; Park, Y. S.; Serjeant, S.; Shirahata, M.; Sohn, J.; Takagi, T.; Wang, L.; White, G. J.; Yamauchi, C. The Far-Infrared Properties of Spatially Resolved AKARI Observations. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 59, 429-435, 2007. Jesseit, R.; Naab, T.; Peletier, R. F.; Burkert, A. 2D Kinematics of Simulated Disc Merger Remnants. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 376, 997-1020, 2007

Józsa, G. I. G.; Kenn, F.; Klein, U.; Oosterloo, T. A. Kinematic Modelling of Disk Galaxies. I. A New Method to Fit Tilted Rings to Data Cubes. Astronomy and Astrophysics 468, 731-774, 2007.

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Józsa, G. I. G.; Niemczyk, C.; Klein, U.; Oosterloo, T. A. Tilted-Ring Modelling of Disk Galaxies: Anomalous Gas. New Astronomy Review 51, 116-119, 2007.

Kamphuis, P., Holwerda, B.W., Allen, R.J., Peletier, R F., van der Kruit, P.C., A dust component ~2 kpc above the plane in NGC 891, Astronomy and Astrophysics 471, pp.L1-L4, 2007.

Kamphuis, P., Peletier, R.F., Dettmar, R.-J., van der Hulst, J.M., van der Kruit, P.C., Allen, R.J., Kinematics of diffuse ionized gas in the disk halo interface of NGC 891 from Fabry-Pérot observations, Astronomy and Astrophysics 468, pp.951-962, 2007.

Kawada, M.; Baba, H.; Barthel, P. D.; Clements, D.; Cohen, M.; Doi, Y.; Figueredo, E.; Fujiwara, M.; Goto, T.; Hasegawa, S.; Hibi, Y.; Hirao, T.; Hiromoto, N.; Jeong, W. S.; Kaneda, H.; Kawai, T.; Kawamura, A.; Kester, D.; Kii, T.; Kobayashi, H.; Kwon, S. M.; Lee, H. M.; Makiuti, S.; Matsuo, H.; Matsuura, S.; Mnller, G. G.; Murakami, N.; Nagata, H.; Nakagawa, T.; Narita, M.; Noda, M.; Oh, S. H.; Okada, Y.; Okuda, H.; Oliver, S.; Ootsubo, T.; Pak, S.; Park, Y. S.; Pearson, C. P.; Rowan-Robinson, M.; Saito, T.; Salama, A.; Sato, S.; Savage, R. S.; Serjeant, S.; Shibai, H.; Shirahata, M.; Sohn, J.; Suzuki, T.; Takagi, T.; Takahashi, H.; Thomson, M.; Usui, F.; Verdugo, E.; Watabe, T.; White, G. J.; Wang, L.; Yamamura, I.; Yamauchi, C.; Yasuda, A. The Far-Infrared Surveyor (FIS) for AKARI. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 59, 389-400, 2007.

Kepley, A. A.; Morrison, H. L.; Helmi, A.; Kinman, T. D.; Van Duyne, J.; Martin, J. C.; Harding, P.; Norris, J. E.; Freeman, K. C. Halo Star Streams in the Solar Neighborhood. Astronomical Journal 134, 1579-1595, 2007.

Klessen, R. S.; Spaans, M.; Jappsen, A. K. The Stellar Mass Spectrum in Warm and Dusty Gas: Deviations From Salpeter in the Galactic Centre and in Circumnuclear Starburst Regions. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 374, L29-L33, 2007.

Kooi, J. W.; Baselmans, J. J. A.; Hajenius, M.; Gao, J. R.; Klapwijk, T. M.; Dieleman, P.; Baryshev, A.; de Lange, G. IF Impedance and Mixer Gain of NbN Hot Electron Bolometers. Journal of Applied Physics 101, 4511, 2007.

Kovac, K.; Somerville, R. S.; Rhoads, J. E.; Malhotra, S.; Wang, J. Clustering of Lyalpha Emitters at z ~ 4.5. Astrophysical Journal 668, 15-22, 2007

Labiano, A.; Barthel, P. D.; O'Dea, C. P.; de Vries, W. H.; Pérez, I.; Baum, S. A. GPS Radio Sources: New Optical Observations and an Updated Master List. Astronomy and Astrophysics 463, 97-104, 2007.

Lahuis, F.; Spoon, H. W. W.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Doty, S. D.; Armus, L.; Charmandaris, V.; Houck, J. R.; Stäuber, P.; van Dishoeck, E. F. Infrared Molecular Starburst Fingerprints in Deeply Obscured (Ultra)Luminous Infrared Galaxy Nuclei. Astrophysical Journal 659, 296- 304, 2007.

Lee, H. c.; Worthey, G.; Trager, S. C.; Faber, S. M. On the Age and Metallicity Estimation of Spiral Galaxies Using Optical and Near-Infrared Photometry. Astrophysical Journal 664, 215-225, 2007.

Lewis, G. F.; Ibata, R. A.; Chapman, S. C.; McConnachie, A.; Irwin, M. J.; Tolstoy, E.; Tanvir, N. R. Inside the Whale: the Structure and Dynamics of the Isolated Cetus Dwarf Spheroidal. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 375, 1364-1370, 2007.

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Limousin, M.; Kneib, J. P.; Bardeau, S.; Natarajan, P.; Czoske, O.; Smail, I.; Ebeling, H.; Smith, G. P. Truncation of Galaxy Dark Matter Halos in High Density Environments. Astronomy and Astrophysics 461, 881-891, 2007.

Limousin, M.; Richard, J.; Jullo, E.; Kneib, J. P.; Fort, B.; Soucail, G.; Elíasdóttir, r.; Natarajan, P.; Ellis, R. S.; Smail, I.; Czoske, O.; Smith, G. P.; Hudelot, P.; Bardeau, S.; Ebeling, H.; Egami, E.; Knudsen, K. K. Combining Strong and Weak Gravitational Lensing in Abell 1689. Astrophysical Journal 668, 643-666, 2007.

Macquart, J. P.;Emergence and Disappearance of Microarcsecond Structure in the Scintillating Quasar J1819+3845. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 380, L20-L24, 2007.

Mapelli, M.; Ripamonti, E.; Tolstoy, E.; Sigurdsson, S.; Irwin, M. J.; Battaglia, G. Blue Straggler Stars in Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 380, 1127-1140, 2007.

Mapelli, M.; Ripamonti, E. Primordial Gas Heating by Dark Matter and Structure Formation. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana 78, 800, 2007.

Marshall, P. J.; Treu, T.; Melbourne, J.; Gavazzi, R.; Bundy, K.; Ammons, S. M.; Bolton, A. S.; Burles, S.; Larkin, J. E.; Le Mignant, D.; Koo, D. C.; Koopmans, L. V. E.; Max, C. E.; Moustakas, L. A.; Steinbring, E.; Wright, S. A. Superresolving Distant Galaxies With Gravitational Telescopes: Keck Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics and Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the Lens System SDSS J0737+3216. Astrophysical Journal 671, 1196-1211, 2007.

McDermid, R. M.; Emsellem, E.; Shapiro, K. L.; Bacon, R.; Bureau, M.; Cappellari, M.; Davies, R. L.; de Zeeuw, T.; Falcón-Barroso, J. s.; Krajnovic, D.; Kuntschner, H.; Peletier, R. F.; Sarzi, M.; de Ven, G. V. Connecting Stars and Ionised Gas With Integral-Field Spectroscopy. New Astronomy Review 51, 13-17, 2007.

McKean, J. P.; Koopmans, L. V. E.; Flack, C. E.; Fassnacht, C. D.; Thompson, D.; Matthews, K.; Blandford, R. D.; Readhead, A. C. S.; Soifer, B. T. High-Resolution Imaging of the Anomalous Flux Ratio Gravitational Lens System CLASS B2045+265: Dark or Luminous Satellites? Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 378, 109-118, 2007.

Meijerink, R.; Spaans, M.; Israel, F. P. Diagnostics of Irradiated Dense Gas in Galaxy Nuclei. II. A Grid of XDR and PDR Models. Astronomy and Astrophysics 461, 793-811, 2007.

Milgrom, M.; Sanders, R. H. Modified Newtonian Dynamics Rotation Curves of Very Low Mass Spiral Galaxies. Astrophysical Journal 658, L17-L20, 2007.

Morganti, R.; Holt, J.; Saripalli, L.; Oosterloo, T. A.; Tadhunter, C. N. IC 5063: AGN Driven Outflow of Warm and Cold Gas. Astronomy and Astrophysics 476, 735-743, 2007.

Morganti, R.; Oosterloo, T.; Villar-Martin, M.; van Gorkom, J. The Fate of the Gas in Galaxies Workshop. New Astronomy Review 51, 1-2, 2007.

Mundell, C. G.; Dumas, G.; Schinnerer, E.; Nagar, N.; Haan, S.; Wilcots, E.; Wilson, A. S.; Emsellem, E.; Ferruit, P.; Peletier, R. F.; de Zeeuw, P. T. 3D Studies of Neutral and Ionised Gas and Stars in Seyfert and Inactive Galaxies. New Astronomy Review 51, 34-37, 2007.

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Noordermeer, E.; van der Hulst, J. M. The Stellar Mass Distribution in Early-Type Disc Galaxies: Surface Photometry and Bulge-Disc Decompositions. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 376, 1480-1512, 2007.

Noordermeer, E.; van der Hulst, J.M.; Sancisi, R.; Swaters, R.S.; van Albada, T.S., The mass distribution in early-type disc galaxies: declining rotation curves and correlations with optical properties, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 376, pp. 1513-1546, 2007.

Noordermeer, E.; Verheijen, M. A. W. The High-Mass End of the Tully-Fisher Relation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 381, 1463-1472, 2007.

Oosterloo, T. A.; Morganti, R.; Sadler, E. M.; van der Hulst, T.; Serra, P. Extended, Regular HI Structures Around Early-Type Galaxies. Astronomy and Astrophysics 465, 787- 798, 2007.

Oosterloo, T. A.; Morganti, R.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; McDermid, R. M.; Krajnovic, D.; Cappellari, M.; Kenn, F.; Weijmans, A.; Sarzi, M. The Kinematics and Morphology of the HI in Gas-Poor Galaxies. New Astronomy Review 51, 8-12, 2007.

Oosterloo, T. A.; Morganti, R.; Sadler, E. M.; van der Hulst, T.; Serra, P. Extended, Regular HI Structures Around Early-Type Galaxies. Astronomy and Astrophysics 465, 787- 798, 2007.

Oosterloo, T.; Fraternali, F.; Sancisi, R. The Cold Gaseous Halo of NGC 891. Astronomical Journal 134, 1019, 2007.

Ormel, C. W.; Cuzzi, J. N. Closed-Form Expressions for Particle Relative Velocities Induced by Turbulence. Astronomy and Astrophysics 466, 413-420, 2007.

Ormel, C. W.; Spaans, M.; Tielens, A. G. G. M. Dust Coagulation in Protoplanetary Disks: Porosity Matters. Astronomy and Astrophysics 461, 215-232, 2007.

Osterman, M. A.; Miller, H. R.; Marshall, K.; Ryle, W. T.; Aller, H.; Aller, M.; McFarland, J. P. New Multiwavelength Observations of PKS 2155-304 and Implications for the Coordinated Variability Patterns of Blazars. Astrophysical Journal 671, 97-103, 2007.

Peletier, R. F.; Fathi, K.; Allard, E. L.; Knapen, J. H.; Sarzi, M.; van de Ven, G.; Falcon- Barroso, J.; Cappellari, M.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Emsellem, E. Stars and Gas in the Inner Parts

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Peletier, R. F.; Falcón-Barroso, J. s.; Bacon, R.; Cappellari, M.; Davies, R. L.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Emsellem, E.; Ganda, K.; Krajnovic, D.; Kuntschner, H.; McDermid, R. M.; Sarzi, M.; van de Ven, G. The SAURON Project - XI. Stellar Populations From Absorption-Line Strength Maps of 24 Early-Type Spirals. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 379, 445- 468 2007.

Pérez, I.; Sanchez-Blazquez, P.; Zurita, A New light on the formation and evolution of bars. Trends in the stellar line-strength indices distribution inside the bar region, Astronomy and Astrophysics 465, 9. 2007,

Pérez-Beaupuits, J.P.; Aalto, S.; Gerebro, H. HNC, HCN and CN in Seyfert Galaxies. Astronomy and Astrophysics 476, 177-192, 2007.

Pirali, O.; Vervloet, M.; Dahl, J. E.; Carlson, R. M. K.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Oomens, J. Infrared Spectroscopy of Diamondoid Molecules: New Insights into the Presence of Nanodiamonds in the Interstellar Medium. Astrophysical Journal 661, 919-925, 2007.

Platen, E.; van de Weygaert, R.; Jones, B. J. T. A Cosmic Watershed: the WVF Void Detection Technique. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 380, 551-570, 2007.

Plume, R.; Fuller, G. A.; Helmich, F.; van der Tak, F. F. S.; Roberts, H.; Bowey, J.; Buckle, J.; Butner, H.; Caux, E.; Ceccarelli, C.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Friberg, P.; Gibb, A. G.; Hatchell, J.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Matthews, H.; Millar, T. J.; Mitchell, G.; Moore, T. J. T.; Ossenkopf, V.; Rawlings, J. M. C.; Richer, J.; Roellig, M.; Schilke, P.; Spaans, M.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Thompson, M. A.; Viti, S.; Weferling, B.; White, G. J.; Wouterloot, J.; Yates, J.; Zhu, M. The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope Spectral Legacy Survey. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 119, 102-111, 2007.

Poelman, D. R.; Spaans, M.; Tielens, A. G. G. M. The Interpretation of Water Emission From Dense Interstellar Clouds. Astronomy and Astrophysics 464, 1023-1027, 2007.

Poelman, D. R.; van der Tak, F. F. S. Modeling the Water Line Emission From the High- Mass Star-Forming Region AFGL 2591. Astronomy and Astrophysics 475, 949-958, 2007.

Pohlen, M.; Zaroubi, S.; Peletier, R. F.; Dettmar, R. J. On the Three-Dimensional Structure of Edge-on Disc Galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 378, 594-616, 2007.

Popping, A.; Braun, R. The WSRT Virgo Filament Survey. New Astronomy Review 51, 24- 28, 2007.

Pottasch, S. R.; Bernard-Salas, J.; Roellig, T. L. Abundances of Planetary Nebula M 1-42, Astronomy and Astrophysics 471, 865-872, 2007.

