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Anatomical Studies on Stomata of Solanaceae from Muzaffarabad Division Azad Jammu Andkashmir, Pakistan

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Anatomical Studies on Stomata of Solanaceae from Muzaffarabad Division Azad Jammu Andkashmir, Pakistan Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(5),4701-4706,2016 ISSN: 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 4701 ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON STOMATA OF SOLANACEAE FROM MUZAFFARABAD DIVISION AZAD JAMMU ANDKASHMIR, PAKISTAN Ashfaq Ahmad Awan and Ghulam Murtaza* Department of Botany, Azad Jammu and Kashmir University Muzaffarabad, Pakistan *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The epidermal features of leaf of family Solanaceae were studied to obtain data on adaxial and abaxial surfaces to appraise their anatomical significance. The study is about the variations in the configuration and allocation of stomata in twenty two species of Solanaceae collected from Muzaffarabad Division. Six types of stomata are examined in which anamocyctic is dominant and is present in nine species, while anomotetracytic (3 spp) diacyctic (4spp), paracytic (2 spp), anisocyctic (2spp) and diacyctic type of stomata were found in 2 species. In addition, average density, frequency, length and width of stomata and index are determined. Key words: Solanaceae, Stomata, Dicot, Abaxial, Muzaffarabad INTRODUCTION distribution of stomata and their frequency gives the Solanaceae is a cosmopolitan family in which most of the taxonomic as well as phylogenetic significance. The size and plants are dioecious. It rarely has trees or shrubs. There are 90 shape of stomata are also important characters taxonomically genera and over 3000 species are mostly found in tropical and [13]. temperate regions with centers of diversity in the Southern The present study focused on the stomata leaves and stem of hemisphere, particularly in South America. Center of 22 spp. of family Solanaceae, collected from Division speciation occurs in Australia, Africa, Europe and Asia [1]. Muzaffarabad. Six different types of stomata were observed Among angiospermic family, the Solanaceae rank as one of the in 22 species of Solanaceae viz: Amphianisocytic, most important to human being. Species of the family are used anisocytic, diacytic, paracytic Tetracytic, anomocytic and for food (e.g. Solanum tuberosum, S. melongena and anomotetracytic. Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan is Lycopersicon esculentum). The family is an important source situated between longitude 73.26-73.30 and latitude 34.12- of more than 300 kinds of alkaloids (e.g. Atropa acuminata, 34.24. The topography of the Division falls into the hilly Datura stromanium, Hyocyamus niger and Solanum nigrum) zone[14]. [2] . In Pakistan Solanaceae have 14 genera and 52 species, of MATERIALS AND METHODS which 27 species are native, 6 exotic and the rest are Samples of the plant species were collected during March cultivated. Solanum is one of the largest and diverse genus of 2014 to July, 2015 from Muzaffarabad Division Azad this family. Its hyper diversity not only makes it interesting Jammu and Kashmir. The plants were identified with the for its taxonomy but benefits to mankind. help of Flora of Pakistan [15]. Efforts have been made to trace the anatomical Paradermal section of the upper and lower epidermis of characteristics of stomata of leaf and stem of present day many fresh leaves were made with a sharp razor blade and Solanaceae. There are different opinions about the transferred into petridish of water. For preliminary phylogeny of this family. In the previous taxonomical studies observation, these untreated sections were transferred into several other angiospermic families were thought to be a part glycerin, protected with the cove slip wash in bottle several of the Solanaceae but now considered as separate family [1]. times, to remove the excess stain and mounted in glycerin. Hutchinson in 1973 placed it in the order Solanales due to Permanent slides were prepared and viewed under the low herbs, alternate leaves and actinomorphic flowers. Most of power objective of the microscope. For further observations, the recent taxonomist follow him in this respect [1, 3]. some of the sections were stained in fast green for about ten Leaves have a wide range of anatomical and morphological minutes, washed in water several times to remove the excess structures that partially isolate stomata from the turbulent stain and glycerin. Permanent slides were prepared by atmosphere. The leaf epidermis is considered important in dehydrating the epidermal sections that have been washed phylogeny and taxonomy [4, 5]. The structure and ontogeny free of excess stain for two minutes in 30, 50, 70 and 90 % of the stomata has been studied in 26 species of Rubiaceae alcohol, clearing them in few drops of pure xylene for two [6, 7]. Pracytic and anomocytic type of stomata has been minutes and mounted in Canada