Pottasch, S. R.; Surendiranath, R. Abundances in Planetary Nebulae: Hb 5. Astronomy and Astrophysics 462, 179-192, 2007.

Röllig, M.; Abel, N. P.; Bell, T.; Bensch, F.; Black, J.; Ferland, G. J.; Jonkheid, B.; Kamp, I.; Kaufman, M. J.; Le Bourlot, J.; Le Petit, F.; Meijerink, R.; Morata, O.; Ossenkopf, V.; Roueff, E.; Shaw, G.; Spaans, M.; Sternberg, A.; Stutzki, J.; Thi, W. F.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; van

58 Hoof, P. A. M.; Viti, S.; Wolfire, M. G. A Photon Dominated Region Code Comparison Study. Astronomy and Astrophysics 467, 187-206, 2007.

Richard, J.; Kneib, J. P.; Jullo, E.; Covone, G.; Limousin, M.; Ellis, R.; Stark, D.; Bundy, K.; Czoske, O.; Ebeling, H.; Soucail, G. A Statistical Study of Multiply Imaged Systems in the Lensing Cluster Abell 68. Astrophysical Journal 662, 781-796, 2007.

Ripamonti, E. The Role of HD Cooling in Primordial Star Formation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 376, 709-718, 2007.

Ripamonti, E.; Mapelli, M.; Ferrara, A. The Impact of Dark Matter Decays and Annihilations on the Formation of the First Structures. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 375, 1399-1408, 2007.

Ripamonti, E.; Mapelli, M.; Ferrara, A. Intergalactic Medium Heating by Dark Matter. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 374, 1067-1077, 2007.

Romano-Díaz, E.; van de Weygaert, R. Delaunay Tessellation Field Estimator Analysis of the PSCz Local Universe: Density Field and Cosmic Flow. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 382, 2-28, 2007.

Rudolf, H.; Carter, M.; Baryshev, A. The ALMA Front End Optics--System Aspects and European Measurement Results. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 55, 2966- 2973, 2007.

Sales, L. V.; Navarro, J. F.; Abadi, M. G.; Steinmetz, M. Cosmic Ménage à Trois: the Origin of Satellite Galaxies on Extreme Orbits. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 379, 1475-1483, 2007.

Sales, L. V.; Navarro, J. F.; Abadi, M. G.; Steinmetz, M. Satellites of Simulated Galaxies: Survival, Merging and Their Relationto the Dark and Stellar Haloes. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 379, 1464-1474, 2007.

Sales, L. V.; Navarro, J. F.; Lambas, D. G.; White, S. D. M.; Croton, D. J. Satellite Galaxies and Fossil Groups in the Millennium Simulation. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 382, 1901-1916, 2007.

Sánchez, S. F.; Cardiel, N.; Verheijen, M. A. W.; Pedraz, S.; Covone, G. Morphologies and Stellar Populations of Galaxies in the Core of Abell 2218. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 376, 125-150, 2007.

Sánchez, S. F.; Cardiel, N.; Verheijen, M. A. W.; Martín-Gordón, D.; Vilchez, J. M.; Alves, J. PPAK Integral Field Spectroscopy Survey of the Orion Nebula. Data Release. Astronomy and Astrophysics 465, 207-217, 2007.

Sanders, R. H. Neutrinos As Cluster Dark Matter. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 380, 331-338, 2007.

Sanders, R.H, Modified Gravity Without Dark Matter. in: The Invisible Universe: Dark Matter and Dark Energy, Lecture Notes in Physics, Volume 720. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, p. 375, 2007.

59 Sanders, R. H.; Noordermeer, E. Confrontation of MOdified Newtonian Dynamics With the Rotation Curves of Early-Type Disc Galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 379, 702-710, 2007.

Sarzi, M.; Bacon, R.; Cappellari, M.; Davies, R. L.; Emsellem, E.; Falcón-Barroso, J. s.; Krajnovic, D.; Kuntschner, H.; McDermid, R. M.; Peletier, R. F.; de Zeeuw, T.; van de Ven, G. On the Origin and Fate of Ionised-Gas in Early-Type Galaxies: The SAURON Perspective. New Astronomy Review 51, 18-23, 2007.

Schnerr, R. S.; Rygl, K. L. J.; van der Horst, A. J.; Oosterloo, T. A.; Miller-Jones, J. C. A.; Henrichs, H. F.; Spoelstra, T. A. T.; Foley, A. R. Radio Observations of Candidate Magnetic O Stars. Astronomy and Astrophysics 470, 1105-1109, 2007.

Schnitzeler, D. H. F. M.; Katgert, P.; Haverkorn, M.; de Bruyn, A. G. The WENSS & Dwingeloo Surveys and the Galactic Magnetic Field. Astronomy and Astrophysics 461, 963- 976, 2007.

Schnitzeler, D. H. F. M.; Katgert, P.; de Bruyn, A. G. WSRT Faraday Tomography of the Galactic ISM at ~ 0.86 m. First Results for a Field at (l, B) = (181˚,20˚). Astronomy and Astrophysics 471, L21-L24, 2007.

Scholten, O.; Bacelar, J.; Braun, R.; de Bruyn, A. G.; Falcke, H.; Stappers, B.; Strom, R. G. Optimal Radio Window for the Detection of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays and Neutrinos Off the Moon. Journal of Physics Conference Series 81, 2004, 2007.

Serra, P.; Trager, S. C.; van der Hulst, J. M.; Oosterloo, T. A.; Morganti, R.; van Gorkom, J. H.; Sadler, E. M. HI Gas and Stellar Content of Early-Type Galaxies. New Astronomy Review 51, 3-7, 2007.

Serra, P.; Trager, S. C. On the Interpretation of the Age and Chemical Composition of Composite Stellar Populations Determined With Line-Strength Indices. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 374, 769-774, 2007.

Sikkema, G.; Carter, D.; Peletier, R. F.; Balcells, M.; Del Burgo, C.; Valentijn, E. A. HST/ACS Observations of Shell Galaxies: Inner Shells, Shell Colours and Dust. Astronomy and Astrophysics 467, 1011-1024, 2007.

Smith, M. C.; Ruchti, G. R.; Helmi, A.; Wyse, R. F. G.; Fulbright, J. P.; Freeman, K. C.; Navarro, J. F.; Seabroke, G. M.; Steinmetz, M.; Williams, M.; Bienaymé, O.; Binney, J.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.; Dehnen, W.; Gibson, B. K.; Gilmore, G.; Grebel, E. K.; Munari, U.; Parker, Q. A.; Scholz, R. D.; Siebert, A.; Watson, F. G.; Zwitter, T. The RAVE Survey: Constraining the Local Galactic Escape Speed. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 379, 755-772, 2007.

Spaans, M.; Meijerink, R. CO+ in M82: A Consequence of Irradiation by X-Rays. Astrophysical Journal 664, L23-L26, 2007.

Stäuber, P.; Benz, A. O.; Jörgensen, J. K.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Doty, S. D.; van der Tak, F. F. S. Tracing High Energy Radiation With Molecular Lines Near Deeply Embedded Protostars. Astronomy and Astrophysics 466, 977-988, 2007.

Stoeger, W. R.; Helmi, A.; Torres, D. F. Averaging Einstein's Equations:.the Linearized Case. International Journal of Modern Physics D 16, 1001-1026, 2007.

60 Struve, Ch.; Józsa, G.; Kenn, F.; Klein, U.; Pizzella, A.; Salcuci, P., Structure and kinematics of large spiral galaxies, New Astronomy Review 51, 120-124, 2007.

Tadhunter, C.; Dicken, D.; Holt, J.; Inskip, K.; Morganti, R.; Axon, D.; Buchanan, C.; González Delgado, R.; Barthel, P.; van Bemmel, I. The Heating Mechanism for the Warm/Cool Dust in Powerful, Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei. Astrophysical Journal 661, L13-L16, 2007.

Valdés, M.; Ferrara, A.; Mapelli, M.; Ripamonti, E. Constraining Dark Matter through 21-Cm Observations. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 377, 245-252, 2007.

Valentijn, E. A.; Keijn, G. V. The Astro-Wise System: a Federated Information Accumulator for Astronomy. Highlights of Astronomy 14, 607, 2007.

Van de Weygaert, R., Voronoi Tessellations and the Cosmic Web: Spatial Patterns and Clustering across the Universe. IEEE Computer Society, proc. 4th Intern. Symp. Voronoi Diagrams in Science and Engineering, ed. C. Gold. 2007 van der Horst, A. J.; Kamble, A.; Wijers, R. A. M. J.; Resmi, L.; Bhattacharya, D.; Rol, E.; Strom, R.; Kouveliotou, C.; Oosterloo, T.; Ishwara-Chandra, C. H. GRB 030329: 3 Years of Radio Afterglow Monitoring. Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions Series A 365, 1241-1246, 2007. van der Kruit, P. C. Truncations of Stellar Disks and Warps of HI-Layers in Edge-on Spiral Galaxies. Astronomy and Astrophysics 466, 883-893, 2007. van der Tak, F. F. S.; Black, J. H.; Schöier, F. L.; Jansen, D. J.; van Dishoeck, E. F. A Computer Program for Fast Non-LTE Analysis of Interstellar Line Spectra. With Diagnostic Plots to Interpret Observed Line Intensity Ratios. Astronomy and Astrophysics 468, 627-635, 2007. van Woerden, H., Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst, in: New Dictionary of Scientific Biography (ed. Noretta Koertge), vol.7_V, Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, p.126-132, 2007, van Woerden, H..; Strom, R. G. Fifty Years of the Stockert Radio Telescope and What Came Afterwards. Astronomische Nachrichten 328, 376-387, 2007.

Verheijen, M.; van Gorkom, J. H.; Szomoru, A.; Dwarakanath, K. S.; Poggianti, B. M.; Schiminovich, D. WSRT Ultradeep Neutral Hydrogen Imaging of Galaxy Clusters at z ~ 0.2: A Pilot Survey of Abell 963 and Abell 2192. Astrophysical Journal 668, pp. L9-L13, 2007.

Verheijen, M.; van Gorkom, J.; Szomoru, A.; Dwarakanath, K. S.; Poggianti, B.; Schiminovich, D. HI Imaging of Galaxy Clusters at z ≈ 0.2, a Pilot Survey of Abell 963 and Abell 2192. New Astronomy Review 51, pp. 90-94, 2007.

Wakker, B. P.; York, D. G.; Howk, J. C.; Barentine, J. C.; Wilhelm, R.; Peletier, R. F.; van Woerden, H.; Beers, T. C.; Ivezic, Z.; Richter, P.; Schwarz, U. J. Distances to Galactic High- Velocity Clouds: Complex C. Astrophysical Journal 670, pp. L113-L116, 2007.

Ward-Thompson, D. et al. (including Shipman, R., Spaans, M.), The James Clerk Maxwell Telescope Legacy Survey of Nearby Star-forming Regions in the Gould Belt, The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 119, pp. 855-870, 2007.

61 Zaroubi, S.; Thomas, R. M.; Sugiyama, N.; Silk, J. Heating of the Intergalactic Medium by Primordial Miniquasars. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 375, pp. 1269- 1279, 2007.

Zhang, Y. Y.; Finoguenov, A.; B÷hringer, H.; Kneib, J. P.; Smith, G. P.; Czoske, O.; Soucail, G. Scaling Relations and Mass Calibration of the X-Ray Luminous Galaxy Clusters at Redshift ~0.2: XMM-Newton Observations. Astronomy and Astrophysics 467, pp. 437-457, 2007.

I.2 Conference papers

Allard, E.A., Peletier, R.F., Knapen, J.H., in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 207-214, 2007

Battaglia, G., Helmi, A., Tolstoy, E., Irwin, M.J., in: From Stars to Galaxies: Building the Pieces to Build Up the Universe (eds. Antonella Vallenari, Rosaria Tantalo, Laura Portinari, and Alessia Moretti), ASP Conf. Series, Vol. 374 (16-20 October 2006, Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Venice, Italy), p.273, 2007.

Becklin, E. E.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Gehrz, R. D.; Callis, H. H. S. Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). In: Infrared Spaceborne Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XV (ed. Strojnik-Scholl, Marija), SPIE Proc. Vol. 6678, pp..66780A, 2007.

Beckman, J.; Gutiérrez, L.; Aladro, R.; Erwin, P.; Pohlen, M., The edges of the stellar populations of early type spirals as probed by their radial brightness profiles. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 495-496. 2007.

Blommaert, J. A. D. L.; Vanhollebeke, E.; Cami, J.; Groenewegen, M. A. T.; Habing, H. J.; Markwick-Kember, F.; Omont, A.; Schultheis, M.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Waters, L. B. F. M.; Wood, P. R. The Dust Sequence along the AGB. in: Why Galaxies Care About AGB Stars: Their Importance as Actors and Probes (eds. F. Kerschbaum, C. Charbonnel, and R. F. Wing), Conf. Proc. (University Campus, Vienna, Autria, August 2006), ASP Conference Series Vol. 378, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, p. 164. 2007.

Bureau, M.; Bacon, R.; Cappellari, M.; Combes, F.; Davies, R. L.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Emsellem, E.; Falcón-Barroso, J.; Jeong, H.; Krajnoviş, D.; Kuntschner, H.; McDermid, R. M.; Peletier, R. F.; Sarzi, M.; Shapiro, K. L.; van de Ven, G.; Yi, S. K.; Young, L. M. Star Formation in Nearby Early-Type Galaxies: Mapping in UV, Optical and CO. in: Galaxy Evolution Across the Hubble Time (eds. F. Combes and J. Palous), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #235 (14-17 August, 2006, Prague, Czech Republic), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.304-304. 2007.

Cardiel, N.; Sánchez, S. F.; Verheijen, M. A. W.; Pedraz, S.; Covone, G. IFU observations of the core of Abell 2218. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 561-562. 2007.

Ceccarelli, C.; Caselli, P.; Herbst, E.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Caux, E. Extreme Deuteration and Hot Corinos: The Earliest Chemical Signatures of Low-Mass Star Formation. In:

62 Protostars and Planets V (eds. B. Reipurth, D. Jewitt, and K. Keileds), Conf Proc. (Oct. 2005, Hawaii), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, p.47-62. 2007.

Coccato, L.; Corsini, E. M.; Pizzella, A.; Bertola, F. Integral Field Spectroscopy of NGC2855 and NGC7049. in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 121-124, 2007.

Corsini, E. M.; Pizzella, A.; Dalla Bontà, E.; Bertola, F.; Coccato, L.; Sarzi, M.; The Vc-
c Relation for Low Surface Brightness Galaxies. in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 77-82, 2007.

Corsini, E. M.; Beifiori, A.; Dalla Bontà, E.; Pizzella, A.; Coccato, L.; Sarzi, M.; Bertola, F. Upper limits on the mass of supermassive black holes from HST/STIS archival data. In: Black Holes from Stars to Galaxies - Across the Range of Masses (eds. V. Karas and G. Matt), Proceedings IAU Symposium #238 (21-25 August, 2006, Prague, Czech Republic). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 349-350 2007.

Cortese, L.; Marcillac, D.; Richard, J.; Bravo-Alfaro, H.; Kneib, J. P.; Rieke, G.; Covone, G.; Egami, E.; Rigby, J.; Czoske, O.; Davies, J. The Strong Transformation of Spiral Galaxies Infalling into Massive Clusters at z ~ 0.2. in: Galaxy Evolution Across the Hubble Time (eds. F. Combes and J. Palous), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #235 (14-17 August, 2006, Prague, Czech Republic), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 198. 2007.

Dalla Bontà, E.; Ferrarese, L.; Miralda-Escudé, J.; Coccato, L.; Corsini, E. M.; Pizzella, A. Supermassive black holes in BCGs. I In: Black Holes from Stars to Galaxies - Across the Range of Masses (eds. V. Karas and G. Matt), Proceedings IAU Symposium #238 (21-25 August, 2006, Prague, Czech Republic). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 355- 356. 2007.

Decin, L.; Hony, S.; de Koter, A.; Justtanont, K.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Waters, L. B. F. M. Probing the Mass-Loss History of VY CMa. in: Why Galaxies Care About AGB Stars: Their Importance as Actors and Probes (eds. F. Kerschbaum, C. Charbonnel, and R. F. Wing), Conf. Proc. (University Campus, Vienna, Autria, August 2006), ASP Conference Series Vol. 378, San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, p. 285. 2007.

Ehrenfreund, P.; Spaans, M. Cosmic carbon chemistry. in: Chemical Evolution I: Chemical Change Across Space and Time, American Chemical Society symposium: Chicago, 2007, Oxford University Press, p. 232-246, 2007.

Falcke, H.D., et al (including de Bruyn, A.G., Butcher, H.R., Koopmans, L.V., Brouw, W.N., Oosterloo, T., Brentjens, M.A.), A very brief description of LOFAR the Low Frequency Array, in: Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 14, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 386- 387, 2007.

Falcón-Barroso, J.; Bacon, R.; Bureau, M.; Cappellari, M.; Davies, R. L.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Emsellem, E.; Fathi, K.; Krajnoviş, D.; Kuntschner, H.; McDermid, R. M.; Peletier, R. F.; Sarzi, M. a Sauron Study of Stars and Gas in SA Bulges. in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 201-206, 2007.

Falcón-Barroso, J.; Bacon, R.; Bureau, M.; Cappellari, M.; Davies, R. L.; Zeeuw, P. T.; Emsellem, E.; Fathi, K.; Krajnoviş, D.; Kuntschner, H.; McDermid, R. M.; Peletier, R. F.;

63 Sarzi, M. , SAURON Observations of Sa Bulges: The Formation of a Kinematically Decoupled Core in NGC5953. in: Science Perspectives for 3D Spectroscopy, ESO Astrophysics Symposia, European Southern Observatory, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, p. 111, 2007.

Falcón-Barroso, J. s.; Bacon, R.; Cappellari, M.; Davies, R.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Emsellem, E.; Krajnoviş, D.; Kuntschner, H.; McDermid, R. M.; Peletier, R. F.; Sarzi, M.; van de Ven, G. Stellar Populations in KDCs of Sa Galaxies. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 470-474,2007.

Fathi, K.; Ven, G. V. D.; Peletier, R.; Emsellem, E.; Barroso, J. s.; Cappellari, M.; Zeeuw, T. D. Two-Dimensional Kinematics of a Bar and Central Disk in NGC5448, in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 125-128, 2007.

Fraternali, F.; Oosterloo, T.; Binney, J. J.; Sancisi, R. The Gaseous Haloes of Disc Galaxies. in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 271, 2007.

Galaz, G.; Villalobos, A.; Morelli, L.; Lacerna, I.; Donzelli, C.; Infante, L. News from bulges hosted by low surface brightness galaxies. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 509-510. 2007.

Ganda, K.; Peletier, R. F.; Falcón-Barroso, J. s.; McDermid, R. M. Two-dimensional spectroscopy of late-type spirals. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 511-512. 2007.

Ganda, K.; Peletier, R. Of Late-Type Spirals Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy. in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 133- 136, 2007.

Guillard, P.; Jones, A. P.; Tielens, A. G. G. M. The lifecycle of interstellar dust as constrained by noble gas implantation into SiC grains. in: SF2A-2007 (eds. J. Bouvier, A. Chalabaev, and C. Charbonnel), Proceedings of the Annual meeting of the French Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics (Grenoble, France, July 2-6, 2007), p.246, 2007.

Hansen, J. F.; Graham, G. A.; Bringa, E. M.; Remington, B. A.; Kearsley, A. T.; van Breugel, W.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Taylor, E. A. Shock-Processing of Astrophysical Dust Grains, American Physical Society, 49th Annual Meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics (Nov. 12- 16, 2007), abstract #UO4.012, 2007.

Haverkorn, M.; Carretti, E.; McConnell, D.; Clure-Griffiths, N. M.; Bernardi, G.; Cortiglioni, S.; Poppi, S. The Parkes Galactic Meridian Survey: The Polarized Galaxy From Plane To Pole. Bull. American Astron. Soc. Meeting (210th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society), #21.02. 2007.

Heiner, J.S., Allen, R.J., van der Kruit, P.C., PDR-produced HI In SFRs Of M33, Bull. American Astron. Soc. (211th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society), # 92.11, 2007.

64 Heiner, J. S.; Allen, R. J.; van der Kruit, P. C. Tracing Molecular Hydrogen With Atomic Hydrogen in M81 and Other Nearby Galaxies, in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 375, 2007.

Holt, J.; Tadhunter, C. N.; Morganti, R. Emission-Line Outflows -- the Evidence for AGN- induced Feedback. in: The Central Engine of Active Galactic Nuclei (eds. Luis C. Ho and Jian-Min Wang), ASP Conference Series, Vol. 373, Conf. Proc. (Xi'an Jioatong University, Xi'an, China, 16-21 Oct., 2006), p. 347, 2007.

Holwerda, B. W.; González, R. A.; Allen, R. J.; van der Kruit, P. C. The Opacity of Spiral Galaxy Disks, in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 41-46, 2007.

Holwerda, B. W.; González, R. A.; Allen, R. J.; Keel, W. C.; van der Kruit, P. C. Evolution and Extend of Disk Opacity. Bull. American Astron. Soc. (211th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society), # 93.11, 2007.

Indebetouw, R.; de Messieres, G.; Madden, S.; Engelbracht, C.; Smith, J.; Meixner, M.; Brandl, B.; Boulanger, F.; Galliano, F.; Gordon, K.; Hora, J.; Smith, L.; Tielens, X.; Werner, M.; Wolfire, M. Spitzer's View of Parsec-scale Ionization Structure in 30 Doradus. Bull. American Astron. Soc. (211th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society), # 139.22, 2007.

Inskip, K. J.; Villar-Martin, M.; Tadhunter, C.; Morganti, R.; Holt, J.; Dicken, D. VIMOS Spectroscopy of Extended Emission-line Regions. in: The Central Engine of Active Galactic Nuclei (eds. Luis C. Ho and Jian-Min Wang), ASP Conference Series, Vol. 373, Conf. Proc. (Xi'an Jioatong University, Xi'an, China, 16-21 Oct., 2006), p. 546. 2007.

Józsa, G. I. G.; Kenn, F.; Klein, U.; Oosterloo, T. A. A Case-Study of Grand-Design Warps in Galactic Disks. in: Galaxy Evolution Across the Hubble Time (eds. F. Combes and J. Palous), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #235 (14-17 August, 2006, Prague, Czech Republic), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.109. 2007.

Kamphuis, P.; Peletier, R. F.; van der Kruit, P. C. ; Oosterloo, T. A.; Sancisi, R. a Study of Extra-Planar HI Gas. in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 303, 2007.

Knapen, J. H.; Allard, E. L.; Sarzi, M.; Peletier, R. F.; Mazzuca, L. M. The star formation history in circumnuclear regions of galaxies. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 515-516, 2007.

Kornei, K.; Pendleton, Y.; Tielens, A. G.; Keane, J. The Cepheus A Region as a Probe of Dust Chemistry. Bull. American Astron. Soc. Vol. 38 (210th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society), #79.02, 2007.

Kress, M. E.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.; Frenklach, M. The 'Soot Line': Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Primitive Chondrites As Tracers of Nebular Conditions. 70th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting (Tucson, Arizona, August 13-17, 2007),. Meteoritics and Planetary Science Supplement, Vol. 42, p. 5273 2007,

65

Kroes, G.; Meijers, M.; Oudenhuysen, A.; Pel, J. W. JWST-MIRI spectrometer main optics alignment and tolerancing philosophy. in: Optical System Alignment and Tolerancing.(eds. Sasian, José M.; Ruda, Mitchell C.), SPIE Proc. Vol. 6676, pp.66760J-66760J-11 676, 17. 2007.

Kuntschner, H.; Emsellem, E.; Bacon, R.; Bureau, M.; Cappellari, M.; Davies, R. L.; Zeeuw, T.; Falcón-Barroso, J.; Krajnovic, D.; McDermid, R. M.; Peletier, R. F.; Sarzi, M. The Stellar Populations of E and S0 Galaxies as Seen with SAURON. in: Science Perspectives for 3D Spectroscopy , ESO Astrophysics Symposia European Southern Observatory, Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, p. 123, 2007.

Kutdemir, E.; Ziegler, B.; Peletier, R. F. Velocity Fields of Spiral Galaxies in z~0.5 Clusters. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 569-570. 2007.

Leaman, R.; Cole, A.; Venn, K.; Tolstoy, E.; Irwin, M.; Szeifert, T. First Metallicty Distribution From CaT Spectroscopy of RGB Stars in the Dwarf Irregular Galaxy WLM. Bull. American Astron. Soc. Vol. 38 (210th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society), #121.10, p. 329, 2007.

Letarte, B.; Hill, V.; Tolstoy, E. Chemical Analysis of Fornax dwarf spheroidal with VLT/FLAMES. EAS Publications Series 24, 33-38. 2007.

Li, Y. S.; Helmi, A. Infall of Substructures Onto a Milky Way-Like Dark Halo. in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 311, 2007.

Loenen, A. F.; Baan, W. A.; Spaans, M. Molecular properties of (U)LIRGs: CO, HCN, HNC and HCO+. in: Astrophysical Masers and their Environments, Proceedings of IAU Symposium #242, p. 462-466, 2007.

Lord, S. D.; van der Werf, P.; Papadopoulos, P.; Wiedner, M.; Greve, T.; Smith, H.; Xilouris, M.; Weiss, A.; Walter, F.; Charmandaris, V.; Kramer, C.; Spaans, M.; Spinoglio, L.; Mazzarella, J.; Sanders, D.; Meijerink, R.; Fischer, J.; Isaak, K.; Armus, L.; Evans, A. An Unbiased Herschel Space Observatory Spectroscopic Survey of [U]LIRGS in the Local Universe. Bull. American Astron. Soc. Vol. 38 (210th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society), #11.07, 2007.

Malhotra, S.; Rhoads, J.; Pirzkal, N.; Kovac, K.; Finkelstein, S.; Wang, J.; collaboration, L. A. L. A. The physical nature of Lyman-alpha galaxies. Bull. American Astron. Soc. Vol. 38 (210th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society), #97.03, 2007.

Mármol-Queraltó, E.; Cardiel, N.; Cenarro, A. J.; Vazdekis, A.; Gorgas, J.; Peletier, R. F. A new stellar library in the K band for the empirical calibration of the CO index. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 97-98. 2007.

Martín-Hernández, J. M.; Mármol-Queraltó, E.; Gorgas, J.; Cardiel, N.; Sánchez-Blázquez, P.; Cenarro, A. J.; Peletier, R. F.; Vazdekis, A.; Falcón-Barroso, J. New Empirical Fitting Functions of the Lick/IDS indices using MILES. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241,

66 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 99-100. 2007.

McDermid, R. M.; Emsellem, E.; Shapiro, K. L.; Bacon, R.; Bureau, M.; Cappellari, M.; Davies, R. L.; Zeeuw, P. T.; Falcón-Barroso, J.; Krajnovic, D.; Kuntschner, H.; Peletier, R.F.; Sarzi, M. Young Kinematically Decoupled Components in Early-Type Galaxies. In: Science Perspectives for 3D Spectroscopy, ESO Astrophysics Symposia, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, p. 253, 2007.

McDermid, R. M.; Emsellem, E.; Shapiro, K. L.; Bacon, R.; Bureau, M.; Cappellari, M.; Davies, R.L.; de Zeeuw, T.; Falcón-Barroso, J. s.; Krajnovic, D.; Kuntschner, H.; Peletier, R.F.; Sarzi, M. Stellar Populations of Decoupled Cores in E/S0 Galaxies with sauron and oasis. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 399-403. 2007.

McDermid, R. M.; Emsellem, E.; Shapiro, K. L.; Bacon, R.; Bureau, M.; Cappellari, M.; Davies, R. L.; de Zeeuw, T.; Falcón-Barroso, J. s.; Krajnovic, D.; Kuntschner, H.; Peletier, R.F.; Sarzi, M. Stellar Populations of Kinematically Decoupled Cores in E/S0 Galaxies. in: Galaxy Evolution Across the Hubble Time (eds. F. Combes and J. Palous), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #235 (14-17 August, 2006, Prague, Czech Republic), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 122. 2007.

Michielsen, D.; Boselli, A.; Gorgas, J.; Peletier, R.; The Magpop-ITP Team. The star formation history of dwarf galaxies: First results of the MAGPOP-ITP. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 414-417. 2007.

Morelli, L.; Pompei, E.; Pizzella, A.; Coccato, L.; Corsini, E. M.; Mθndez-Abreu, J.; Saglia, R.; Sarzi, M.; Bertola, F. Stellar population in bulge of spiral galaxies. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 519-520. 2007.

Morganti, R.; Tadhunter, C.; Oosterloo, T.; Holt, J.; Emonts, B. Fast Neutral Outflows in Nearby Radio Galaxies: A Major Source of Feedback. . in: The Central Engine of Active Galactic Nuclei (eds. Luis C. Ho and Jian-Min Wang), ASP Conference Series, Vol. 373, Conf. Proc. (Xi'an Jioatong University, Xi'an, China, 16-21 Oct., 2006), p. 343. 2007.