balsam for microscopic studied in the species of Mallilotus indicus, Datura examination [16]. alba,Tribulis terrestris, Calatropis procera and Calatropis The parameters studied were average length and width size brachycarpa [8]. The leaf epidermis has a number of of stomata, type of stomata, density, frequency and index on important diagnostic characters that offer valuable clues for the abaxial and adaxial surface of amphistomatic leaf the plant identification , like shape and orientation of surfaces of the species of Solanaceae. Length and width of stomata, These important tissues play an important roles in stomata was measured. The stomatal indexes were estimated taxonomy and determination of number of plant genera [9, using the following formula [17]. 10]. The Stomatal Index i=[S/(E+S)]X100 Stomata is usually termed for the opening in the epidermis Where S is the number of stomata per unite area and E is the through which gases exchange [11]. Thirty one different number of epidermal cells in the same unite area. The types of stomata were studied among dicot [12]. Different percentage of the stomatal complex was computed from the taxonomic groups showed various types of stomata. The abaxial and adaxial surfaces by randomly observing 45 September-October 4702 ISSN: 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 Sci.Int.(Lahore),28(5),4701-4706,2016 stomata from five prepared slides. The percentage of 23.45%± 1,19% on abaxial and adaxial leaf surface occurrence of each type was than obtained as a simple ratio. respectively (Table 2). Remaining species have lowest Density of the stomata was determined by the presence of frequency value. stomata on the abaxial surface/ total number of stomata on The stomatal indices have a wide range of distinction. the slide. A total of 45 leaves epidermal characters consisting Although stomatal indices have been given key importance of qualitative and quantitative features were elucidated. The for making comparison in different taxa. Mishra et al statistical evaluation of the stomata of epidermal layer recorded stomatal index (upper epidermis) is 30.12 and included mean and standard error were concluded [17]. stomatal index for the (lower epidermis) is 36.31 in the leaves of Tridex procumbens [30]. The maximum stomatal RESULTS AND DISCUSSION index was calculated in Datura stromanium (14.40± 0.44, Micro characteristics of leaf epidermis and distribution of 11.04±0.43), followed by Petunia hybrida (13.16±0.57, stomata was examined in the present study. A total of 22 11.64±5.92, Datura innoxia 11.62±0.14, 10.82±0.53, petunia dicot plant species were carried out which were scattered in alba 10.98±0.33, 9.21±0.11, Solanum melongana 9.88±0.39 11 genera of family Solanaceae for stomatal detail (Table 1). and 7.00±0.2 on the abaxial side and adaxial side of leaf The genus Solanum has nine species which are most respectively (Table 3). The rest of the species showed least prevailing while Capsicum, Datura and Petunia have two values of stomatal index on both surfaces of leaves. species and remaining seven genera were represented by During this study very valuable variation in the configuration single species (Table 1). of foliar epidermal anatomy was explored that can be used as Anatomical characteristics have an important role in an important taxonomic tool for the identification and taxonomy and determining the number of plant genera and differentiation of species. Anatomical studies revealed clear species [18, 19].The foliar epidermis is one of the important cut differences in size, shapes of epidermal cells, stomatal taxonomic character from the systematic point of view. The density, frequency, pavement cells and trichomes. taxonomic studies of a number of families and genera have Stomata were studies on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of been made on the basis of leaf epidermis [20-24]. Davis and leaves of Solanaceae. Six types of stomata were examined on Heywood [25] emphasized the use of anatomical characters, abaxial and adaxial side of leaves viz; anamocytic anisocytic, as these are reliable and fairly constant within a taxon. The anamotetracytic, tetracytic, isocytic and paracytic. micro-anatomical study of epidermis contributed in the Anomocytic type of stomata was represented in Solanum classification of Asteraceae, Apocyanaceae, Boraginaceae, villosum, S. lycopersicum, S. pseudo-capsicum,S. Euphorbiaceae, Fagaceae, Polygonaceae, Rosaceae and melangena,S. tuberosum, Capsicum annuum, C. frutiscense, Solanaceae [20, 26-29]. Hyocyamus niger, Cestrum nocturnum and D. stramonium. The maximum average length and width size of stomata was Anisocytic type of stomata was examined in Solanum observed in Physalis minima (43.03µ ±1.38µ), followed by surratense, Solanum nigrum, Datura innoxia, Petunia Datura stramonium (42.23µ ± o.26 µ), Datura innoxia hybrida and Atropa accuminata. Rest of the species showed (40.93µ ± 1.o8µ), Withiana somnifera (38.48 ± 1.09µ) and
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