Napolitano, N.R., Romanowsky, A J., Coccato, L., Capaccioli, M., Douglas, N.G., Noordermeer, E., Merrifield, M.R., Kuijken, K., Arnaboldi, M., Gerhard, O., Freeman, K.C., De Das, P., Dark-Matter Content of Early-Type Galaxies with Planetary Nebulae, in: Dark Galaxies and Lost Baryons, IAU Symp. 244, p. 289-294, 2007.

Pel, J. W.; Lub, J. The Walraven VBLUW Photometric System: 32 Years of 5-Channel Photometry. In: The Future of Photometric, Spectrophotometric and Polarimetric Standardization (ed. C. Sterken), ASP Conference Series, Vol. 364, Conf. Proceedings (Blankenberge, Belgium, 8-11 May, 2006), Astronoomical Society of the Pacific, p.63, 2007.

Peletier, R. F.; Falcón-Barroso, J. s.; Ganda, K.; Bacon, R.; Cappellari, M.; Davies, R. L.; de Zeeuw, P. T.; Emsellem, E.; Krajnovic, D.; Kuntschner, H.; McDermid, R. M.; Sarzi, M.; van de Ven, G. The Nature of Galactic Bulges from SAURON Absorption Line Strength Maps. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 485-488. 2007.

67 Peng, T. C.; Wyrowski, F.; van der Tak, F.; Walmsley, M.; Weiss, A.; Menten, K. M. Testing HCN/HCO+ chemistry and excitation in the Galactic starburst template W49A. in: Molecules in Space and Laboratory (eds. J.L. Lemaire, F. Combes), meeting held in Paris, France, May 14-18, 2007, Publisher: S. Diana, p. 34, 2007.

Pérez, I. Radial Profiles of Stellar Disks in Galaxies at z ≈ 1. in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 259-264, 2007,

Pérez, I.; Sánchez-Blazquez, P.; Zurita, A. Stellar line-strength indices distribution inside the bar region. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 241. 2007.

Pohlen, M.; Zaroubi, S.; Peletier, R. F. Deprojecting Edge-on Disk Galaxies. in: Galaxy Evolution Across the Hubble Time (eds. F. Combes and J. Palous), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #235 (14-17 August, 2006, Prague, Czech Republic), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 129. 2007.

Pohlen, M.; Trujillo, I. The Outer Disks of GALAXIES: “TO BE or Not to BE TRUNCATED? in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 253-258, 2007.

Ripamonti, E.; Tolstoy, E.; Helmi, A.; Battaglia, G.; Abel, T. Numerical Simulations of the Metallicity Distribution in Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies. CRAL-2006. Chemodynamics: From First Stars to Local Galaxies.E. Emsellem, H. Wozniak, G. Massacrier, J.-F. Gonzalez, J. Devriendt and N. Champavert (eds.), EAS Publications Series 24, EDP Sciences, pp.15-20. 2007.

Romanowsky, A. J.; Napolitano, N. R.; Douglas, N. G.; Strader, J.; Schuberth, Y.; Faifer, F. R.; Richtler, T.; Brodie, J.; Forbes, D. A.; Cappellari, M. Dark Matter Multi-Modalities in Elliptical Galaxies. Bull. American Astron. Soc. Vol. 38 (210th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society), 2007.

Serra, P.; Trager, S. C.; van der Hulst, J. M.; Oosterloo, T. A.; Morganti, R.; van Gorkom, J. H. IC 4200: an early-type galaxy formed via a major merger. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 428-429. 2007.

Smith, M. C.; Ruchti, G. R.; Helmi, A.; Wyse, R. F. G. The RAVE Survey: Constraining the Local Galactic Escape Speed. in: Galaxy Evolution Across the Hubble Time (eds. F. Combes and J. Palous), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #235 (14-17 August, 2006, Prague, Czech Republic), p. 137. 2007.

Spaans, M.; Meijerink, R.; Israel, F. P.; Loenen, A. F.; Baan, W. A. The irradiated ISM of ULIRGs. in: Astrophysical Masers and their Environments, Proceedings of IAU Symposium #242, pp. 452-456. 2007.

Sparke, L. S.; van Moorsel, G.; Schwarz, U.; Erwin, P.; Wehner, E. M. H.; Vogelaar, M. NGC 2655 and NGC 3718: Galaxies with Warped Polar Disks. Bull. American Astron. Soc. Vol. 38 (211th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society, #13.11; p.756, 2007

68 Sánchez, S. F.; Cardiel, N.; Verheijen, M.; Benitez, N. Integral Field Spectroscopy of the Core of Abell 2218. In: Science Perspectives for 3D Spectroscopy, ESO Astrophysics Symposia, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, p. 193. 2007.

Tolstoy, E. Abundances & Abundance Ratios in our Galaxy & the Local Group. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 279-285. 2007.

Tolstoy, E., Battaglia, G., Helmi, A., Irwin, M.J., Hill, V., The Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies Around the Milky Way, in: From Stars to Galaxies: Building the Pieces to Build Up the Universe (eds. Antonella Vallenari, Rosaria Tantalo, Laura Portinari, and Alessia Moretti), ASP Conf. Series, Vol. 374 (16-20 October 2006, Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Venice, Italy), p. 215, 2007.

Valentijn, E.A., McFarland, J.P., Snigula, J., Begeman, K.G., Boxhoorn, D.R., Rengelink, R., Helmich, E., Heraudeau, P., Kleijn, G.V., Vermeij, R., Vriend, W.-J., Tempelaar, M.J., Deul, E., Kuijken, K., Capaccioli, M., Silvotti, R., Bender, R., Neeser, M., Saglia, R., Bertin, E., Mellier, Y., Astro-WISE: Chaining to the Universe, in: Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XVI (eds. Richard A. Shaw, Frank Hill and David J. Bell), ASP Conf. Series, Vol. 376 (15-18 Oct. 2006, Tucson, Arizona, USA), p.491, 2007. van de Weygaert, R., Bond J.R., Clusters and the Theory of the Cosmic Web. in: lecture notes “A Pan-Chromatic View of Clusters of Galaxies and the LSS” (eds. M. Plionis, D. Hughes, O. Lopez-Cruz), Springer-Verlag, p. 75, 2007. van de Weygaert, R., Bond J.R., Observations and Morphology of the Cosmic Web. in: lecture notes “A Pan-Chromatic View of Clusters of Galaxies and the LSS” (eds. M. Plionis, D. Hughes, O. Lopez-Cruz), Springer-Verlag, p. 66, 2007 van de Weygaert, R., Schaap W., The Cosmic Web: Geometric Analysis. in: lecture notes “Data Analysis in Cosmology'” (eds. V. Martinez, E. Saar, E. Martinez-Gonzalez, M. Pons- Borderia), Springer-Verlag, p. 128, 2007. van der Kruit, P. Foreword. in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2007. van Woerden, H., Meteors, Comets and Planetary Systems, in: Proc. International Meteor Conference (eds. F. Bettonvil & J. Kac) (Roden, The Netherlands, 14-17 September 2006), International Meteor Organization, pp. 126-128, 2007.

Vazdekis, A.; Cardiel, N.; Cenarro, A. J.; Cervantes, J. L.; Falcón-Barroso, J.; Gorgas, J.; Jiménez-Vicente, J.; Martín-Hernández, J. M.; Peletier, R. F.; Sánchez-Blázquez, P.; Selam, S. O.; Toloba, E. Stellar Population SEDs at 2.3Å in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 133-137. 2007.

Vazdekis, A.; Peletier, R. F. (eds.) Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies. in: Stellar Populations as Building Blocks of Galaxies (eds. A. Vazdekis and R. F. Peletier), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #241, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Verdoes Kleijn, G.; Vermeij, R.; Valentijn, E.; Kuijken, K. The Secondary Standards Programme for OmegaCAM. in: The Future of Photometric, Spectrophotometric and

69 Polarimetric Standardization (ed. C. Sterken), ASP Conference Series, Vol. 364, Conf, Proc (Blankenberge, Belgium, 8-11 May, 2006). San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, p.103, 2007.

Verheijen, M. A. W.; Bershady, M. A.; Swaters, R. A.; Andersen, D. R.; Westfall, K. B. The Disk Mass Project. in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands , p.96, 2007.

Weijmans, A.; Krajnovic, D.; Oosterloo, T. A.; Morganti, R.; de Zeeuw, P. T. Dark Matter in NGC 2974. in: Galaxy Evolution Across the Hubble Time (eds. F. Combes and J. Palous), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #235 (14-17 August, 2006, Prague, Czech Republic), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 147. 2007.

Westfall, K. B.; Bershady, M. A.; Verheijen, M. A. W.; Andersen, D. R.; Swaters, R. A. Asymmetric Drift and the Stellar Velocity Ellipsoid. in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 157-162, 2007.

Westfall, K. B.; Bershady, M. A.; Verheijen, M. A. W.; Andersen, D. R.; Swaters, R. A. Disk Galaxy Stellar Velocity Ellipsoids. Bull. American Astron. Soc. Vol. 38 (211th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society), #69.02; p.859, 2007.

Wild, W.; Venema, L.; Cernicharo, J.; The Esprit Study Team, ESPRIT Exploratory Submillimeter SPace Radio Interferometric Telescope. in: Exploring the Cosmic Frontier: Astrophysical Instruments for the 21st Century. ESO Astrophysics Symposia, European Southern Observatory series. Edited by Andrei P. Lobanov, J. Anton Zensus, Catherine Cesarsky and Phillip J. Diamond. Series editor: Bruno Leibundgut, ESO. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, p.53, 2007.

Zhang, Y. Y.; Finoguenov, A.; B÷hringer, H.; Kneib, J. P.; Smith, G. P.; Czoske, O.; Soucail, G.; Schuecker, P.; Ikebe, Y.; Matsushita, K.; Guzzo, L.; Collins, C. A. Exploring Massive Galaxy Clusters: XMM-Newton observations of two morphology unbiased samples at z ~ 0.2 and z ~ 0.3. in: Heating versus Cooling in Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies, ESO Astrophysics Symposia, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, p. 60, 2007.

Ziegler, B. L.; Kutdemir, E.; Böhm, A.; Jäger, K.; Verdugo, M.; Peletier, R.; Kronberger, T.; Kapferer, W.; Schindler, S. Distant Galaxy Transformation Probed by VLT and HST. in: Galaxy Evolution Across the Hubble Time (eds. F. Combes and J. Palous), Proceedings of IAU Symposium #235 (14-17 August, 2006, Prague, Czech Republic), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 258. 2007.

Zwaan, M. A.; van der Hulst, J. M.; Briggs, F. H.; Verheijen, M. A. W.; Ryan-Weber, E. V. Local Galaxies As Damped LY-Alpha Analogs. in: Island Universes (ed. R.S. de Jong), Conf. Proc. (Terschelling, the Netherlands, July 2005) Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, p. 501, 2007.

I.3 Dissertations

Ahmed Mohamed Ismail, Nasser Mohamed, The simulation of cooling flows in clusters of galaxies. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of

70 Groningen (September 7, 2007), Promotor: Prof. Dr. R.H. Sanders, 128 pgs., 2007.

Aragón Calvo, Miguel Angel, Morphology and dynamics of the cosmic web. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen (September 7, 2007), Promotor: Prof. Dr. M.A.M. van de Weijgaert, Prof. Dr. J.M. van de Hulst, 327 pgs., 2007.

Battaglia, Giuseppina, Chemistry and kinematics of stars in Local Group galaxies. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen (September 7, 2007), Promotores: Prof. Dr. E. Tolstoy, Dr. A. Helmi, 211 pgs., 2007.

Boomsma, Rense, The Disk-Halo Connection in NGC 6946 and NGC 253. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen (January 26, 2007), Promotores: Prof. Dr. J.M. van der Hulst, Prof. Dr. R. Sancisi, co-promotor: Dr. T.A. Oosterloo, 200 pages, 2007.

Brentjens, Michiel Anton, Radio polarimetry in 2.5D. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen (September 29, 2007), Promotor: Prof. Dr. A.G. de Bruyn, 210 pgs., 2007.

Christen, Fabrice Frédéric Thiébaut, OmegaCAM and gravitational lensing. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen (April 27, 2007), Promotores: Prof. Dr. K.H. Kuijken, Prof. Dr. E.A. Valentijn, 218 pgs. 2007.

Ganda, Katia, Late-type spiral galaxies: kinematics and stellar populations in their inner regions. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen (December 14, 2007), Promotor: Prof. Dr. R.F. Peletier, 226 pgs., 2007.

Kovać, Katarina, Searching for the lowest mass galaxies: an HI perspective. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen (January 19, 2007), Promotor: Prof. Dr. J.M. van der Hulst, co-promotores: Dr. T.A. Oosterloo, Dr. M.A.W. Verheijen, 252 pgs, 2007.

Letarte, Bruno, Chemical analysis of the Fornax Dwarf galaxy. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen (March 30, 2007), Promotor: Prof. Dr. E. Tolstoy, co-promotor: Dr. V. Hill, 160 pgs., 2007.

Poelman, Dieter Roel, Emission characteristics of water in the Universe. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen (October 26, 2007), Promotor: Prof. Dr. M.C. Spaans, 124 pgs., 2007.

Schaap, Willem Egbert, DTFE: the Delaunay Tessellation Field Estimator. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen (January 19, 2007), Promotores: Prof. Dr. M.A.M. van de Weygaert, Prof. Dr. T.S. van Albada, 287 pgs, 2007.

I.4 Popular articles and Reports

Barthel, P.D., "Volg je intuitie", UK, 19 april 2007.

Blaauw, A., Ambartsuman, Victor Amazaspovitch, in : Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (ed. Thomas Hockey), Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 40-41, 2007.

71 Blaauw, A., Easton, Cornelis, in : Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (ed. Thomas Hockey), Springer Verlag, p.323, 2007.

Blaauw, A., Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius, in : Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (ed. Thomas Hockey), Springer Verlag, pp. 611-613, 2007.

Blaauw, A., Oort, Jan Hendrik, in : Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (ed. Thomas Hockey), Springer Verlag, pp.853-855, 2007.

Blaauw, A., Plaut, Lukas, in : Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (ed. Thomas Hockey), Springer Verlag, pp. 914-915, 2007.

Blaauw, A., Sitter, Willem de, in : Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (ed. Thomas Hockey), Springer Verlag, pp. 1063-1064, 2007.

Blaauw, A.,.Van Rhijn, Pieter Johannes, in : Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (ed. Thomas Hockey), Springer Verlag, pp.1175-1176, 2007.

Spaans, M. , “Zware Sterren'', Wetenschappelijke Scheurkalender 2007.

Valentijn, E., Interview in Pictogram 3, september 2007

Verdoes Kleijn, G.A., Kopij voor "Virtueel Sterrenkijken", UK Jaargang 37, nr. 7 (oktober 2007)

Wolk, Guido van der, Ontsnapt aan de zwaartekracht, Zenit, December, p. 550-554, 2007.

72 APPENDIX II : Participation in scientific meetings

209th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society (Seattle, USA; Jan. ’07): J.S. Heiner (poster: “PDR-produced HI in star-forming regions of M33”).

3rd Chilean Advanced School of Astrophysics (Conception, Chile; 8–12 Jan. ’07): E. Tolstoy (lectures: “Abundances and kinematics from high-resolution spectroscopic surveys”).

2007 Gravitational Microlensing Workshop (KASI, Chungbuk, Rep. of Korea; 15–17 Jan. ’07): M.C.Smith (invited talk: “Blending in groundbased microlensing”).

37th Saas-Fee Advanced Course “The Origin of the Galaxy and Local Group” (Murren, Switzerland); 4–10 March ’07): F.A. Gomez (poster: “The phase-space signatures of the merging histories of galaxies”).

Workshop “Extragalactic Surveys with LOFAR” (Leiden Observatory, the Netherlands; 6– 8 March ’07): P.D. Barthel (chair: “Upcoming IR space mission”), E. Valentijn (talk: “Experience with Astro-wise”).

3rd International Focal Plane Array Workshop (Sydney, Australia; 12–17 March): M.A.W. Verheijen (talk: “Science with APERTIF”).

IAU Symposium 242: “Astrophysical Masers and their Environments” (Alice Springs, Australia; 12–16 March ’07): A.F. Loenen (talk: “Dense gas in active galaxies”).

Symposium “Frontiers of Science and Engineering” (Sevilla, Spain; 19–21 March ’07): S. Zaroubi (invited talk: “The end of the Universe’s Dark Ages”).

Molecular Universe Annual Meeting and Mid-term Review (Perugia, Italy; 19–21 March ’07): F.P. Helmich (chair of session “Water in the Universe”), X. Tielens (talk: “Water Radiative transfer in in PDRs” ).

Conference “The Origin of Galaxies” (Obergurgl, Austria; 24–29 March ’07): E.A. Valentijn (invited talk: “KIDS/VIKING Surveys”).

ANGLES School on Gravitational Lens Modeling (Valencia, Spain; 27–30 March “07): M. Barnabe (talk: “A general framework for combined lensing and dynamics analysis”), L.V.E. Koopmans (invited talk: “Non-parametric lens modelling”).

ISM/CSM Meeting (Amsterdam, 5 April ’07): M.C. Spaans (invited talk: “Having fun with Lyman Alpha”), M.H.D. van der Wiel (talk: “Young stars in infrared dark cloud G48”).

German-Israel Foundation Conference (Jerusalem and Haifa; 11–16 April ’07): S. Zaroubi (invited talk: “Galaxy formation and the IGM”).

73

Workshop “Deep Spectroscopy and Modeling of Emission Line Nebulae” (Xiang Shan, Beijing, China; 16–18 April ’07): S.R. Pottasch (talk: “Planetary nebulae and HI abundances from infrared spectra”).

Scientific Workshop “Astrophysics in the LOFAR Era” (Emmen, the Netherlands; 23–27 April ’07): A.G. de Bruyn (talks:”CS-1 commissioning and LOFAR calibration”, “EoR key sicence project plans”) V. Jelic (talk: “Foregrounds simulation for the LOFAR EoR experiment”), P. Labropoulos (talk: “Extracting the EoR signal from LOFAR data”), V.N. Pandey (talk: “Data and image analysis”), R. Pizzo (talk: “The diffuse extended emission and the first polarimetric results at low frequency for Abell 2255”), R.M. Thomas (talk: “Simulating redshifted 21-cm signal for LOFAR”), S. Zaroubi (talk: “The epoch of reionization with LOFAR”).

Conference “Pathways through an Eclectic Universe” (Tenerife, Spain; 23–27 April ’07): R.F. Peletier (invited talk: “The nature of galactic bulges”).

Nederlandse Astronomen Conferentie (Veldhoven; 14–16 May ’07): A.G. de Bruyn (talk: “Astronomical commissioning of LOFAR Core Station 1”), C. Struve (talk: “Centaurus A: HI in early-type galaxies”), E. Tolstoy (during acceptance of Pastoor Schmeits Prize – talk “Galactic archaeology”), M.A.W. Verheijen (talk: “Ultra-deep Westerbork HI observations of galaxy clusters at z=0.2”).

XIXemes Rencontres de Blois “Matter and Energy in the Universe: from Nucleosynthesis to Cosmology” (Blois, France; 20–25 May ’07): S. Zaroubi (invited talk: “The epoch of reionization”).

IPAM Workshop “Image Processing for Random Shapes” (UCLA, Los Angeles, USA; 21–25 May ’07): R. van de Weijgaert (invited talk: “Analyzing the Cosmic Web: multiscale morphology and watershed voids”).

Conference “The Milky Way Halo – Stars and Gas, Locations, Motions, Origins” (Argelander Inst., Bonn, Germany; 28 May–2 June ’07): A. Helmi (invited speaker: “Satellites in the Milky Way halo: stellar populations and dark- matter content”).

Conference “HI Survival through Cosmic Times” (Abbazia di Spineto Sarteano, Siena, Italy; 11–15 June ’07): A. Popping (talk: “HI filaments towards the Virgo Cluster”), H. van Woerden (talk: “The birth of HI in the Dark Ages of War”).

Workshop “Dark Matter in Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters” (Bologna, Italy; 18–20 June 2007): M. Barnabè (talk: “A framework for combined lensing and dynamics analysis”), G. Battaglia (talk: “Dark matter in the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy”), O. Czoske (invited speaker: “IFU observations of SLACS lenses”), J.M. van der Hulst (invited talk: “The craft of HI observing”), L.V.E. Koopmans (invited talk: “How to measure the mass distribution of galaxies from lensing”), R.H. Sanders (talk: “Neutrinos as cluster dark matter”),

74 S. Vegetti (talk: “Non-parametric strong lensing: dark haloes and substructure from arcs and Einstein rings”)’ M.A.W. Verheijen (invited talk: “High-mass end of the Tully-Fisher relation”).

Meeting in honour of Renzo Sancisi “A Man for All Galaxies” (Bologna, Italy; 20 June ’07): H. van Woerden (invited talk: “Dust and gas; bars and warps, a tasty radio giant – Renzo’s first twenty Dutch years”).

IAU Symposium 244: “Dark Galaxies and Lost Baryons” (Cardiff, UK; 25–29 June “07): L.V.E. Koopmans (invited talk: “Dark matter (in) galaxies from strong lensing”).

Conference “X-ray surveys: Evolution of Accretion, Star Formation and Large Scale Structure” (Rodos Island, Greece; 2–6 July ’07): R. van de Weijgaert (invited talk: “Dynamics and analysis of the Cosmic Web”).

IAP Colloquium “From giant arcs to CMB lensing: 20 years of gravitational distortion” (Paris, France; 2--5 July ’07): O. Czoske (talk: “Combining lensing and dynamics for SLACS lenses”)’ R.H. Sanders (invited talk: “Gravitational lensing with modified gravity”).

Conference “Galaxies in the Local Volume” (Sydney, Australia; 8–13 July ’07): J.M. van der Hulst (talk: “From gas to galaxies”).

4th International Symposium “Voronoi Diagrams in Science and Engineering” (Pontypridd, Wales, UK; 9–10 July ’07): R. van de Weijgaert (talk: “Voronoi tessellations and the Cosmic Web: spatial patterns and clustering across the Universe”).

DAC07. Data Analysis in Cosmology (Santander, Spain; 9–12 July ’07): R. van de Weijgaert (invited talk: “Morphology of the Cosmic Web”), S. Zaroubi (invited talk: “Analysis of the 21cm Data”).

IAU Symposium 245: “Formation and Evolution of Galactic Bulges” (Oxford, UK; 16–20 July ’07): K. Ganda (poster: “Stellar populations in late-type spiral galaxies observed with SAURON” – best poster prize) R.F. Peletier (invited talk: “The SAURON Survey”).

Workshop “Simulations for the SKA” (Pushchino, Russia; 31 July ’07): R. Boomsma (talk: “High-resolution HI simulations”).

Conference “Dynamics of Galaxies” (St. Petersburg, Russia; 6–10 Aug. ’07): F.A. Gomez (poster: “Miller’s instability and microchaos”), A. Helmi (invited talk: “Dynamics of substructure”), R. Sancisi (contr.: “Dynamical puzzles”).

MAGPOP Summer School “Multi-wavelength Analysis of Galaxy Populations” (Kloster Seeon, Germany; 6–10 Aug.’07): A. Berciano Alba (talk: “Multiply-imaged radio counterpart of the sub-mm emission in the cluster-lens MSO451.6-305”), S. Chi (talk: “Deep high-resolution observations of the Hubble Deep Field North”), C. Struve (talk: “Centaurus A – a prototype radio galaxy?”).

75 Dark Matter Workshop (Niels Bohr Inst., Copenhagen; 20--24 Aug.’07): L.V.E. Koopmans (invited talk: “Understanding the smooth and clumpy DM in galaxies using lensing”).

NOVA Science Day (Utrecht, the Netherlands; 27 Aug. ’07): A. Helmi (talk: “Scientific highlights from Network-1”).

XXXVII YERAC (Bordeaux, France; 4–7 Sept. ’07): P. Labropoulos (talk: “Data processing for the L0FAR EoR experiment”).

Novicosmo Summer School 2007 (Novigrad, Croatia; 10–21 Sept. ’07): S. Vegetti (talk: “Dark haloes and substructure from arcs and Einstein rings”).

MRU2007 Conference “From Planets to Dark Energy: The Modern Radio Universe” (Manchester, UK; 1–5 Oct. ’07): L.V.E. Koopmans (invited talk: “Challenges in detecting the EoR with LOFAR”).

Vatican Conference “Formation and Evolution of Galaxy Disks” (Rome, Italy; 1–5 Oct. ’07): B.Z. Deshev (poster: “An HI view of galaxies at z=0.2”), P.C. van der Kruit (invited talk: “Truncations in stellar disks and warps in HI disks”), T. Martinsson (poster: “The Disk Mass Project”), R.F. Peletier (poster: “Galactic bulges and inner disks as seen with SAURON”), I. Perez Martin (poster: “Observational evidence for a bimodal bar evolution”).

NOVA Fall School (Dwingeloo, the Netherlands. 8–12 Oct. ’07): J.S. Heiner (talk: “HI content predicted by photodissociation models”), S. Hocuk (talk: “The IMF in active galaxies”), S. Vegetti (talk: “Dark haloes and substructure from arcs and Einstein rings”).

SKADS Workshop (Paris, Fance; 9 Oct. ’07): R. Boomsma (talk: “HI simulations and FPAs”).

Conference “Communicating Astronomy with the Public 2007” (Athens, Greece; 8–11 Oct. ’07): G. Verdoes Kleijn (talk: “International Year of Astronomy 2009 in the Netherlands”).

9th Astroparticle Physics Symposium (University of Groningen, the Netherlands; 12 Oct. ’07): R.H. Sanders (talk: “MOND: Modified Newtonian Dynamics”), R. van de Weijgaert (Chair)

ISM/CSM Meeting (Leiden Observatory, the Netherlands; 12 Oct. ’07): W.F. Frieswijk (talk: “Massive dark clouds in an early stage of star formation toward the Outer Galaxy”), D.R. Poelman (talk: “Water emission in protoplanetary disks”).

Workshop “Multi-phase ISM in Galaxies” (Hakone, Japan; 16 Oct. ’07): M.C. Spaans (invited talk: “The excitation of molecules in starbursts and AGN”).

Conference “Decrypting the Universe – Large Surveys for Cosmology” (Edinburgh, UK; 24–26 Oct. ’07): A. Helmi (invited talk: “Nearby cosmology”).

76

FIR 2007 Workshop (Bad Honnef, Germany; 5–7 Nov. ’07): A.F. Loenen (poster: “Molecular diagnostics of (U)RLIGS”), J.P. Perez Beaupuits (poster: “High density tracers in Seyfert galaxies”), M.C. Spaans (invited talk: “The importance of the HCN/HCO + ratio in PDRs”).

Workshop “Astrophysics 2020: Large Space Missions Beyond the Next Decade” (STScI, Baltimore, USA; 13–15 Nov. ’07): E. Tolstoy (invited talk: “Stellar Populations beyond the next decade”).

ELSA School on the Science of Gaia (Leiden; 19–28 Nov. ’07): A. Helmi (invited talk: “Formation and evolution of the galaxy in a cosmological contect”).

4th Spitzer Science Center Conference “The Evolving ISM in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies” (Pasadena, USA; 2–5 Dec. ’07): J.S. Heiner (poster: “PDR-produced HI in GMCs of M33”).

UKIDSS Workshop (ESO, Garching, Germany; 16–19 Dec. ’07): E.A. Valentijn (invited talk: “U+KIDS+S”).

77

78 APPENDIX III : Visits to institutes abroad

III.1 Work visits

M. Arrigoni Center for Astrophysics, UCLAN (Preston, UK); 5–11 Nov. M.P.I. für Astronomie (Heidelberg, Germany); 20–25 Nov.

M. Barnabè University of Bologna, Italy; 17–21 Dec.

P.D. Barthel M.P.I. für Astronomie (Heidelberg, Germany): 30 Sept. – 2 Oct. IPAC (Pasadena, USA); 20–28 Nov.

G. Battaglia University of Bologna, Italy; 19–24 Feb.

A. Belikov Euro Vo Meetings (Strassbourg, France); 3–4 May (Madrid, Spain); 24–30 June (Trieste, Italy); 3–6 Oct.

C. Boersma NASA-Ames (Moffett Field, USA); 29 April – 26 May, 20 Oct. – 20 Dec. M.P.I. für Astronomie (Heidelberg, Germany); 18-20 July IRAM (Pradollano, Spain); 28 Sept. – 5 Oct. Pasadena, USA; 2–5 Dec.

D. Boxhoorn IBM, Zürich, Switzerland; 28-29 March.

W.N. Brouw IAU-SOFA (Paris, France); 29 April – 2 May Jodrell Bank, UK; 30 Sept. – 8 Oct. ATNF (Sydney, Australia); 5--30 Nov.

O. Czoske University of California (Santa Barbara, USA), 5–12 May AIfA, University of Bonn, Germany, several times

B. Deshev ERIS2007, M.P.I. für Radioastronomie (Bonn, Germany); 10–15 Sept.

G. Harker Summer School (Pennsylvania, USA); 2–9 June

A. Helmi AWG Meeting (Paris, France); 18–19 Jan. E.S.O. (Garching, Germany); 26–27 June, 4–5 Dec.

79 J.M. van der Hulst SKA Meeting (Manchester, UK); 27 Sept. – 8 Oct. (Bonn, Germany); 27–28 Nov. SKADS Meeting (Manchester, UK); 6–7 June

V. Jelic SKADS School (Medicina, Italy); 23–29 Sept.

P. Kamphuis STScI (Baltimore, USA); 18–25 March

P.C. van der Kruit ESO, Santiago & Cerro Tololo, Chile; 14 Jan. – 15 March ESO Meeting (Barcelona, Spain); 4–7 June STScI (Baltimore, USA); 17–23 March, 10–18 Nov. University of Porto (Porto, Portugal); 9–14 Dec.

P. Labropoulos Summer School (Pennsylvania, USA); 2–9 June

Y.-S. Li M.P.I. für Astrofysica (Garching, Germany); 29 Oct. – 15 Dec.

T. Martinsson Univ. of Wisconsin (Madison, USA); 4–11 Aug.

A. Monachesi Carnegie Observatories (Pasadena, USA); 15–21 July

C.W. Ormel NASA Ames (Moffett Field, USA); May

R.F. Peletier COMA Meeting, STScI (Baltimore, USA); 22–23 March (Liverpool, UK); 20–22 Aug. La Laguna (Canary Islands); 19–20 April Univ. of Nottingham (UK); 17–18 May SAURON Meeting (Oxford, UK); 23–24 July MAGPOP Meeting (Malta); 28 Oct. – 1 Nov.

J.P. Perez Beaupuits Asian Winter School (Tokyo, Japan); 20–30 Jan.

I. Pérez Martín Univ. of Granada (Spain); 16–25 March, 11–28 Sept., 19–27 Oct. Univ. of Central Lancashire (UK); 1–17 Aug.

A. Popping CSIRO-ATNF (Epping, Sydney, Australia); 9 March – 4 June, 26 Sept. – 18 Dec.

G. Sikkema IAC Tenerife (Spain); 8 March

M.C. Spaans CalTech (Pasadena, USA); 25–28 April NAOJ (Toyko, Japan); 13–18 Oct.

80 UC Berkeley (California, USA); 12–17 Nov.

E. Tolstoy Obs. de Paris (Meudon, France); 22 Oct. – 9 Dec. Istituto Astronomico (Bologna, Italy); 13–15 Feb., 9–13 July, 29–31 Aug., 19–21 Dec. Arcetri Obs. (Florence, Italy); 14 Feb. ESO (Garching, Germany); 30–31 Jan., 2–3 April, 10–12 Sept.

S.C. Trager University of Oxford (UK); 26–28 Feb. INAF, Univ. of Bologna (Italy); 19–23 March M.P.I. für Astronomie (Heidelberg, Germany); 30 April – 2 May Carnegie Obs. (Pasadena, USA); 11–13 July Univ. Of Central Lancashire (Preston, UK); 17–19 Dec.

G. Verdoes Kleijn COMA Meeting, STScI (Baltimore, USA); 22–23 March (Liverpool, UK); 20–22 Aug. Euro-Vo Workshop (ESAC, Spain); 25–29 June ATLAS Meeting (Oxford, UK); 23–27 July IAC (Spain); 6 Nov.

M.A.W. Verheijen Univ. of Wisconsin (Madison, USA); 4–11 Aug. SKA Meeting (Manchester, UK); 26–29 Sept.

M.A.M. van de Weijgaert UNLV(Las Vegas, USA); 15–18 May Dartmouth College (Hannover, USA); 25 May–1 June M.P.I. für Astrophysik (Garching, Germany; 18-25 Nov.

G. van der Wolk (Microgravity experiment Loch Awe, Scotland); 2–5 March ISAS (Tokyo, Japan); 20 May–5 June Marie Curie School (Torun, Poland); 27 Aug.–7 Sept.

S. Zaroubi PLANK CMB Meeting (Orsay, France); 14–15 Dec.

III.2 Observing trips

P.D. Barthel IRAM 30m, Granada, Spain; 1–9 May

C. Boersma VLT (VISIR), Paranal, Chile; 27 Aug.–6 Sept.

L. Coccato WHT, La Palma, Spain; 11-21 Feb.

B.Z. Deshev La Palma, Spain; 16–20 April

81 J.S. Heiner CTIO 4m Blanco Telescope, La Serena, Chile; 19–20 Jan.

P.C. van der Kruit Blanco 4-metre Telescope, Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory, Chile; 20–21 Jan.

A.F. Loenen Mopra Telescope, Narrabri, Australia; 12–25 May

R.F. Peletier WHT, La Palma, Spain; March

J.P. Pérez Beaupuits Onsala, Zweden; 27 Feb. – 14 March JCMT, Hilo, Hawaii; 15–26 March

I. Pérez Martín INT, La Palma, Spain; 6–12 Feb. Calar Alto, Granada, Spain; 20 May – 23 July

G. Sikkema TNG, La Palma, Spain; 2–4 March

S.C. Trager INT, La Palma, Spain; 27 Oct. – 2 Nov. (with 11 students)

G. Verdoes Kleijn WHT, La Palma, Spain; 26--27 Jan. INT, La Palma, Spain; 3–4 Nov.

M.A.W. Verheijen Calar Alto, Granada, Spain; 11–17 Jan. INT, La Palma, Spain; 16–20 April

M.H.D. van der Wiel JCMT, Hilo, Hawaii; 26 July – 3 Aug.

82 APPENDIX IV : Colloquia, popular lectures

IV.1 Colloquia given outside Groningen

G. Barnabè – “Combined gravitational lensing and stellar dynamics analysis of early-type galaxies: method and applications”: Inst. of Astronomy, Bologna (18 December)

G. Battaglia – “Chemo-dynamics of dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the Local Group”: Inst. of Astronomy, Bologna (22 Feb.)

R. Boomsma – “The Disk-Halo connection in NGC 6946 and NGC 253”: ASTRON, Dwingeloo, the Netherlands (8 March)

A. Helmi – “Cosmology with the Galaxy”: Leiden Observatory (8 Jan.), ASTRON, Dwingeloo, the Netherlands (10 May)

P. Kamphuis – “Kinematics of the diffuse ionized gas in NGC 891” : Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA (March)

L.V.E. Koopmans – “The structure, formation and evolution of early-type galaxies” : ASTRON, Dwingeloo, the Netherlands (22 March), Astronomical Inst. Amsterdam (9 March)

P.C. van der Kruit – “Truncations in stellar disks and warps in HI disks”: ESO, Vitacura, Chile (21 Feb.)

B. Letarte – “Chemical analysis of the Fornax Dwarf Galaxy” : ASTRON, Dwingeloo, the Netherlands (27 March)

C.W. Ormel – “Dust coagulation in protoplanetary disks: sticking chondrules together” : NOAO, Tucson; Planetary Science Inst., Tucson; UCSC Santa Cruz; UCLA Los Angeles; STScI, Baltimore; DTM Washington (September and October)

R.F. Peletier – “What has SAURON taught us about galactic bulges?”: University of Utrecht (29 Aug.)

R.H. Sanders – “Neutrinos as Cluster Dark Matter” : Astronomical Inst., Amsterdam (30 March), ASTRON, Dwingeloo, the Netherlands (5 April) “Modified Newtonian dynamics” : University of Oldenburg, Germany (4 June)

G. Sikkema – “ACS observations of 6 Shell Galaxies”: IAC, Tenerife, Spain (8 March)

M.C. Spaans – “The IMF in Starburst Galaxies: deviations from salpeter?” : Berkeley, USA (15 Nov.); Livermore, USA (16 Nov.)

R.M. Thomas – “EoR simulations for LOFAR”: STScI Baltimore (28 May); Univ. of Pennsylvania, USA (2 June)

E. Tolstoy – “Stellar Archaeology”: Radbout University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (7 March), SISSA Trieste, Italy (13 March), ASTRON, Dwingeloo, the Netherlands (18 Oct.), Obs. de Paris, Meudon, France (29 Oct.), Columbia University, New York, USA (16 Nov.)

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S.C. Trager – “Is ‘downsizing’ universal? Stellar populations in the Coma Cluster”: University of Oxford, UK (27 Feb.); Inst. of Astronomy, Bologna (22 March), John Moore University, Liverpool, UK (26 April); University of Amsterdam (30 Nov.)

G. Verdoes Kleijn – “The COMA Cluster Survey and AstroWise”: University of Utrecht (6 June) “Large public surveys and Astro-WISE”: Inst. de Astrofisica de Canarias, Spain (6 Nov.)

R. van de Weijgaert – “A Hierarchy of Voids: Much ado about Nothing” Dartmouth College, Hannover, USA (30 May) “Dynamics and multiscale morpholgy of the Cosmic Web” : ETH Inst. of Astronomy, Zürich, Switzerland. Sud, Orsay, France (1 March); Astronomical Institute, Amsterdam (22 June)

IV.2 Popular lectures

W.N. Brouw – “Radio Astronomie Technieken”: Masterclass, Anderen (27 Feb.), “Status of LOFAR”: ATNF, Sydney, Australia (14 Nov.).

R.F. Peletier – “Ontstaan en evolutie van melkwegstelsels” : KNVWS Twente, Enschede (9 Jan.) “Sterrenkunde op het mooie eiland La Palma” : KNVWS Groningen (16 Nov.)

R.H. Sanders – “Modified Newtonian Dynamics” : Lustrum Student Vereniging “Marie Curie”, Nijmegen (14 Nov.)

G. Sikkema –“Bolhopen”: KNVWS Hoorn (13 Oct.), KNVWS Amsterdam (27 Nov.) “Relativiteitstheorie” : KNVWS Twente, Enschede (23 Oct.)

M.C. Spaans – “Ons Universum” : Lions Club Westland, De Lier (15 March), Beyers Naudé Gymnasium, Leeuwarden (20 April) “Er was eens … een hemel zonder sterren” : Inaugural Lecture, University of Groningen (23 Oct.)

G. Verdoes Kleijn – “Veenproeven in de Sterrenkunde” : Toneel de Veenfabriek, Groningen (18 Jan.) “Zwarte gaten”: Masterclass, Groningen (26 Feb.), Nationale Wetenweek, Groningen (21 Oct.) “Actieve Sterrenstelsels”: Sterrenkunde Olympiade, Leiden Observatory (5 July) “Kunstmanen” : RUG Discovery Bus (4 Oct.)

R. van de Weygaert – “Echo of the Big Bang, CMB: key to the Universe” : KNG Nobelsymposium, Groningen (10 Jan.) “Echo of the Big Bang” : Physics, RUG, Groningen (22 March) “Van primordiale ruis tot kosmisch schuim” : KNVWS ’t Gooi, Hilversum (16 Feb.) “Donkere energie en donkere materie” : Natuurkundig Genootschap Wessel Knoops, Arnhem (9 Oct.) “Donkere energie: meester van de Kosmos” : Mensa october Congress, Mennorode, Elspeet (27 Oct.) “De kosmische achtergrondstraling” : KNVWS Eemsmond, Appingedam (7 Nov.)

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G. van der Wolk – “Planetaire nevels” : KNVWS Groningen (26 Jan.), Vereniging voor Amateur Sterrenkunde Zuid-Drenthe (23 Nov.) “Planeetvorming en microzwaartekracht” : KNVWS Noord Drenthe, Assen (21 Dec.)

H. van Woerden – Vijftig jaar Radiotelescoop Dwingeloo” : ASTRON, Dwingeloo and Radio Drenthe (18 April 2006) “Meteors, comets and planetary systems” : International Meteor Conference, Roden (16 Sept. 2006) “65 jaar Nederlandse Radiosterrenkunde” : KNVWS Zaandam, Oostzaan (26 April), KNVWS Triangulum, Apeldoorn (14 Sept.) “Reizen door de nacht” : Interview De Volkskrant (22 Nov.)

85 86 APPENDIX V : Colloquia in Groningen

January 17 Wouter Vlemmings (Jodrell Bank Observatory, Manchester): Magnetic fields in the outflows of stars and planetary nebulae.

January 18 Katarina Kovac (ETH Zürich and Kapteyn Institute, Groningen): Searching for the lowest mass galaxies: an HI perspective.

January 22 Rense Boomsma (Kapteyn Institute, Groningen): The Disk-Halo connection in NGC 6946 and NGC 253

January 29 (NOVA Colloquium) Steve Furlanetto (Yale University, New Haven): Cosmology at low radio frequencies: the 21 cm transition.

February 5 Inga Kamp (Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore): How to make a Solar System Probing protoplanetary disk evolution.

February 8 Carsten Dominik (University of Amsterdam): Dust and gas in protoplanetary disks.

February 12 Paul Groot (Radbout University, Nijmegen): A population view of AM CVn binaries.

February 19 Sheila Kannapan (University of Texas, Austin): Building disk galaxies in a Violent Universe.

February 26 Valentin Ivanov (ESO, Garching): Free floating planetary mass objects.

March 5 Soren Larson (University of Utrecht): Extragalactic star clusters as probes of stellar populations.

March 12 Daniel Stineberg (Oberlin College, Ohio): Pulsar scintillations: structure in the ISM and its effect on gravitational wave detection.

March 19 (NOVA Colloquium) Daniel Eisenstein (University of Arizona, Tucson): Dark energy and cosmic sound.

March 28 Bruno Letarte (Caltech and Kapteyn Institute, Groningen): The chemical analysis of the Fornax dwarf galaxy.

87 April 2 Teije de Jong (University of Amsterdam): Babylonian theory of planetary motion.

April 16 Sadegh Kochfar (Inst. of Astronomy, Oxford): The role of environment in Galaxy formation?

April 23 Frencesco Haardt (Universita dell’Insubria, Como): The cosmic history of (super)massive black holes.

May 7 Larry Rudnick (Minnesota): Illuminating shocks from pc to Mpc scales.

21 May (NOVA Colloquium) Reinhard Genzel (MPE, Garching): High-z galaxy dynamics.

May 23 Fred Lahuis (SRON, Groningen): Molecular fingerprints of star throughout the Universe.

May 29 Garrelt Mellema (Stockholm University): Simulating the reionization of the Universe.

June 4 Nabila Aghanim (Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Orsay): Aspects of Sunyaev-Zeldovich clusters.

June 8 Martin Haehnelt (Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge): Probing reionization with the Lyman- alpha forest.

June 11 (NOVA Colloquium) Monica Tosi (Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna): Star formation histories of Late-type dwarfs.

June 12 (Oort Professor) Scott Tremaine (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton): The long-term evolution of planetary orbits, and triple stars.

June 18 Michiel Brentjens (Kapteyn Institute and ASTRON): Radio polarimetry in 2.5D.

September 3 Giuseppina Battaglia (Kapteyn Institute, Groningen): Chemistry and kinematics of stars in Local Group galaxies

September 10 (Blaauw Professor) Donald Lynden-Bell (Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge): Magnetic jets from swirling disks

September 17 Mariska Kriek (Leiden Observatory): The formation history of massive galaxies

88 September 24 Heather Morrison (Case Western Reserve Univ.): Fashionably late: Building up the inner halo.

October 1 Mariano Mendez (Kapteyn Institute, Groningen): Black-hole spins: how well can we measure them?

October 8 Maria Cunningham (University of New South Wales): Investigating star formation with new Australian southern hemisphere facilities.

October 15 Dieter Poelman (Kapteyn Institute, Groningen): Emission characteristics of water in the Universe.

October 22 Simon Portegies-Zwart (University of Amsterdam): Runaway stellar collision in a young star cluster results in brightest supernova.

October 29 Benedetta Ciardi (MPI for Astrophysics): The end of the dark ages: theoretical modelling and observations.

November 5 Frits Paerels (Univ. of Columbia and SRON): The highly ionized intergalactic medium.

November 12 Miguel Angel Aragon-Calvo (Johns Hopkins University): Morphology and dynamics of the Cosmic Web.

November 19 Vasily Belokurov (Inst. of Astronomy, Cambridge): The Milky Way stellar halo.

December 3 Elena Gallo (Santa Barbara): AMUSE-Virgo: on the survival of super-massive black holes in faint spheroids.

December 10 Katia Ganda (Kapteyn Institute, Groningen): Late-type spiral galaxies: kinematics and stellar populations in their inner regions.

89

APPENDIX VI : Guests in Groningen

N. Aghanim Inst. d’Astrophysique Spatial, Orsay, France R.J. Allen Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA M. Auger University of California, Davis, USA V. Belokurov University of Cambridge, UK T. Boeker ESTEC, Noordwijk E. Brogt University of Arizona, USA S. Cazaux INAF, Firenze, Italy B. Ciardi M.P.A. für Astronomie, Garching, Germany L. Coccato M.P.I. für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching F. Combes Paris Observatory, France M. Cunningham University of New South Wales, Australia C. Dominik Astronomical Institute, Amsterdam D. Eisenstein University of Arizona, USA Ch. Fassnacht Dept. of Physics, University of California, Davis, USA G. Fiorentino University of Bologna, Italy F. Fraternali University of Bologna, Italy C. Gielen KU, Leuven, Belgium M. Haehnelt Institute of Astronomy, Univ. Cambridge, UK V. Hill Observatoire de Paris, France M. Irwin Institute of Astronomy, Univ. Cambridge, UK V. Ivanov ESO, Garching, Germany S. Jin Institute of Astronomy, Univ. Cambridge, UK P. Jones University of New South Wales, Australia J.T.A. de Jong M.P.I. für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany I. Kamp Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA S. Kannapan University of Texas, Austin, USA S. Khochfar University of Oxford, UK E. Kutdemir University of Göttingen, Germany D. Lee Columbia University, USA J. Liske ESO, Garching, Germany O. Lopez-Cruz INAOE, Tonanzintla, Mexico G. de Lucia check met Amina !! D. Lynden-Bell Institute of Astronomy, Univ. Cambridge, UK J. McKean M.P.I für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany R. Meijerink University of California, Berkeley, USA H. Morrison Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA E. Noordermeer University of Nottingham, UK P. Parisi University of Bologna, Italy N. Rattenbury Jodrell Bank Observatory, UK E. Regös Eötvös Loránd Univ., Budapest, Hungary P. Sanchez-Blazquez University of Central Lancashire, UK R. Somerville MPIA, Heidelberg, Germany H. Tashiro Inst. d’Astrophysique Spatial, Orsay, France P. Teuben University of Maryland, College Park, USA S. Tremaine Inst. of Advanced Study, Princeton, USA

91 T. Treu Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, USA A. Verhoeff Astronomical Institute, Amsterdam W. Vlemmings Jodrell Bank Observatory, UK B.P. Wakker Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, USA L.B.F.M. Waters Astronomical Institute, Amsterdam

92 APPENDIX VII : Memberships, etc.

T.S. van Albada: Lid, Koninklijke Ned. Akademie van Wetenschappen

P.D. Barthel: Member, ESA FIRST/Herschel Science Team (Mission Scientist) Member, Astronomy and Physics Council KNAW Member, National and NOVA Astronomy Education Committee Chairman, NAC High School Astronomy Education Working Group Chairman, Lorentz International Center Astronomy Board (Leiden) Member, Minnaert Committee for Public Outreach in Dutch Astronomy Member/co-founder IKSG Consortium (ASTRO-F Mission) National Delegate ESA Advisory Committee on Education Member, LOFAR Survey Consortium Member, IAU Commissions 28 (Galaxies, 40 (Radio Astronomy) and 47 (Education)

A. Blaauw: Lid, Koninklijke Ned. Akademie van Wetenschappen Foreign Honorary Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Member, Royal Society of Sciences, Uppsala Foreign member, Koninklijke Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van België Foreign member, Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters Associate, Royal Astronomical Society Complimentary Member, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Honorary Member, American Astronomical Society Lid, Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen Member, Academia Europaea

W. Brouw: Member, ad-hoc International SKA Steering Committee Chair, LOFAR Calibration and Commissioning Advisory Group Honorary Fellow, CSIRO Australia Telescope National Facility Vice-chair, SKA Site Evaluation Working Group Member, IAU reviewing BOARD of SOFA (Standards of Fundamental Astronomy) Member, IAU WG Astronomical data Member, IAU commissions 5 (Documentation and Astronomical data), 8 (Astrometry), Division X (Radio Astronomy), Commision 41 (History) Member, URSI Commission J Member, Beoordelingscommissie NOW-middelgroot

A.G. de Bruyn: Member, Board Leids Kerkhoven-Bosscha Fonds Member, Board Jan Hendrik Oort fonds Member, Board Leids Sterrewacht Fonds

93 Member, LOFAR ARC DEMT and CCAG committeees Member, LOFAR Calibration and Commissioning Advisory Group

G. Comello: Ere-lid Koninklijke Nederlandse Vereniging voor Weer- en Sterrenkunde

N.G. Douglas: Member, IAU Commission 9 (Instrumentation & Techniques) PI, Planetary Nebula Spectrograph

Th. de Graauw: PI, HIFI Project Member, coordinating group for submm. research Member, IAU Commission 44 Editor, Journal of Experimental Astronomy Member, NOVA Instrument Steering Committee

A. Helmi Member, RAVE, Executive Board Member, Astronomy Working Group, European Space Agency Member, Assessment Committee for Astronomy, Open Competition scheme (BCA), NWO ASTRONET European Science Vision working group, panel B (Galaxies) Member, Young Academy Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Member, ESO-ESA Working Group on Galacitc Science

F.P. Helmich: Secretary, HIFI Steering Committee Co-Investigator, Herschel-HIFI Member, Herschel Calibration Steering Group NL Community representative JCMT Board

Secretary, Marie-Curie Research Training Network “The Molecular Universe” Vice-chair, sub-commission E1 COSPAR

Member, HEAT Science Team NL Coordinator JCMT Spectral Legacy Survey FIRI Study Group - Leader Galactic Science

J.M. van der Hulst: Chair, ASTRON Board Chair, ING Board Member, International SKA Steering Committee Member, SKADS Board Member, Astranet Roadmapping Working Group Member, European SKA Consortium (ESKAC) Member, Funding Agencies Working Group for SKA (on behalf of NWO) Member, Dutch Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) Member, Nederlands Comité Astronomie (NCA) Member NWO/EW Advies Commissie Astronomie Coordinator Network-1 of NOVA

L.V.E. Koopmans Member, Astronomy Research Committee (ARC) of LOFAR Member, Steering committee of the EU-RTN Network

94 "Astrophysics Network for Galaxy LEnsing Studies" (ANGLES) Referee NRAO and ESF

P.C. van der Kruit: Chairman of the Board, Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) Chairman, Dutch Committee for Astronomy (NCA) Member of Council, European Southern Observatory (ESO) Member and char of Panel Extragalactic III. Hubble Space Telescope Time Assigning Committee for cycle 15 Chairman, ESO Contact Commissie (KNAW) Chairman of the Board, Stichting Groninger Universiteits Fonds (GUF; Foundation Groningen University Fund) Chairman of the Board, Koninklijk Natuurkundig Genootschap (Royal Physical Sciences Society), Groningen Member Board of Directors, Leids Sterrewacht Fonds Member Board of Directors, Jan Hendrik Oort Fonds Chairman of the Board of Directors, Leids Kerkhoven-Bosscha Fonds Chairman of the Board, Jacobus C. Kapteyn Fund Chairman of the Board, Foundation Pastoor Schmeits Prijs Member, IAU Commission 28 (Galaxies), 33 (Structure and Dynamics of the Galactic System) and 40 (Radio Astronomy) Treasurer and member of the Board, Foundation WETEX (Wetenschappelijke en Technische Exposities)

R. Morganti Member, Effelsberg Time Allocation Committee Member, Virtual Observatory Science Advisory Committee Member, SKA Science Working Group Member, NWO-VENI selection committee

R.F. Peletier: Member , European VO DCA, Science Advisory Committee Member, Faculty Council FWN, University of Groningen

S.R. Pottasch: Member, Academia Europae

R. Sancisi: Member-at-large, Time Allocation Committee, Hubble Space Telescope

E. Tolstoy: Member, ESO, ELT Design Reference, Science Working Group Member, ESO, MUSE Instrument Science Team Member, NOVA Instrument Steering Committee Member, Directors Advisory Committee, Isaac Newton Group Member, Sphere/Zimpol Science Team Member, NOVA/Amuse Science Team Member, HST TAC. 19-21 March Member, SOC, Galaxies in the Local Volum, July 8-13, Sydney Australia

E.A. Valentijn: Co-Investigator, OmegaCAM project Coordinator/PI, ASTRO-WISE consortium Member, Data Center Alliance Board (EURO-VA-DCA) Member, EURO-VO-AIDA

95 Chair, RUG/CIT Target project Chair, LOFAR Architectural Design Long term Archive working group Co-chair, I-Science collaboration programme Co-PI KIDS/VIKING/Vesuvio project Member, H2EX steering group co-I, LOFAR Bsik Consortium, OmegaCEN co-PI, ULTRAVISTA co-PI, Lofar- Surveys

R. van de Weijgaert: Board member, Assessor, Nederlandse Astronomen Club Member, CAN (Consortium for Astroparticle Physics in the Netherlands) Member, VENI commissie 2007, NWO Member, CWI project “Markov sequential point processes for image analysis and statistical physics” Member, Nationale Contact Raad, ASTRON

G. Verdoes Kleijn: Member, Internal Science Team, Euro-VO Data Center Alliance project Member, national task group “International Year of Astronomy 2009”

H. van Woerden: Ere-Voorzitter Koninklijke Nederlandse Vereniging voor Weer- en Sterrenkunde Erelid, Werkgroep Meteoren KNVWS Erelid, Jongeren Werkgroep KNWS Lid, Commissie Dr. J. Van der Bilt-prijs KNVWS Lid, Redactie Maandblad Zenit Lid, Commissie van Aanbeveling, Volkssterrenwacht Mercurius, Dordrecht Lid, Commissie van Aanbeveling, Volkssterrenwacht Halley, Heesch Member, IAU, Commissions 28, 33, 34, 40 and 41 Member, Organizing committee, working group on Historical Radio Telescopes, IAU Commissions 41 and 40

S. Zaroubi: Member, VIDI Committee

H. Zondervan: Uitvoerend secretaris, Kapteyn Fonds Uitvoerend secretaris, Stichting Pastoor Schmeits voor Sterrenkunde

96 APPENDIX VIII : Personnel (Dec. 31, 2007)

(d) = personnel employed by a third party contract (n) = personnel employed by NWO (u) = personnel employed by University of Groningen

Full Professors (Hoogleraren) P.D. Barthel (u) P.C. van der Kruit (u) W.N. Brouw (u) J.W. Pel (u) (until 04/07) A.G. de Bruyn (0.3) (u) R.H. Sanders (u) J.M. van der Hulst (u) E.A. Valentijn (u) (NOVA)

Adjunct Professors A. Helmi (NOVA) E. Tolstoy (u) R.M. Méndez (from 09/07) S.C. Trager (u) R.F. Peletier (NOVA) M.A.M. van de Weijgaert (u) M.C. Spaans (u) S. Zaroubi (u)

Tenure Track L.V.E. Koopmans (u) M.A.W. Verheijen (u)

Research Staff J. Adema (NOVA) N.G. Douglas (u) A. Baryshev (NOVA) R. Hesper (NOVA) K. Begeman (u) P. Mena Mena (NOVA)

Zero Appointments H.R. Butcher (ANU, full prof.) T.A. Oosterloo (ASTRON, assoc. prof.) J.H. van Gorkom (Columbia Univ., full P.R. Roelfsema (SRON, assist. prof.) prof.) M.W.M. de Graauw (SRON, assoc. prof.) R. Shipman (SRON, assist. prof.) F.P. Helmich (SRON, assist. prof.) F.F.S. van der Tak (SRON, assist. prof.) B. Jones (assoc. prof.) A.G.G.M. Tielens (NASA Ames, full prof) K.H. Kuijken (Leiden, full prof.)(till 08/07) P.R. Wesselius (SRON, assoc. prof.) R. Morganti (ASTRON, assoc. prof.) W. Wild (SRON, assoc. prof.)

Emeriti T.S. van Albada S.R. Pottasch A. Blaauw R. Sancisi (0.3) J.W. Pel (from 04/07) H. van Woerden

Research Associates (postdocs) A. Belikov (u) (from 03/07) J.P. McFarland (u) G. Bernardi (u) M. Mevius (NOVA) R. Boomsma (u) (from 06/07) V.N. Pandey (u) S. Cazaux (n) (from 05/07) I. Pérez-Martín (n) L. Coccato (n) (until 03/07) L. Sales (n) (from 07/07) O. Czoske (u) G.A. Verdoes Kleijn (u) G. Fiorentino (u) S. Yatawatta (NOVA) G. Harker (n) 97

Guest staff members W. Baan G. Comello (from 09/07) R. Bottema E. Kutdemir

Ph.D. students M. Angel Aragon Calvo (n) (until 11/07) P. Labropoulos (u) P. Araya Mayo (d) M.A. Latif (d) (from 10/07) M. Arrigoni (u) Y.S. Li (u) M. Barnabè (n) E. Loenen (u) G. Battaglia (u) (until 06/07) T.P.K. Martinsson (u) (from 03/07) A. Berciano Alba (n) N. Mohammed (d) (until 05/07) J. van Bethlehem (n) (from 11/07) A. Monachesi (u) T. de Boer (n) (from 12/07) C. Ormel (u) C. Boersma (u) J.-P. Perez-Beaupuits M. Brentjens (u) (until 06/07) R. Pizzo (NOVA) H. Buddelmeijer (u) E. Platen (u) S. Chi (d) A. Popping (u) B.Z. Deshev (u) (from 02/07) J. Sansa (u) F. Christen (u) (until 04/07) S.R. Schneider (NOVA) W. Frieswijk (u) P. Serra (u) K. Ganda (u) G. Sikkema (u) F. Gomez (u) E. Starkenburg (n) (from 11/07) J. Heiner (u) C. Struve (d) B. Hiemstra (u) (from 11/07) R. M. Thomas (d) S. Hocuk (u) (from 09/07) S. Vegetti (u) V. Jeliş (u) A. Villalobos (u) W. Jellema (d) N. Wehres (u) P. Kamphuis (u) M.H.D. van der Wiel (u) (from 04/07) P. Kemper (d) (until 08/07) G. van der Wolk (u)

General Co-ordinator L. van der Voort (u) (from 06/07)

General Co-ordinator (interim) Financial Co-ordinator (interim) R. Boomsma (u) (until 06/07)) A. Weersing (u) (0.2) (until 09/07)

Computing staff E.M. Helmich (d) (ASTRO-Wise) W.J. Vriend (d) (ASTRO-Wise) J.P. Terlouw (u) M.G.R. Vogelaar (u) E. Tiesinga (u) W. Zwitser (u) M. Tempelaar (d)

Technical personnel G. Comello (u) (0.2) (until 09/07) J. Barkhof (u) (NOVA) G.J. Gerlofsma (u) (NOVA) M.E. Bekema (u) (0.4) (NOVA) A. Koops (u) (NOVA) D.R. Boxhoorn (u) (NOVA) A. Koops van ’t Jagt (u) (NOVA)

Secretariat M.G. Alberts (u) (0.7) H. Zondervan-Kimsma (u) (0.6) G. Comello (0.4) (until 09/07) J. Zwegers-Morris (u) (0.7)

98 APPENDIX IX : Organisation of the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute

Director of Research Director of Education J.M. van der Hulst P.D. Barthel

General co-ordinator R. Boomsma (until 06/07) (interim) L. van der Voort (from 06/07)

Management Team J.M. van der Hulst (chair) L. van der Voort (from 04/07) P.D. Barthel H. Zondervan-Kimsma R. Boomsma (until 07/07)

Raad van Advies (Advisory council) P.D. Barthel R.M. Méndez (from 09/07) R. Boomsma (until 07/07) M.A.W. Verheijen (until 09/07) H. Buddelmeijer (PhD student) M.G.R. Vogelaar (computer group) E. Busekool (student) (until 04/07) L. van der Voort (from 06/07)) F.P. Helmich (SRON)(from 04/07) M.A.M. van de Weijgaert J.M. van der Hulst ((chair) W. Wild (SRON) (until 04/07) G. Popping (student) (from 04/07) H. Zondervan-Kimsma (secretariat)

Education Committee staff members student members L.V.E. Koopmans E.G.P. Box (from 03/07) R.F. Peletier (chair from 09/07) E. Busekool (until 03/07) M.C. Spaans T.P.R. van der Laan E. Tolstoy (chair until 09/07) G. Popping (from 03/07) M.A.W. Verheijen (until 09/07) E. Schallig

Advisors P.D. Barthel M.G. Alberts (secretariat) R. Boomsma (until 09/07) F. van Steenwijk (from 05/07) H., Buddelmeijer (from 02/07) M.G.R. Vogelaar A. Popping (until 02/07) L. van der Voort (from 09/07)

Study advisor Study co-ordinator L.V.E. Koopmans R. Boomsma (until 06/07) (interim) F. van Steenwijk (from 06/07)

Members Board of the School of Natural Sciences and Technology P.D. Barthel K. Nevenzeel (until 09/07)

Members of committees of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Faculty Council R.F. Peletier

Groningen members of the National Astronomy Education Committee P.D. Barthel (chair) T. van der Laan 99

PhD-supervisor committee A. Helmi M.A.W Verheijen S.C. Trager M.A.M. van de Weygaert (chair)

100 APPENDIX X : Telephone numbers and electronic mail addresses

Tel. Name [email protected] 050–3634082 Albada, Prof. dr. T.S. van T.S.van.Albada 4073 Alberts, Mevr. M.G. M.G.Alberts 4091 Ankone, Mevr. M. M.Ankone 4085 Arrigoni, Msc. M. M.Arrigoni 4091 Aykutalp, Mevr. Msc. A. A.Aykutalp 4080 Baan, Dr. W. 4064 Barthel, Prof. dr. P.D. P.D.Barthel 4276 Barnabé, Msc. M. M.Barnabe 2454 Begeman, Dr. K. K.Begeman 4057 Belikov, Dr. A.N. A.N.Belikov 3505 Berciano Alba, Mevr. Msc. A. A.Berciano 4089 Bernardi, Dr. G. G.Bernardi 4091 Bethlehem, Drs. J.S. van J.S.van.Bethlehem 4084 Blaauw, Prof. dr. A. A.Blaauw 4091 Blaauw, M. M.Blaauw 4091 Boer, Drs. T. de T.de.Boer 4087 Boersma, Drs. C. C.Boersma 4091 Bos, E.G.P. E.G.P.Bos 4091 Bos, N. N.Bos 4087 Bottema, Dr. R. R.Bottema 4061 Bout, J. J.Bout 2454 Boxhoorn, Drs. D.R. D.R.Boxhoorn 4061 Breddels, M.A. M.A.Breddels 8643 Brok, Drs. M. den M.den.Brok 4067 Brouw, Prof. dr. W.N. W.N. Brouw 4057 Bruyn, Prof. Dr. A.G. de A.G.de.Bruyn 4085 Buddelmeijer, Drs. H. H.Buddelmeijer 4078 Buist, H. H.Buist 4078 Busekool, Mevr. E. E.Busekool 4090 Cazaux, Mevr. Dr. S.M. S.M.Cazaux 4276 Chen, Mevr. Msc. Yan-Pin Y.P.Chen 3505 Chi, Msc S. S.Chi 4059 Comello, G. G.Comello 4036 Czoske, Dr. O. O.Czoske 4081 Deshev, Msc. B.Z. B.Z.Deshev 4061 Docters, Mevr. W. W.Docters 4088 Douglas, Dr. N.G. N.G.Douglas 4095 Fiorentino, Mevr. Dr. G. G.Fiorentino 4083 Frieswijk, Dr. W.F. W.F.Frieswyk 4080 George, Msc. K. K.George 4091 Goeijen, G.J.H.de G.J.H.de.Goeijen 4078 Gomez, Msc. F. F.Gomez 8325 Gorkom, Mevr. Prof. Dr. J.H. van J.H.van.Gorkom 4061 Haringa, Msc. Y.K. Y.K.Haringa 4094 Harker, Dr. G. G. Harker 3487 Heiner, Drs. J.S. Heiner 101 Tel. Name [email protected] 4045 Helmi, Mevr. Dr. A. A.Helmi 4548 Helmich, Drs. E.M. E.M.Helmich 4061 Hidding, J. J.Hidding 8447 Hiemstra. Mevr. Drs. B. B.Hiemstra 4060 Hocuk, Drs. S. S. Hocuk 4054 Hulst, Prof. Dr. J.M. van der J.M.van.der.Hulst 4078 Janssen, Mevr. A.W. A.W.Janssen 8689 Jelic, Msc. V. V.Jelic 4070 Jones, Dr. B. B.Jones 4078 Jong, Mevr. S. de S.de.Jong 4070 Kamp, Mevr. Dr. I. I.Kamp 8322 Kamphuis, Drs. P. P.Kamphuis 6519 Koopmans. Dr. L.V.E. L.V.E.Koopmans 4062 Kruit, Prof. Dr. P.C. van der P.C.van.der.Kruit 4098 Kutdemir, Mevr. E. E.Kutdemir 4078 Laan, Mevr. B.Sc.T.P.R. van der T.P.R.van.der.Laan 4060 Labropoulos, M.Sc. P. P.Labropoulos 4060 Latif, Msc. M.A. M.A.Latif 4053 Li, Mevr. Msc. Y.S. ysleigh 8324 Loenen, Drs. A.F. A.F.Loenen 8689 Martinsson, Msc. T.P.K. T.Martinsson 8326 McFarland, Dr. J. J.McFarland 4093 Mendez, Prof. dr. M. M.Mendez 4089 Mevius, Mevr. Dr. M. M.Mevius 4083 Monachesi, Mevr. M.Sc. A. A.Monachesi 4080 Morganti, Mevr. Dr. R. R.Morganti 4094 Mwebaze, Msc. J. J.Mwebaze 4078 Nevenzeel, K.J. K.J.Nevenzeel 4091 Offringa, Drs. A. A.Offringa 4080 Oosterloo, Dr. T.A. T.A.Oosterloo 4085 Ormel, Drs. C.W. C.W.Ormel 3487 Pandey, Dr. V.N. V.N.Pandey 4082 Pel, Dr. J.W. J.W.Pel 6647 Peletier, Dr. R.F. R.F.Peletier 8321 Pérez Martin, Mevr. Dr. I. I.PerezMartin 4070 Pérez-Beaupuits, Msc. J.P. J.P.Perez-Beaupuits 4078 Peters, S.P.C. S.P.C.Peters 4083 Pizzo, Msc. R. R. Pizzo 4087 Platen, Drs. E. E.Platen 4081 Popping, Drs. A. A.Popping 4091 Popping, G. G.Popping 4090 Pottasch, Prof. Dr. S.R. S.R.Pottasch 4078 Ruwen, J. J.Ruwen 4097 Sales, Mevr. Dr. L. L.Sales 4057 Sancisi, Prof. Dr. R. R.Sancisi 4065 Sanders, Prof. Dr. R.H. R.H.Sanders 3505 Sansa, Mevr. Drs. J. J.Sansa 4095 Sikkema, Drs. G. G.Sikkema 4094 Spaans, Prof. Dr. M. M.Spaans 4078 Spijkman, Mevr. M. M.Spijkman 8447 Starkenburg, Mevr. Drs. E. E.Starkenburg 4091 Starkenburg, Mevr. T. T.Starkenburg 4051 Struve, Drs. C. C.Struve

102 Tel. Name [email protected] 4068 Terlouw, J.P. J.P.Terlouw 4276 Thomas, Drs. R.M. R.M.Thomas 4017 Tiesinga, E. E.Tiesinga 4063 Tigrak Ulas, Msc. E. E.TigrakUlas 8323 Tolstoy, Prof. Dr. E. E.Tolstoy 6625 Trager, Prof. Dr. S.C. S.C.Trager 4011 Valentijn, Dr. E.A. E.A.Valentijn 8689 Vegetti, Mevr. M.Sc. S. S.Vegetti 8326 Verdoes Kleijn, Dr. G.A. G.Verdoes.Kleijn 4077 Verheijen, Prof. Dr. M.A.W. M.A.W.Verheijen 4053 Villalobos, Msc. A. A. Villalobos 4096 Vogelaar, Drs. M.G.R. M.G.R.Vogelaar 4076 Voort, Mevr. Dr. L.H.M. van der L.H.M.van.der.Voort 2535 Vriend, Drs. W.-J. W.J.Vriend 4086 Weijgaert, Dr. M.A.M. van de M.A.M.van.de.Weygaert 4083 Wiel, Drs. M.H.D. van der M.H.D.van.der.Wiel 4066 Woerden, Prof. Dr. H. van H.van.Woerden 4098 Wolk, Drs. G. van der G.van.der.Wolk 3487 Yatawatta, Dr. S. S.Yatawatta 4055 Zaroubi, Prof. Dr. S. S.Zaroubi 4098 Zhang, Msc. G. G.Zhang 4075 Zondervan, Mevr. H. H.Zondervan 4073 Zwegers-Morris, Mevr. J.I. J.I.Zwegers-Morris 4071 Zwitser, W. W.Zwitser

Laboratorium voor Ruimteonderzoek (SRON) Tel. Name [email protected] 050–3634035 Adema, Ir. J. J.Adema 4026 Barkhof, J. J.Barkhof 8287 Baryshev, Dr. A.M. A.M.Baryshev 8936 Bekema, Mevr. M.E. M.E.Bekema 4026 Gerlofsma, G.J. G.J.Gerlofsma 4031 Graauw, Dr. M.W.M. de M.W.M.de.Graauw 4799 Helmich, Drs. F.P. F.Helmich 8287 Hesper, Dr. R. R.Hesper 4058 Jellema, Drs. W. W.Jellema 8937 Koops, Drs. A. A.Koops 4035 Koops van het Jagt, Dr. J. J.Koops.van.hetJagt 4043 Roelfsema, Dr. P.R. P.R.Roelfsema 7753 Shipman, Dr. R. R.Shipman 4038 Wesselius, Dr. P.R. P.R. Wesselius 7753 Tak, Dr. F.F.S. van der F.F.S.van.der.Tak 6243 Wild, Prof. Dr. W. W.Wild

103 APPENDIX XI : Address

KAPTEYN ASTRONOMICAL INSTITUTE

Address: mail: Postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen visit: Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen

Telephone: 31 – (0)50 – 3634073

Telefax: 31 – (0)50 – 3636100

Electronic mail: [email protected]

World Wide Web: http://www.rug.nl/sterrenkunde

104

Redactie: P.C. van der Kruit Opmaak: M.G. Alberts Bijlagen: M.G. Alberts en J.I. Zwegers-Morrris

105